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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 03 JUNE 2026

SOUTHWEST MONSOON

 
 
1. Context
Revising the forecast of the onset of the southwest monsoon over Kerala, where the weather system makes landfall on the Indian mainland, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) on Tuesday said the rainy season was now “likely to set in” around Thursday, June 4.
 
2. What is the southwest monsoon?
 
  • The southwest monsoon is a seasonal weather pattern that brings significant rainfall to large parts of South Asia, particularly India, between June and September
  • The southwest monsoon typically begins in early June and lasts until late September. It starts with the arrival of the monsoon winds in the southern part of India, usually marked by the onset over the state of Kerala
  • The southwest monsoon brings about 70-90% of India’s annual rainfall. The distribution of rainfall varies, with some regions receiving heavy rains, while others may experience scanty showers.
  • The Western Ghats, the northeastern states, and the Himalayan foothills typically receive very heavy rainfall.
  • The monsoon is critical for the Kharif crop season in India, which includes crops like rice, maize, pulses, and cotton. Adequate and timely monsoon rains are essential for a good harvest
  • The monsoon starts retreating from northwestern India in early September and completely withdraws from the Indian subcontinent by mid-October. This phase is also known as the retreating or northeast monsoon

Mechanism:

  • High-Pressure Area: During the summer, intense heating of the landmass in the Indian subcontinent creates a low-pressure area over northern India and the Tibetan Plateau.
  • Low-Pressure Area: The Indian Ocean remains relatively cooler, creating a high-pressure area.
  • Wind Movement: Air moves from the high-pressure area over the ocean to the low-pressure area over the land, carrying moisture from the ocean and resulting in rainfall.
The monsoon trough is an elongated area of low pressure extending from the heat low over Pakistan and northwestern India to the Bay of Bengal. It influences the distribution and intensity of the monsoon rains.
 
3. What are easterly and westerly winds?
 
Easterly Winds
 
  • Easterly and westerly winds refer to the direction from which the winds originate
  • Easterly winds are winds that blow from the east towards the west
  • Easterly winds can affect weather patterns, including the development of tropical storms and cyclones. For instance, easterly waves in the tropics can lead to the formation of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Characteristics:

  • Trade Winds: One of the most well-known examples of easterly winds are the trade winds. These winds blow from the east towards the west in the tropics, from the subtropical high-pressure areas toward the equatorial low-pressure areas.
  • Tropical Regions: In the tropical regions, particularly between 30 degrees north and south of the equator, easterly winds are prevalent. These are crucial for the weather patterns and climatic conditions in these regions.
  • Monsoon Winds: During certain seasons, such as the northeast monsoon in India, easterly winds play a significant role. These winds bring dry air from the land towards the ocean during the winter months.
Westerly Winds
 
  • Westerly winds are winds that blow from the west towards the east
  • Westerly winds play a significant role in the weather of temperate regions, influencing the climate and the movement of storm systems.
  • They are also responsible for carrying warm and moist air from the oceans inland, affecting precipitation patterns in coastal and inland regions.
  • The westerlies can affect transoceanic travel and weather prediction due to their influence on the movement of high and low-pressure systems

Characteristics:

  • Prevailing Westerlies: These winds are predominant in the mid-latitudes (between 30 and 60 degrees north and south of the equator). They blow from the subtropical high-pressure belts towards the poles.
  • Jet Streams: High-altitude westerly winds known as jet streams are important in influencing weather patterns and the movement of weather systems across the globe. They are fast flowing and occur in the upper levels of the atmosphere.
  • Polar Front: In the mid-latitudes, the westerlies interact with polar easterlies near the polar front, leading to the development of extratropical cyclones and storms
 
 
4.How does monsoon occur in India?

Monsoons in India occur due to seasonal changes in wind patterns and temperature differences between land and sea.

Here's a concise explanation of the process:

  • Differential heating: During summer, the Indian landmass heats up more quickly than the surrounding Indian Ocean.
  • Low pressure system: The heated land creates a low-pressure area over the Indian subcontinent.
  • Wind direction shift: This low pressure draws in moisture-laden winds from the cooler Indian Ocean towards the land.
  • Orographic lift: As these winds encounter geographical features like the Western Ghats or the Himalayas, they are forced to rise.
  • Condensation and precipitation: The rising air cools, causing water vapor to condense and form clouds, leading to heavy rainfall.
  • Duration: This pattern typically lasts from June to September, bringing the majority of India's annual rainfall.
 
5.What are the conditions that determine the onset of monsoon?
 
  • The primary driver is the temperature difference between the land and the surrounding sea. During summer, the land heats up faster than the ocean, creating a low-pressure area over the land and a high-pressure area over the ocean. This pressure difference leads to the movement of moist air from the ocean to the land
  • Warm sea surface temperatures are crucial as they increase the evaporation rate, contributing to the formation of moist air masses that drive the monsoon rains.
  • The monsoon winds, which are part of the larger atmospheric circulation, shift according to the seasonal temperature differences. The southwest monsoon, for instance, is driven by the southwest winds that carry moisture from the Indian Ocean to the Indian subcontinent.
  • The geographical features, such as mountain ranges, play a significant role. For example, the Western Ghats in India force moist air to rise, cool, and condense, leading to heavy rainfall on the windward side
  • The movement and strength of the high-pressure systems over the oceans and low-pressure systems over the land influence the intensity and timing of the monsoon.
  • Phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña can affect the strength and timing of the monsoon. For example, El Niño can lead to weaker monsoons due to altered wind patterns and sea surface temperatures
6.What is the impact of La-Nina and El Nino on monsoon?
 
La Niña and El Niño, both phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, have significant impacts on the monsoon patterns around the world.
 
Here’s how each affects the monsoon:
El Niño
  • El Niño is generally associated with a weaker Indian monsoon. The warming of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean during El Niño tends to disrupt the normal atmospheric circulation patterns, leading to reduced rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
  • The onset of the monsoon can be delayed, and the overall intensity of the rainfall during the monsoon season might be lower than usual
  •  El Niño often brings drier conditions to Southeast Asia and northern Australia, leading to droughts and reduced rainfall
  • Eastern and southern Africa may experience drier conditions as well
La Niña
  • La Niña, characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, is typically associated with a stronger Indian monsoon. It often leads to increased rainfall over the Indian subcontinent
  • The enhanced monsoon can lead to heavier rains and potentially more frequent and intense flooding
  • La Niña tends to bring wetter conditions to Southeast Asia and northern Australia, potentially causing heavy rains and flooding
  • La Niña can lead to wetter conditions in parts of northern South America
 
7.Way Forward
 
The intermittent development of a wind shear zone — where winds move with different velocities and directions — along latitudes 20 ° N between central and peninsular India
 
 
 
For Prelims: Indian and World Geography
For Mains: GS-I, GS-III: Important Geophysical phenomena and environment
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2012)
 
1. The duration of the monsoon decreases from southern India to northern India.
2. The amount of annual rainfall in the northern plains of India decreases from east to west.
 
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 Only
B. 2 Only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor
Answer (C)
  • The duration of the monsoon indeed decreases from southern India to northern India. The southern part of India experiences the monsoon earlier and for a longer duration compared to the northern part.
  • The amount of annual rainfall in the northern plains of India decreases from east to west. The eastern part of the northern plains receives more rainfall compared to the western part, largely due to the influence of the Bay of Bengal branch of the Southwest Monsoon.
 
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

FOREST RIGHTS ACT

1. Context 

The constitution of a task force in Chhattisgarh to fast-track the implementation of laws such as the Forest Rights Act, 2006 and the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, has led to fresh controversy

2. Key Takeaways

  • The ST Commission is caught in a row with the Union Environment Ministry over the latest Forest Conservation Rules (FCR), 2022.
  • The row is over the potential violation of provisions enshrined in the Scheduled Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 was dubbed the Forest Rights Act (FRA).

3. The involvement of NCST in the Act

  • The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change in June 2022 notified the forest (Conservation Rules, 2022, which prescribed the mechanism for the diversion of Forest land for non-forest purposes.
  • These amended rules have omitted a clause (Present in 2014 and 2017 Rules) that explicitly required any proposal to mandatorily have the consent of local tribespeople and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs) of the area, before proceeding for Stage 1 clearance.
  • The FCR, 2022 has allowed applying entities to go for the consent of locals, represented by the Gram Sabha after Stage 1 or even after Stage 2 clearance.
  • According to the FRA, 2006, in case of a dispute over forest land, precedence has to be given to the rights of STs and OTFDs, who live in and off the forest and its resources, over any other party.

4. NCST demands

  • In September 2022, NCST Chairperson Harsh Chouhan shot off a letter to Environment Minister Bhupendra Yadav, highlighting the potential consequences of FCR, 2022, recommending that they be put on hold and the previous Rules, which provided for the consent clause, be strengthened.
  • The ST panel argued that the previous versions of the Rules provided a legal space for ensuring the completion of the processes for recognition and vesting of rights under the FRA in areas where forests are being diverted.
  • The ST Commission noted that it made little sense to take the consent of tribals and forest dwellers after an applicant had got Stage 1 clearance.
By then, the applicant would be invested in the project and would then have the incentive to "pursue the State It said governments or Union Territories" to divert the land at the earliest.
The NCST added that the FCR, 2022 provided for compensatory Afforestation, but nowhere did it prescribe safeguards or a mechanism for compliance with FRA.
 
  • Further, the NCST's Working Group found that FRA compliance was in trouble even under the old rules.
    It said currently, nearly 25, 000-30, 000 hectares of forest land were being diverted every year.
  • It cited a study by the Centre for Environment and Development, ATREE to note: " Out of 128 applications for forest diversion for mining, over 100 had been processed between 2009 and 2018".
  • It added that 74 proposals had Stage 2 approval, 46 had Stage 1 approval (in principle), with just five rejected and four closed for other reasons.
  • None of the rejections was for non-compliance with FRA.
  • The study also found that 14 of these cases (all post-2014) had been cleared with an FRA compliance report, despite, this being far from the "ground reality".

5. About NCST

  • The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes is a constitutional body that was established by the Constitution (89th Amendment) Act, 2003.
  • The Commission is an authority working for the economic development of Scheduled Tribes in India.
This amendment replaced the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with two distinct commissions which are:
  1. National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
  2. National Commission for scheduled Tribes (NCST)
Article 366 (25) of the Constitution, Scheduled Tribes are those communities that are scheduled in by article 342 of the Constitution.
Also, Article 342 of the Constitution says that: The Scheduled Tribes are the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within these tribes and tribal communities which have been declared as such by the President through a public notification.

5.1. Composition of NCST

  • The NCST consists of one chairperson, one vice-chairperson and three full-time members.
  • Out of the three members, there should compulsorily be one lady member.
  • Tenure of the members is 3 years.

 5.2. Functions of NCST

  •  It investigates and monitors issues related to safeguarding the provisions for Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution and evaluating the working of those safeguards.
  • NCST will inquire into specific complaints concerned with the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the STs.
  • The commission participates and advises on the planning process for the socio-economic development of the STs and also evaluates the progress of the various developmental activities.
  • The President will be presented with an annual report on the working of those safeguards.
  • Apart from annual reports, other reports also will be submitted to the President as and when necessary.
  • The Commission will also give reports on what measures are to be taken by both the central and various state governments for the effective execution of the measures and safeguards for the protection, development and welfare of the STs.
  • Other functions of NCST are related to the welfare, protection, development and advancement of the STs.

6. Forest Rights Act 

  • The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, commonly known as the Forest Rights Act of India, is often referred to as the Tribal Rights Act or the Tribal Land Act.
  • It was enacted in 2006 and recognises the rights of tribal communities that live in the forest as well as other traditional forest dwellers to the forest resources that were essential to their ability to provide for a variety of needs, including subsistence, habitation and other sociocultural requirements.
  • The forest management policies, including the Acts, Rules and Forest Policies of Participatory Forest Management policies in both colonial and post-colonial India, did not, till the enactment of this Act., recognize the symbiotic relationship of the STs with the forests, reflected in their dependence on the forests as well as in their traditional wisdom regarding conservation of the forests.
The Act encompasses Rights of Self-cultivation and Habitation which are usually regarded as Individual rights; and Community Rights such as Grazing, Fishing and access to Water bodies in the forest, Habitat Rights for PVTGs, Traditional Seasonal Resources access to Nomadic and Pastoral Communities, access to biodiversity, community right to intellectual property and traditional knowledge, recognition of traditional customary rights and right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource for sustainable use.
 
  • It also provides rights to the allocation of forest land for developmental purposes to fulfil the basic infrastructural needs of the community.
  • In conjunction with the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Settlement Act, 2013 FRA protects the tribal population from eviction without rehabilitation and settlement.
  • The Act further enjoins upon the Gram Sabha and rights holders the responsibility of conservation and protection of bio-diversity, wildlife, forests, adjoining catchment areas, water sources and other ecologically sensitive areas as well as to stop any destructive practices affecting these resources or cultural and natural heritage of the tribals.
    The Gram Sabha is also a highly empowered body under the Act, enabling the tribal population to have a decisive say in the determination of local policies and schemes to impact them.
  • Thus the Act empowers the forest dwellers to access and use the forest resources in the manner that they were traditionally accustomed, to protect, conserve and manage forests, protect forest dwellers from unlawful evictions and also provides for basic development facilities for the community of forest dwellers to access facilities of education, health, nutrition, infrastructure etc.

6.1. Objective

  1. To undo the historical injustice that occurred to the forest-dwelling communities
  2. To ensure land tenure, livelihood and food security of the forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers
  3. To Strengthen the conservation regime of the forests by including the responsibilities and authority of Forest Rights holders for sustainable use, conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of ecological balance.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Forest Rights Act, NCST, NCSC, Forest Conservation Rules 2022, Traditional Forest Dwellers, 
For Mains: 
1.Discuss the powers and functions of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes in protecting the rights of the Forest-dwellers in India. (250 Words)
 
Source: The Hindu and Ministry of Tribal Affairs
 
 

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

 

1. Context

India’s electrification of road transport has entered a decisive growth phase. Around 2.5 million vehicles were sold in FY26, a significant increase from FY25. This momentum reflects the effectiveness of policy support from both the Centre and the States, including upfront purchase incentives, road tax exemptions and other demand-side interventions

2. What are Electric Vehicles?

  • An E-vehicle or Electric Vehicle is one that needs an electric motor to generate power and function instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of gases and fuel.
  • Electric Vehicles have a battery that can be charged by an electric supply.
  • This electric energy is used to run the motor. There is a hybrid electric vehicle as well, which means a combination of an electric motor and a combustion engine.

3. Types of Electric Vehicles

  • Plug-in electric – Such Electric Vehicles run purely on electricity, and it is powered when it is plugged in to charge. They don’t produce emissions like petrol or diesel.
  • Plug-in hybrid – Their primary source of power is electricity, but these vehicles also have a fuel engine. These cars produce emissions only when they run on fuel engines but not when they run on electricity.
  • Hybrid-electric – These Electric Vehicles primarily run on petrol or diesel, but they’re also fitted with an electric battery. One can charge the battery through regenerative braking. It comes with a button that lets you switch from using a fuel engine to using an electric battery (EV mode.)
  • Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)– these vehicles use a highly efficient electrochemical process to convert hydrogen into electricity, and it powers the electric motor.

4. Initiatives by the Government

The government has set a target of 30% new sales of electric vehicles and two-wheelers by 2030. The government is working towards it by following the initiative and various government schemes.

National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)

  • It is a road map/document for India’s fuel security by promoting and faster adoption of electric vehicles in India with the initial allocation of Rs 75 crore. The ambition is to have around 6 million vehicles on the road by 2020.
  • This plan is for affordable and environmentally friendly transportation in the country and to achieve automotive leadership in global manufacturing.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME)
  • The scheme was announced by the government in 2015 with the objective of market creation and developing a manufacturing ecosystem with sustainable development.
  • It is formulated by the Department of Heavy Industry, having 4 key areas- technology creation, demand creation, pilot projects, and infrastructure related to charging.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME) II
  • Based on the result and experience of phase I of the scheme, phase II was launched with an allocation of Rs 10000 Crore over three years, recently approved by the cabinet.
  • This scheme vision a holistic approach to the EV industry, including infrastructure for charging, manufacturing of batteries, market creation, public demand, and push for EVs in public transport.
  • It also offers incentives to the manufacturer of electric vehicles and their components.
  • It enables the creation of charging infrastructure in selected cities and major highways at an interval of 25 km.

5. Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020

Electric Vehicle Policy 2020 has been announced by the Delhi Government, where it put emphasis on the replacement of two-wheelers, shared vehicles, public transport, and private four-wheelers with Electric Vehicles. Some of the Features of EV Policy 2020 are given below:

  • As per Electric Vehicle Policy, the focus is given to e-mobility, which includes e-buses and e-autos.
  • The government has decided to give low-interest loans so that people can purchase Electric Vehicles easily.
  • The main goal of the E-Vehicle Policy in India is to reduce pollution and curb health issues in Delhi.
  • State EV Fund will be introduced for the expenditure of EV Policy.

6. Challenges in promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Adoption

  • Subsidy Limitations: In contrast to countries like Norway, where extensive subsidies have spurred BEV adoption, India's subsidy structure primarily benefits the middle or upper middle classes. This inequality raises concerns about the effectiveness and fairness of upfront purchase subsidies, which tend to benefit those who can afford BEVs.
  • Charging Network: Investing in comprehensive charging infrastructure is crucial for driving BEV adoption. Countries like Norway and China have seen success by expanding public charging stations while providing purchase subsidies. However, India's charging infrastructure remains insufficient, particularly for two- and three-wheelers, which dominate the vehicle mix. Adapting charging strategies to accommodate different vehicle types and power requirements is essential for promoting widespread adoption.
  • Electricity Source: India's reliance on coal-fired thermal plants for electricity generation poses a challenge to the potential environmental benefits of BEVs. While EVs may reduce tailpipe emissions, continued reliance on thermal plants contributes to pollution. Shifting towards renewable energy sources is necessary to mitigate these concerns and achieve cleaner electric mobility.
  • Limited Access to the Global Lithium Value Chain: India's heavy reliance on imports for lithium-ion batteries raises concerns about supply chain vulnerabilities. The concentration of global lithium production and key battery components in a handful of countries creates dependency risks. Diversification of the country's battery technology and exploring alternative options to lithium-ion batteries is crucial for long-term sustainability.
  • Technology Agnostic Approach: While BEVs have gained traction in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments, the four-wheeler segment lags behind. Governments must adopt a technology-agnostic approach that encourages the adoption of various electrification technologies, including hybrids and fuel-cell vehicles. Such an approach promotes innovation, fosters competition, and allows manufacturers to meet emissions objectives irrespective of technology.
  • Exploring Alternative Technologies: Hybrids serve as an intermediate step toward full electrification, offering improved fuel efficiency without relying solely on charging infrastructure. Additionally, exploring flex-fuel vehicles running on multiple fuel types, fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, and synthetic fuels can provide alternative options for reducing emissions and promoting sustainable mobility.
 
For Prelims: Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020, National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME), Global Lithium Value Chain.
For Mains: 1. Analyze the challenges and opportunities in promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in developing countries like India. Discuss the key factors that hinder EV penetration and propose strategies to overcome them.(250 Words)
 
 

Previous year Question

1. Which of the following Indian States/Union Territories launched Electric Vehicle Policy on 7th August 2020? (UPPSC 2020)

A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Uttar Pradesh
C. Delhi
D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: C
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (WPI)

 
 
1. Context

The revision of the Base Year of Wholesale Price Index (WPI) from 2011-12 to 2022-23 and compilation of Producer Price Indices (PPIs) has been approved by the competent authority in its meeting held on 25.05.2026. Earlier, the recommended compilation methodology was approved by the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) on Statistics of Price and Cost of Living (SPCL). Subsequently, the methodology was also presented before the National Statistical Commission (NSC).

 

2. What is the Wholesale Price Index(WPI)?

The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is a measure of the changes in the prices of goods sold and traded in bulk by wholesale businesses to other businesses or retailers. It is one of the key indicators used to measure inflation and economic performance in a country.

WPI tracks the average price changes of goods at the wholesale level, providing insights into inflationary pressures in the economy. It includes various categories of goods such as agricultural products, industrial raw materials, fuel and power, and manufactured goods.

Governments and policymakers use WPI data to monitor inflation trends, formulate monetary and fiscal policies, and assess the overall health of the economy. It serves as a crucial tool for businesses to adjust pricing strategies, forecast costs, and make informed decisions regarding production and investment

3. Importance of WPI

 

The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) holds several significant roles in economic analysis and policymaking:

  • WPI is a key indicator used to measure inflationary pressures in the economy. By tracking changes in the prices of goods at the wholesale level, it provides insights into the direction and magnitude of inflation. This data is crucial for policymakers in formulating monetary and fiscal policies to maintain price stability
  • WPI serves as a barometer of economic performance, reflecting changes in production costs, input prices, and overall market conditions. Fluctuations in WPI can indicate shifts in supply and demand dynamics, business confidence, and economic activity levels
  • Governments and central banks rely on WPI data to formulate and adjust monetary and fiscal policies. By assessing inflationary trends captured by WPI, policymakers can make informed decisions regarding interest rates, money supply, taxation, and government spending to achieve macroeconomic objectives such as price stability, economic growth, and employment generation
  • Businesses utilize WPI as a tool for forecasting production costs and adjusting pricing strategies. By monitoring changes in wholesale prices of goods, companies can anticipate future cost pressures, optimize supply chain management, and make pricing decisions to maintain profitability and competitiveness in the market
  • WPI data is also crucial for analyzing trends in international trade. Changes in wholesale prices can affect export competitiveness, import demand, and trade balances. Policymakers use WPI information to assess the impact of exchange rate fluctuations, trade policies, and global economic conditions on domestic industries and trade relations
4. What is the Consumer Price Index(CPI)?
 

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care. It is one of the most widely used indicators for tracking inflation and assessing changes in the cost of living over time.

CPI is calculated by collecting price data for a representative sample of goods and services that are typically purchased by urban consumers. The prices of these items are then aggregated and weighted according to their relative importance in the average consumer's expenditure. The resulting index reflects the average price level experienced by consumers

CPI is used by governments, central banks, businesses, and households for various purposes:

  • CPI is primarily used to measure inflation, which is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising. By tracking changes in the CPI over time, policymakers can gauge the extent of inflationary pressures in the economy and adjust monetary and fiscal policies accordingly
  • Many labour contracts, pension plans, and government benefits are indexed to CPI. This means that payments or wages are adjusted periodically based on changes in the CPI to maintain purchasing power and account for changes in the cost of living
  • Central banks often use CPI as a key input in their monetary policy decisions. By targeting a specific inflation rate, central banks aim to achieve price stability and support sustainable economic growth. CPI data helps policymakers assess whether monetary policy actions are effectively controlling inflation
  • Investors and financial analysts use CPI data to adjust their investment strategies and financial planning. Understanding inflation trends can help investors anticipate changes in interest rates, bond yields, and stock market performance, which in turn influence investment decisions
  • CPI data provides insights into consumer behavior and spending patterns. Changes in the prices of specific goods and services reflected in the CPI can affect consumer preferences, purchasing decisions, and overall economic activity
5.What is the distinction between WPI and CPI?
 
Subject Wholesale Price Index (WPI) Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Scope of Goods and Services Measures changes in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers, including raw materials, intermediate goods, and finished goods. Tracks changes in prices of goods and services purchased by households for consumption, including food, housing, transportation, etc.
Target Audience Relevant to businesses, policymakers, and analysts involved in production, manufacturing, and trade. Important for individuals, households, labor unions, and policymakers involved in setting wages, pensions, and social security benefits.
Weighting and Composition Based on a fixed basket of goods and services weighted according to their relative importance in wholesale trade. Based on a basket of goods and services representative of urban consumer spending patterns.
Policy Implications Changes in WPI affect production costs, supply chain management, and business profitability. Used by policymakers to assess inflation trends and formulate industrial and trade policies. Changes in CPI directly impact the cost of living for households and influence consumer behavior, purchasing power, and welfare. Used by policymakers to adjust wages, social benefits, and taxation policies.
 
6. Way Forward
 
Both WPI and CPI are measures of price levels, they differ in their scope, target audience, composition, and policy implications. WPI focuses on wholesale trade and production costs, while CPI reflects consumer spending patterns and the cost of living for households
 
For Prelims: Consumer Price Index, Wholesale Price Index, Inflation,  retail inflation, Producer Pirce Index, National Statistical Office, OPEC+, Crude oil, Kharif season, Monsoon, 
For Mains: 
1. Analyse the factors contributing to high food inflation in India in recent months. Discuss the impact of high food inflation on the Indian economy and suggest measures to mitigate it. (250 words)
2. Explain the concept of sticky inflation. What are the various factors that contribute to sticky inflation? Discuss the implications of sticky inflation for the Indian economy. (250 words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
 
Answer: C
 
2. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India is available on a monthly basis only.
2. As compared to Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI(IW)), the WPI gives less weight to food articles.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
A. 1 only       B. 2 only       C. Both 1 and 2          D.  Neither 1 nor 2
 
Answer: B
 
3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
2. The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
3. Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 A. 1 and  2 only       B. 2 only       C. 3 only           D. 1, 2 and 3
 
4. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 
A. 1 and 2 only          B. 2 and 3 only        C. 1 and 3 only          D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
 
5. The Public Distribution System, which evolved as a system of management of food and distribution of food grains, was relaunched as _______ Public Distribution System in 1997. (SSC JE EE 2021) 
A. Evolved         B. Transformed      C. Tested            D. Targeted
 
Answer: D
 
6. Under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana, up to what quantity of rice and wheat can be purchased at a subsidised cost? (FCI AG III 2023) 
A. 35 kg          B. 40 kg          C. 30 kg           D. 25 kg           E. 50 kg
 
Answer: A
 
7. As per the the National Statistical Office (NSO) report released on 7 January 2022, India's Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to grow at ___________ per cent (in first advance estimates) in the fiscal year 2021-22?  (ESIC UDC 2022) 
A. 17.6 per cent     B. 9.5 per cent     C. 11 per cent        D. 9.2 per cent   E. None of the above
 
Answer: D
 
8. The main emphasis of OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is on which of the following? (UKPSC 2016)
A. The production of petroleum
B. Control over prices of petroleum
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. None of the above
 
Answer: C
 
9. In the context of global oil prices, "Brent crude oil" is frequently referred to in the news. What does this term imply? (UPSC 2011)
1. It is a major classification of crude oil.
2. It is sourced from the North Sea.
3. It does not contain sulfur.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2 only    B. 1 and 2 only        C. 1 and 3 only         D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
10. The term 'West Texas Intermediate', sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of (UPSC 2020)
A. Crude oil   B. Bullion         C. Rare earth elements       D.  Uranium
 
Answer: C
 
11. With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest.
2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds.
3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane.
4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 
A. 1 and 3 only        B.  2, 3 and 4 only        C. 2 and 4 only         D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
 
Answer: A
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

POLLUTION AND SUMMER

 
 
 
1. Context
 
 

In March, the Commission for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) revoked all curbs under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), signalling the end of the winter air pollution in Delhi.A month later, as temperatures rose, it reimposed Stage 1 of the GRAP to combat summer air pollution. It was briefly revoked and reimposed again in May, while North India was reeling under heatwaves.

 

2. Why Are Urban Areas Experiencing Pollution Episodes During Summer?

 

  • Cities such as Delhi and those across the Indo-Gangetic Plain are typically associated with severe winter smog. During winter, low temperatures, weak winds, and the region’s basin-like geography prevent pollutants from dispersing, causing them to accumulate near the surface.
  • In contrast, summer conditions generally support better air quality. Stronger winds, intermittent thunderstorms that help remove pollutants, and higher temperatures promote vertical mixing of air, allowing pollutants to disperse more effectively.
  • Nevertheless, Delhi recorded significant pollution levels during the summer of 2026. Between April 1 and May 31, daily average PM10 concentrations exceeded the 24-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 100 µg/m³ on 54 days.
  • Furthermore, at least one Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS) reported hourly ozone concentrations above the prescribed limit of 180 µg/m³ on 40 days.
  • This trend is not confined to Delhi alone. Several major Indian cities—including Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and Kolkata—also experienced episodes of elevated PM10 and ozone concentrations during the same period.
  • The intensity and frequency of these pollution events varied depending on local factors such as vehicular emissions, road dust, construction activities, industrial discharges, and dust storms.
  • Mumbai, for example, has witnessed persistently high PM10 and ozone levels in recent years, largely driven by rapid construction, traffic congestion, and dust generation.
  • Although Chennai experiences fewer PM10 exceedances, its dense traffic and high summer temperatures contribute to frequent ozone formation, making it particularly vulnerable to ozone pollution.
 
3. How Does Summer Air Pollution Differ from Winter Air Pollution?
 
 
  • The nature and causes of air pollution vary significantly between summer and winter.
  • During winter, pollution levels tend to rise because of unfavorable meteorological conditions.
  • Low temperatures, weak wind speeds, temperature inversions, and reduced atmospheric mixing trap pollutants close to the ground. As a result, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) accumulates, leading to dense smog episodes, especially in cities across the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
  • In contrast, summer generally provides conditions that help disperse pollutants. Stronger winds, greater atmospheric mixing, and occasional rainfall facilitate the dilution and removal of particulate matter.
  • However, summer brings a different challenge—ground-level ozone pollution. Intense sunlight and high temperatures trigger chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), producing ozone.
  • Consequently, while particulate pollution may decline compared to winter, ozone concentrations often increase during hot and sunny periods.
  • Another key distinction lies in pollution sources. Winter pollution is often aggravated by biomass burning, domestic heating, and stagnant weather conditions.
  • Summer pollution, on the other hand, is more strongly influenced by vehicular emissions, industrial activities, road and construction dust, and photochemical reactions driven by solar radiation.
  • Therefore, winter air pollution is primarily characterized by the accumulation of particulate matter due to stagnant atmospheric conditions, whereas summer air pollution is marked by enhanced ozone formation and episodic increases in particulate matter from dust, traffic, and local emission sources
 
4. How Does Summer Pollution Differ from Winter Pollution?
 
  • Winter air pollution is largely characterized by high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), whereas summer pollution is more strongly influenced by coarser PM10 particles and elevated ozone levels.
  • Several pollution sources—including vehicular emissions, industrial activities, waste burning, agricultural residue burning, construction operations, and deteriorating road surfaces—contribute to poor air quality throughout the year. Seasonal factors, however, alter the dominant pollutants.
  • During winter, additional emissions from biomass used for heating worsen particulate pollution. In summer, dust storms often raise PM10 concentrations, while intense heat and abundant sunlight promote the formation of ground-level ozone.
  • Unlike particulate matter, ozone is a secondary pollutant and is not released directly into the atmosphere. It is produced through chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides (NOx), primarily emitted by vehicles, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originating from industrial processes, vehicle exhaust, paints, solvents, and other sources.
  • These reactions accelerate under strong sunlight and high temperatures, making hot summer days particularly conducive to ozone generation.
  • Elevated levels of both ozone and particulate matter can adversely affect respiratory health and increase the risk of various air-related illnesses
 
5. What Leads to Elevated PM10 Levels in India?

 

  • During summer, intense heating over the Indian subcontinent creates a vast low-pressure zone that often stretches westward toward Iran. The interaction between this low-pressure system and nearby high-pressure regions generates strong, hot winds.
  • These winds can trigger large-scale dust storms and transport dust from the Thar Desert and parts of West Asia across northern and central India, sometimes reaching as far as the Bay of Bengal.
  • Such events can cause PM10 concentrations to remain elevated for several days, similar to the widespread dust storms that affected northern India in 2018.
  • Apart from these large regional events, India also experiences smaller and short-lived dust storms known as andhi. These storms are usually associated with thunderstorms.
  • When powerful downdrafts from thunderstorms strike the ground, they lift loose soil and dust into the atmosphere, creating fast-moving dust clouds that generally dissipate within a few hours.
  • While northern India frequently experiences dust transport associated with hot summer winds, cities such as Mumbai and Hyderabad are more likely to encounter dust episodes linked to localized thunderstorm activity.
  • Human-induced factors further intensify PM10 pollution. Construction and demolition activities often increase after seasonal restrictions under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) are relaxed following winter.
  • Inadequate dust-control measures at construction sites allow significant amounts of particulate matter to enter the atmosphere.
  • Additionally, the movement of vehicles over damaged or unpaved roads resuspends accumulated dust, especially during the dry summer season, further contributing to higher PM10 concentrations
 
 
6. Managing Summer Air Pollution: The Way Forward

 

  • Although natural dust sources cannot be eliminated, their occurrence can be anticipated through effective forecasting systems. Following the severe dust storms of 2018 and recurring smog crises in earlier years, Delhi established the Air Quality Early Warning System (AQEWS), which now operates throughout the year.
  • The system has subsequently been expanded to cities such as Jaipur and Mumbai, enabling authorities to forecast various air pollutants several days in advance.
  • In addition to providing detailed meteorological updates for Delhi, AQEWS also issues three-day Air Quality Index (AQI) forecasts for nearly 140 cities across India.
  • Similarly, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) releases weather forecasts multiple times daily at the national level.
  • These forecasting tools should be leveraged by local administrations to disseminate timely warnings regarding dust storms, ozone episodes, and deteriorating air quality, allowing residents to take precautionary measures and limit their exposure.
  • While natural sources require preparedness, pollution from human activities can be addressed through stricter enforcement and management practices. Dust-control measures at construction and demolition sites should remain in force throughout the year rather than being limited to the winter season.
  • Research conducted by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) indicates that reducing the movement of heavy vehicles within construction zones can significantly decrease local particulate pollution.
  • In Mumbai, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), in collaboration with CEEW, has implemented the Air Quality Decision Support System (AQDSS) to monitor construction-related emissions. Since October 2025, the system has assisted authorities in taking corrective action at more than 1,000 construction sites across the city.
  • Addressing ozone pollution requires targeted reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which originate primarily from vehicles, industries, solvents, paints, and fuel combustion.
  • This can be achieved through cleaner transportation systems, stricter emission standards, and improved regulatory compliance.
  • Public participation can also make a difference. Initiatives such as Delhi’s “Red Light On, Gaadi Off” campaign, which encourages motorists to switch off their engines while waiting at traffic signals, help reduce unnecessary emissions that contribute to ozone formation.
  • However, isolated interventions are insufficient. Indian cities require comprehensive and long-term summer air-quality management strategies. Delhi has implemented a dedicated Summer Action Plan since 2022, demonstrating a proactive approach.
  • Similar frameworks should be adopted by other urban centres, integrating pollution forecasting, health advisories, construction and road-dust mitigation, and measures to curb ozone-forming emissions.
  • Although summer weather often facilitates the dispersion of some pollutants, elevated temperatures and intense sunlight create conditions that favour the formation of others, particularly ozone.
  • Therefore, urban air-quality management must address both winter and summer pollution challenges with equal urgency and sustained policy attention
 
 
For Prelims: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), PM10
 
For Mains: GSIII - Environment and Ecology
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 

1.In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index? (2016)

  1. Carbon dioxide 
  2. Carbon monoxide 
  3. Nitrogen dioxide 
  4. Sulfur dioxide 
  5. Methane 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Answer (b)
Source: The Hindu
 
 
 

BRICS

 

1. Context

High-Level Dialogue on Advanced Livestock Technology and Feed Systems (ALT&FS) in BRICS held under India's BRICS Chairship, 2026

2. BRICS

  • The BRICS alliance, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has evolved from an economic consortium to a multifaceted geopolitical force.
  • Emerging economies with considerable potential, these countries together form a collective that challenges traditional power dynamics and fosters cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.

Formation and Evolution

  • BRICS was officially established in 2006, with the objective of fostering economic growth, development, and cooperation among member nations.
  • Over time, it has transformed into a platform for addressing a broader spectrum of global challenges, encompassing political, security, and social concerns alongside economic issues.
3.Push back against liberal international order 
 
  • A core principle in international relations is the absence of a central global authority. While nations may come to agreements on certain rules, there’s no global body with the power to universally enforce them. Scholars often refer to this as an “anarchic system”—not because it's chaotic, but because there is no supreme governing structure overseeing international conduct.
  • States primarily pursue their national interests. Although collaboration between countries is possible, it tends to be unstable. Power dynamics are crucial—stronger nations usually assert their will, while weaker ones often have limited choices, echoing themes from the Melian Dialogue in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. Global power is unevenly shared, and those who hold more influence often shape international norms to benefit themselves.
  • Following World War II, the Western powers—led by the United States—established the liberal international order. This system, built through institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO, mirrored Western ideals such as market liberalism, democratic governance, and the central role of the US dollar in global finance.
  • This framework functioned effectively for the Western world for decades. However, in the current century, many countries are beginning to question the relevance of a system rooted in the post-1945 era.
  • While rising nations like China, India, Brazil, and South Africa once accepted this order, they are now challenging it due to shifting economic power and the emergence of a multipolar world. The BRICS group has become the most prominent symbol of this growing resistance
4. De-dollarisation and global power shift 
 
  • One of the strongest themes to emerge from the BRICS summit in Brazil was the push toward de-dollarisation. While the term may sound technical, its implications are heavily political.
  • This concept has been gaining momentum over the years, but recent developments—particularly the use of financial systems as tools for sanctions—have made it more urgent. Currently, global trade and finance rely heavily on the US dollar.
  • For example, India typically pays in dollars when importing oil from Russia, Brazil often borrows in dollars, and China's overseas investments usually pass through dollar-based networks like SWIFT. This entrenched dependence grants the US both economic power and political influence.
  • During the Brazil summit, BRICS nations revisited the proposal of creating a common currency—not as an immediate goal, but as a statement of direction. In the short term, they are encouraging trade using their own national currencies.
  • Russia and China now conduct the majority of their bilateral trade in roubles and yuan. India has started settling some payments with countries like Iran and Sri Lanka in rupees, and has begun conducting oil transactions with the UAE in rupees and dirhams.
  • The New Development Bank, established by BRICS, is also moving toward issuing loans in local currencies to minimize reliance on the dollar. This shift is not just about cutting transaction fees—it's about gaining independence from a financial system that many nations in the Global South feel is skewed against their interests.
  • The path toward de-dollarisation will be challenging. The US dollar continues to dominate global finance due to its stability, global trust, and the strength of America’s financial infrastructure.
  • However, the repeated calls by BRICS for alternatives reflect a growing dissatisfaction. While this transition won’t happen quickly, the direction is clear: reduce dependency on a system largely controlled by Washington
5. South-South Cooperation
 
  • BRICS positions itself as a collective voice for nations that were excluded from shaping the global order established after World War II. It portrays itself as an advocate for the Global South, promoting equitable development, more inclusive trade frameworks, and the restructuring of major international institutions.
  • Unlike the IMF or World Bank, the New Development Bank (NDB) provides financing without the usual political conditions. BRICS members are also collaborating on joint ventures in sectors like infrastructure and renewable energy.
  • There have also been discussions about setting up a BRICS-led credit rating agency to reduce reliance on dominant Western agencies. The group consistently calls for changes to institutions such as the UN Security Council and the World Bank, aiming to amplify the influence of emerging economies.
  • Within BRICS, countries like Brazil, India, and South Africa act as intermediaries. As democratic nations with expanding economies, they are often seen as relatable leaders among developing states.
  • China contributes significant financial resources and geopolitical clout, while Russia, increasingly distanced from Western alliances, is seeking closer ties with non-Western countries.
  • This drive to create new systems and mechanisms stems from a common dissatisfaction with a global order that many feel does not account for the realities and needs of the developing world. BRICS is not only advocating for policy reforms but also striving to reshape global perceptions of development and leadership

6. Geopolitical Relevance

  • Counterbalance to Western Influence: BRICS serves as a counterweight to the dominance of Western powers. The coalition's diverse representation from different regions empowers non-Western countries to assert their interests on the global stage.
  • Global South Unity: BRICS resonates with many countries in the Global South that seek a voice in international affairs. It presents an alternative to the traditional Western-dominated institutions, offering a platform for collaboration and advocacy.

7. Economic Cooperation and Growth

  • Economic Powerhouses: Collectively, BRICS nations account for a substantial portion of the world's population and GDP. Their economic potential has led to discussions on reforming global financial institutions to better reflect contemporary realities.
  • Intra-BRICS Trade: Trade among BRICS members has grown significantly. Initiatives like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) bolster financial cooperation and stability within the group.

8. Geopolitical Challenges and Opportunities

  • Diverse Interests: As BRICS expands and diversifies, differing geopolitical interests may arise, potentially leading to internal divisions. However, this diversity also presents opportunities for creative solutions to global challenges.
  • Diplomatic Outreach: BRICS engages with other regional and international organizations, strengthening its influence. The expansion of the group's membership underscores its growing geopolitical relevance.

9. India's Role and Beyond

  • India's Diplomacy: India has played an active role within BRICS, emphasizing issues such as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, and climate change. Its strategic partnerships contribute to the coalition's expansion and its influence in shaping its direction.
  • Global Impact: BRICS expansion into a broader coalition incorporating West Asian countries like Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE signifies a deliberate shift towards greater global political relevance. This expansion highlights BRICS' adaptability to changing geopolitical dynamics.

10. BRICS New Members Dynamics

  • Unanimous Decisions: BRICS decisions require unanimous agreement, reflecting collective decision-making.
  • Geopolitical Partnerships: While Russia and China confront West-related challenges, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain significant partnerships with the US and Europe.
  • China's Expansion Drive: China spearheads BRICS expansion, prioritizing membership growth.
  • Inclusion of Iran: China and Russia's influence is seen in Iran's inclusion, showcasing their collaboration.
  • Mediation Efforts: China's role reconciles rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran within the alliance.
  • Saudi Arabia's Shift: Saudi Arabia's entry signifies a move towards an independent foreign policy, diverging from the US alliance.
  • Global Significance for Russia and Iran: BRICS membership elevates Russia and Iran's global partnerships, challenging Western dominance.

11. Implications for India

  • Strategic Role: India played a lead role in drafting BRICS membership criteria, demonstrating its strategic influence within the alliance.
  • Expanded Influence: The inclusion of new members who are strategic partners of India enhances its influence within BRICS.
  • Geopolitical Balancing: BRICS expansion allows India to navigate between its ties with the West and its position within this non-Western coalition.
  • Global Advocacy: With more representation and diverse members, India can push for UN reforms and increased Global South representation.
  • Diplomatic Challenges: India might need to exert more effort to assert its influence in an alliance with a wider range of members and potential competing interests.
  • Economic Opportunities: Collaboration with economically strong members like China can lead to enhanced trade and investment prospects for India.
For Prelims: BRICS, Global South Unity, Western Influence, New Development Bank (NDB), and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the Implications of BRICS' Expansion for India's Geopolitical Positioning and Influence within the Alliance.
2. Analyze India's Role in Shaping BRICS' Membership Criteria and Its Strategic Significance in the Expanded Coalition.
 

Previous year Questions

1. With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014)
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
 
2. With reference to BRIC countries, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. At present, China's GDP is more than the combined GDP of all three other countries.
2. China's population is more than the combined population of any two other countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
 
3. The 'Fortaleza Declaration', recently in the news, is related to the affairs of  (UPSC 2015)
A. ASEAN
B. BRICS
C. OECD
D. WTO
Answer: B
Source: The Hindu
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