WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (WPI)
1. Context
Wholesale price inflation fell to a 27-month low of (-) 1.21% in October, led by a sharp deflation in food items like pulses and vegetables, and lower prices of fuel and manufactured items, government data showed on Friday.
2. What is the Wholesale Price Index(WPI)?
- The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is a measure of the changes in the prices of goods sold and traded in bulk by wholesale businesses to other businesses or retailers. It is one of the key indicators used to measure inflation and economic performance in a country.
- WPI tracks the average price changes of goods at the wholesale level, providing insights into inflationary pressures in the economy. It includes various categories of goods such as agricultural products, industrial raw materials, fuel and power, and manufactured goods.
- Governments and policymakers use WPI data to monitor inflation trends, formulate monetary and fiscal policies, and assess the overall health of the economy. It serves as a crucial tool for businesses to adjust pricing strategies, forecast costs, and make informed decisions regarding production and investment
3. Importance of WPI
The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) holds several significant roles in economic analysis and policymaking:
- WPI is a key indicator used to measure inflationary pressures in the economy. By tracking changes in the prices of goods at the wholesale level, it provides insights into the direction and magnitude of inflation. This data is crucial for policymakers in formulating monetary and fiscal policies to maintain price stability
- WPI serves as a barometer of economic performance, reflecting changes in production costs, input prices, and overall market conditions. Fluctuations in WPI can indicate shifts in supply and demand dynamics, business confidence, and economic activity levels
- Governments and central banks rely on WPI data to formulate and adjust monetary and fiscal policies. By assessing inflationary trends captured by WPI, policymakers can make informed decisions regarding interest rates, money supply, taxation, and government spending to achieve macroeconomic objectives such as price stability, economic growth, and employment generation
- Businesses utilize WPI as a tool for forecasting production costs and adjusting pricing strategies. By monitoring changes in wholesale prices of goods, companies can anticipate future cost pressures, optimize supply chain management, and make pricing decisions to maintain profitability and competitiveness in the market
- WPI data is also crucial for analyzing trends in international trade. Changes in wholesale prices can affect export competitiveness, import demand, and trade balances. Policymakers use WPI information to assess the impact of exchange rate fluctuations, trade policies, and global economic conditions on domestic industries and trade relations
4. What is the Consumer Price Index(CPI)?
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care. It is one of the most widely used indicators for tracking inflation and assessing changes in the cost of living over time.
CPI is calculated by collecting price data for a representative sample of goods and services that are typically purchased by urban consumers. The prices of these items are then aggregated and weighted according to their relative importance in the average consumer's expenditure. The resulting index reflects the average price level experienced by consumers
CPI is used by governments, central banks, businesses, and households for various purposes:
- CPI is primarily used to measure inflation, which is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising. By tracking changes in the CPI over time, policymakers can gauge the extent of inflationary pressures in the economy and adjust monetary and fiscal policies accordingly
- Many labour contracts, pension plans, and government benefits are indexed to CPI. This means that payments or wages are adjusted periodically based on changes in the CPI to maintain purchasing power and account for changes in the cost of living
- Central banks often use CPI as a key input in their monetary policy decisions. By targeting a specific inflation rate, central banks aim to achieve price stability and support sustainable economic growth. CPI data helps policymakers assess whether monetary policy actions are effectively controlling inflation
- Investors and financial analysts use CPI data to adjust their investment strategies and financial planning. Understanding inflation trends can help investors anticipate changes in interest rates, bond yields, and stock market performance, which in turn influence investment decisions
- CPI data provides insights into consumer behavior and spending patterns. Changes in the prices of specific goods and services reflected in the CPI can affect consumer preferences, purchasing decisions, and overall economic activity
5.What is the distinction between WPI and CPI?
| Subject | Wholesale Price Index (WPI) | Consumer Price Index (CPI) |
|---|---|---|
| Scope of Goods and Services | Measures changes in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers, including raw materials, intermediate goods, and finished goods. | Tracks changes in prices of goods and services purchased by households for consumption, including food, housing, transportation, etc. |
| Target Audience | Relevant to businesses, policymakers, and analysts involved in production, manufacturing, and trade. | Important for individuals, households, labor unions, and policymakers involved in setting wages, pensions, and social security benefits. |
| Weighting and Composition | Based on a fixed basket of goods and services weighted according to their relative importance in wholesale trade. | Based on a basket of goods and services representative of urban consumer spending patterns. |
| Policy Implications | Changes in WPI affect production costs, supply chain management, and business profitability. Used by policymakers to assess inflation trends and formulate industrial and trade policies. | Changes in CPI directly impact the cost of living for households and influence consumer behavior, purchasing power, and welfare. Used by policymakers to adjust wages, social benefits, and taxation policies. |
6. Way Forward
Both WPI and CPI are measures of price levels, they differ in their scope, target audience, composition, and policy implications. WPI focuses on wholesale trade and production costs, while CPI reflects consumer spending patterns and the cost of living for households
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For Prelims: Consumer Price Index, Wholesale Price Index, Inflation, retail inflation, Producer Pirce Index, National Statistical Office, OPEC+, Crude oil, Kharif season, Monsoon,
For Mains:
1. Analyse the factors contributing to high food inflation in India in recent months. Discuss the impact of high food inflation on the Indian economy and suggest measures to mitigate it. (250 words)
2. Explain the concept of sticky inflation. What are the various factors that contribute to sticky inflation? Discuss the implications of sticky inflation for the Indian economy. (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
Answer: C
2. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India is available on a monthly basis only.
2. As compared to Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI(IW)), the WPI gives less weight to food articles.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
2. The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
3. Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
4. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
5. The Public Distribution System, which evolved as a system of management of food and distribution of food grains, was relaunched as _______ Public Distribution System in 1997. (SSC JE EE 2021)
A. Evolved B. Transformed C. Tested D. Targeted
Answer: D
6. Under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana, up to what quantity of rice and wheat can be purchased at a subsidised cost? (FCI AG III 2023)
A. 35 kg B. 40 kg C. 30 kg D. 25 kg E. 50 kg
Answer: A
7. As per the the National Statistical Office (NSO) report released on 7 January 2022, India's Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to grow at ___________ per cent (in first advance estimates) in the fiscal year 2021-22? (ESIC UDC 2022)
A. 17.6 per cent B. 9.5 per cent C. 11 per cent D. 9.2 per cent E. None of the above
Answer: D
8. The main emphasis of OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is on which of the following? (UKPSC 2016)
A. The production of petroleum
B. Control over prices of petroleum
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. None of the above
Answer: C
9. In the context of global oil prices, "Brent crude oil" is frequently referred to in the news. What does this term imply? (UPSC 2011)
1. It is a major classification of crude oil.
2. It is sourced from the North Sea.
3. It does not contain sulfur.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
10. The term 'West Texas Intermediate', sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of (UPSC 2020)
A. Crude oil B. Bullion C. Rare earth elements D. Uranium
Answer: C
11. With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest.
2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds.
3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane.
4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2, 3 and 4 only C. 2 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: A
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Source: The Hindu
STATE ELECTION COMMISSION (SEC)
1. Context
Following the Supreme Court’s directions, Maharashtra will hold local body elections in three phases, beginning on December 2. The first phase covers 246 municipal councils and 42 nagar panchayats, while the second will include 32 of 34 zilla parishads and 336 of 351 panchayat samitis. The municipal corporation elections will be held in the last phase. The court has directed that all elections be completed by January 31, 2026. The exercise comes amid Opposition criticism of errors and duplication in the voters’ lists.
2. Can the State Election Commission delete duplicate names?
- No, the State Election Commission (SEC) is not empowered to include or remove names from the electoral rolls. The Constitution grants the SEC authority over the supervision, direction, and control of elections to municipal and rural local bodies.
- But under the five State Local Body Acts, the SEC does not create a separate voter list. It relies on the electoral rolls prepared by the Election Commission of India (ECI) under the Representation of the People Act, 1950, and simply divides them according to the respective wards of the local bodies.
- For the upcoming local body polls, the Maharashtra SEC will use the electoral roll updated up to July 1, 2025—that is, the list reflecting all additions and modifications made by the Chief Electoral Officer till that date.
- However, the cut-off date for registering first-time voters remained January 1, 2025. Consequently, many young individuals who turned 18 after January 2025 are disappointed that they will not be eligible to vote in the forthcoming elections
3. What does the State Election Commission (SEC) do?
- The State Election Commission (SEC) is the constitutional authority responsible for ensuring that elections to local bodies—such as municipalities, municipal corporations, panchayats, and other rural and urban local institutions—are conducted freely and fairly.
- Its primary role is to oversee the entire election process at the local level. This includes announcing the election schedule, supervising the nomination of candidates, monitoring campaigning, and ensuring the polling and counting processes take place without bias or interference.
- While the SEC controls and directs how local elections are carried out, it does not prepare the voter lists itself. Instead, it relies on the electoral rolls created by the Election Commission of India under the Representation of the People Act, 1950.
- The SEC takes those rolls and adapts them to the relevant local wards or constituencies. Apart from managing election logistics, it also handles issues like enforcing the model code of conduct for local polls, resolving disputes related to the conduct of elections, and issuing guidelines to ensure transparency and integrity in the voting process
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4. Administrative Reforms Commission Recommendation
- The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) was set up by the Government of India to suggest measures for improving the efficiency, accountability, and responsiveness of the Indian administration.
- Over its reports—both the First ARC (1966–70) and the Second ARC (2005–2009)—it made wide-ranging recommendations to strengthen governance, modernize public institutions, and enhance citizen-centric administration.
- The ARC emphasised that the Indian administrative system had become over-centralised, rule-bound, and slow, and therefore required structural, procedural, and behavioural reforms.
- It recommended redefining the role of the government, decentralising power to states and local bodies, and making the bureaucracy more transparent and accountable.
- The Commission also advocated simplifying procedures, reducing delays, and leveraging technology to make public service delivery more efficient.
- One of the central themes of the ARC’s suggestions was improving the quality of public servants. It argued for reforms in recruitment, training, performance evaluation, and promotion systems to ensure that officials are competent, motivated, and ethical.
- It highlighted the need for a code of ethics, stronger vigilance mechanisms, protection for whistle-blowers, and steps to curb corruption.
- The ARC also pushed for strengthening institutions of accountability such as the Lokpal/Lokayuktas, the CBI, and audit bodies. In areas like e-governance, it encouraged the use of digital tools and transparent processes to reduce human discretion and improve service delivery. In police reforms, it recommended insulation from political interference and improved training.
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For Prelims: Election Commission of India, Chief Election Commissioner, Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991, State Election Commission, Article 324, Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India. How does the Election Commission ensure the conduct of free and fair elections in the Country? (250 words).
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Previous year Question1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)
1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.
2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections.
3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognized political parties.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 3 only
Answer: D
2. Consider the following statements : (UPSC 2021)
1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.
2. In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.
3. As per the- existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3
D. 2 and 3
Answer: B
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Source: The Hindu
PAY COMMISSION
1. Context
The Central government has constituted the 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC) with retired Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai as the Chairperson. It also consists of Professor Pulak Ghosh, faculty at IIM Bangalore, as a part-time member and Pankaj Jain IAS, Secretary to the government of India, as member-secretary. It will submit its report within 18 months.
2. What is the Pay Commission?
- In India, Pay Commissions are constituted through an executive order following a decision by the Cabinet. Their primary function is to examine various aspects related to the pay structure, retirement benefits, and service conditions of Central Government employees, including members of the armed forces, and to suggest appropriate revisions wherever necessary. The establishment of the first Pay Commission dates back to the year 1946
- A Pay Commission is an official body appointed by the Government of India to review and recommend changes to the salary structure, allowances, and pension benefits of Central Government employees, including defence personnel.
- Its main purpose is to ensure that government employees are fairly compensated in line with the changing economic conditions of the country and the rising cost of living.
- The idea of a Pay Commission originated soon after independence. The First Pay Commission was established in 1946, even before India became fully independent.
- Since then, the government has set up a new Pay Commission roughly every ten years to revise the pay structure in keeping with inflation, fiscal capacity, and evolving economic realities.
- So far, seven Pay Commissions have been constituted. The most recent one, the Seventh Pay Commission, was headed by Justice A.K. Mathur and submitted its report in 2015, which was implemented in 2016.
- Each Pay Commission is tasked with examining the existing pay scales of government employees and making recommendations to rationalize them. It studies the disparities between different levels of employees, the balance between civilian and defence personnel salaries, and also the comparison between government and private sector pay levels.
- The Commission’s recommendations aim to promote equity, efficiency, and satisfaction among employees, while ensuring that the government's financial burden remains sustainable.
- The impact of Pay Commissions is significant. Their recommendations affect the income of around 47 lakh serving employees and over 50 lakh pensioners, which also has a multiplier effect on state governments and the economy as a whole.
- Implementation of Pay Commission recommendations often leads to increased consumer spending, but it can also put pressure on government finances due to the rise in salary and pension expenditure
3. What are its terms of reference (TOR)?
- The Terms of Reference (ToR) for each Pay Commission are approved by the Union Cabinet. In the case of the 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC), its ToR directs the body to take into account several key factors while framing its recommendations.
- These include the overall economic situation of the country and the need to maintain fiscal discipline, the requirement to allocate sufficient funds for developmental and welfare initiatives, the financial burden posed by non-contributory pension schemes, and the likely effect of its recommendations on the finances of State governments, which often follow the CPC’s suggestions.
- Additionally, the Commission is expected to assess the existing pay and working conditions in Central public sector undertakings as well as in the private sector to ensure a balanced and realistic approach
4. Global Practices on the Pay Commission
- Across the world, until the 1970s, public sector pay structures were primarily designed to ensure equity by aligning government salaries with those in comparable private sector roles. During the 1980s, however, the focus shifted from equity to efficiency, emphasizing productivity and optimal resource use.
- From the 1990s onward, compensation systems began to integrate performance-based pay and incentives, while also considering the government’s financial capacity. Today, public sector remuneration models are evolving further to attract and retain skilled and competent individuals, all while keeping overall expenditure under control.
- According to international benchmarks, a fair public sector compensation framework should be guided by a clear pay philosophy and should ensure the ability to attract capable talent, maintain fairness within the system (internal equity), remain competitive with the external job market, and provide transparency in structure and rationale.
- In the Indian context, although internal equity receives considerable emphasis, pay competitiveness with the private sector—particularly for senior-level positions—continues to lag behind.
- Interestingly, comparative data from other major democracies reveal that, contrary to the popular belief that India’s public sector is oversized, inefficient, and overpaid, the country actually fares lower on most indicators of public sector employment and wage levels when compared with other large democratic nations
5. Way Forward
Several important elements within the Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Pay Commission merit closer examination. To begin with, the ToR directs the Commission to compare public sector pay structures with those in the private sector—a task that previous Pay Commissions have also undertaken. It has consistently been observed that while entry-level positions in government service tend to offer higher salaries than comparable roles in the private sector, the situation reverses at senior levels and for specialized positions. In the Seventh Pay Commission, the compression ratio—which measures the difference between the lowest and highest salaries in the Central government—was set at 1:12.5. Though government jobs offer various privileges, perks, and the assurance of job security that partly compensate for lower pay at senior levels, it may now be necessary to reconsider this structure, especially for top and expert-level roles, to ensure the government can attract and retain skilled professionals.
Another aspect worth noting is that the ToR does not explicitly address non-monetary factors such as professional development opportunities, training, workplace flexibility, or health and well-being initiatives. It is anticipated that the Pay Commission will take these qualitative factors into account in its final recommendations, recognizing their growing importance in shaping an effective and motivated public workforce
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For Prelims: Pay Commission, Finance Commission, Article 280, Fiscal Consolidation, Fiscal Federalism, and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanism.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the Role and Challenges of the Finance Commission in Promoting Fiscal Federalism and Ensuring Equitable Resource Distribution in India. (250 words).
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Previous year Question1. With reference to the Finance Commission of India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2011)
A. It encourages the inflow of foreign capital for infrastructure development.
B. It facilitates the proper distribution of finances among the Public Sector Undertaking.
C. It ensures transparency in financial administration.
D. None of the statements (a), (b), and (c) given above is correct in this context.
Answer: D
2. With reference to the Fourteenth Finance Commission, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)
1. It has increased the share of States in the central divisible pool from 32 percent to 42 percent.
2. It has made recommendations concerning sector-specific grants.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
3. Which of the following is/are among the noticeable features of the recommendations of the Thirteenth Finance Commission? (UPSC 2012)
1. A design for the Goods and Services Tax, and a compensation package linked to adherence to the proposed design.
2. A design for the creation of lakhs of jobs in the next ten years in consonance with India's demographic dividend.
3. Devolution of a specified share of central taxes to local bodies as grants
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
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Source: The Hindu
KUKI-ZOMI TRIBE
1. Context
Kuki-Zo insurgent groups in Manipur on Saturday said that they held talks with the Union Home Ministry this week, “focusing on the core demand for a Union Territory with a Legislative Assembly” for Kuki-Zo areas, insisting that “coexistence” within the State was not possible. This comes just two months after the groups signed a Suspension of Operations (SoO) pact with the Union and State governments.
2. About Kuki and Zomi tribes
The Kuki-Zomi people are a diverse group of ethnicities inhabiting the mountainous regions of Northeast India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. They share a common ancestry and cultural heritage, and their name reflects this shared identity: "Kuki" is a more general term encompassing various sub-tribes, while "Zomi" is a relatively recent term adopted by some Kuki communities to emphasize their distinct identity and cultural heritage.
- The exact origins of the Kuki-Zomi people remain unclear, but linguistic evidence suggests they migrated from Southeast Asia centuries ago. Today, they are found primarily in the Indian states of Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, and Tripura, as well as in Chin State, Myanmar, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
- The Kuki-Zomi people comprise numerous sub-tribes, each with its own distinct dialect and cultural practices. Some of the major sub-tribes include the Hmar, Thadou, Paite, Gangte, Vaiphei, Zou, Aimol, and Anal. These sub-tribes speak various Kuki-Chin languages, which belong to the Tibeto-Burman language family.
- The Kuki-Zomi people have a rich and vibrant culture characterized by strong communal bonds, traditional music and dance, and colorful handicrafts. Their traditional attire is often adorned with intricate beadwork and embroidery, reflecting their artistic skills and cultural pride.
- The Kuki-Zomi people have faced various challenges throughout their history, including displacement, conflict, and marginalization. However, they have demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability, preserving their unique culture and traditions despite these hardships.
- In recent years, the Kuki-Zomi people have made significant strides in education, entrepreneurship, and political representation. They are increasingly active in advocating for their rights and cultural identity, and their contributions to the social and economic development of the regions they inhabit are becoming increasingly recognized.
3. Delisting Proposal in Manipur
- The representation calling for the potential removal of specific Kuki and Zomi tribes from the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list in Manipur stems from the ongoing ethnic conflict that has persisted for eight months.
- This conflict, initiated on May 3, 2023, arose following an order from the Manipur High Court directing the State government to recommend the inclusion of Meiteis in the ST list to the Centre.
- As the Centre now requests the State government to examine the representation for the delisting of Kuki and Zomi tribes, there is a risk of exacerbating existing tensions between the valley-based Meitei people and the hills-based Kuki-Zo (ST) people in the State.
- One significant factor driving the Meiteis' demand for ST status is their inability to own land in the forested hill districts, where only STs are permitted to own land.
- Notably, this marks the first instance where members of the Meitei community are advocating for their inclusion in the ST list by contending that specific Kuki and Zomi tribes should not be part of it.
- This development may also have broader implications for the criteria used to designate groups as Scheduled Tribes, a framework that has remained unchanged since its introduction by the Lokur Commission in 1965.
Key Arguments in the Kuki-Zomi Delisting Proposal
- In Mr. Thounaojam’s representation, objections have been raised against the inclusion of three specific entries in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list of Manipur namely, “Any Mizo(Lushai) Tribes,” “Zou,” and “Any Kuki Tribes.”
- The primary argument put forth for the exclusion of these entries is that they are not considered "indigenous" to the land of Manipur.
- According to the representation, there is no historical mention of these specific tribes residing in Manipur in pre-Independence Censuses.
- Furthermore, the representation contends that the vagueness surrounding the terms "Any Mizo (Lushai) Tribes" and "Any Kuki Tribes" in the ST list has purportedly facilitated illegal immigrants from Myanmar and Bangladesh in wrongfully obtaining benefits intended for Scheduled Tribes in India.
4. About Lokur Commission
The Lokur Commission, officially known as the Advisory Committee on the Revision of Lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, played a significant role in shaping the landscape of tribal communities in India. Established in 1965 by the Government of India. Chaired by Justice N.N. Lokur, a former Chief Justice of India. Tasked with revising the lists of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in a rational and scientific manner.
Criteria for Scheduled Tribes:
- The Commission established five key criteria for identifying a community as an ST:
- Primitive Traits and Distinctive Culture
- Geographical Isolation
- Shyness of Contact with the Community at Large
- Backwardness
- Pre-dominantly Tribal Population
Impact on Tribal Communities
- The Lokur Commission's recommendations led to the addition of several new communities to the ST list, granting them access to educational and economic benefits reserved for STs.
- However, the criteria employed, particularly the emphasis on "primitive traits," have been criticized for being outdated, stereotypical, and potentially hindering social progress for tribal communities.
Criticisms and Debates
- The Commission's classification of certain communities as "primitive" has been challenged for being derogatory and inaccurate.
- The criteria used have been accused of being subjective and open to misinterpretation, leading to inconsistencies and exclusion of deserving communities.
- Debates continue regarding the need for revising or even abolishing the existing criteria altogether, with calls for a more nuanced approach based on social, economic, and cultural factors.
Legacy
- Despite the criticisms, the Lokur Commission's work remains influential in the administration of tribal affairs in India.
- Its report and recommendations form the basis for the current ST list and continue to be referenced in discussions about tribal inclusion and development.
- The Commission's legacy highlights the importance of ongoing discussions about the definition of "tribal" identity and the need for criteria that are fair, inclusive, and responsive to the evolving realities of tribal communities in India.
5. The National Commission for Backward Classes
The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) stands as a crucial advocate for the rights and welfare of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in India. Established in 1993 and elevated to constitutional status in 2018, the NCBC plays a multi-faceted role in ensuring social justice and equality for OBC communities.
Mandate and Responsibilities
- The NCBC probes cases of discrimination and denial of rights due to OBC status. It monitors the implementation of various government policies and schemes aimed at OBC development.
- The Commission regularly assesses the social, educational, and economic advancement of OBCs. It provides recommendations to the government on policies and programs to bridge existing gaps and address emerging challenges.
- Individuals from OBC communities can approach the NCBC with complaints related to violations of their rights or benefits. The Commission takes necessary action to address these grievances and ensure justice.
- The NCBC conducts research on the diverse OBC communities, analyzing their specific needs and vulnerabilities. It promotes awareness about OBC issues and advocates for their inclusive participation in various spheres of Indian society.
Key Achievements
- The NCBC played a significant role in implementing the Right to Education Act (2009) and ensuring reservation quotas for OBC students in educational institutions.
- The Commission has been instrumental in promoting entrepreneurship and skill development programs among OBC communities, leading to greater economic participation and self-reliance.
- The NCBC has consistently pushed for legislation and policy changes that benefit OBCs, such as reservations in government jobs and promotions, access to healthcare, and land rights.
Challenges and Future Directions
- OBCs are a diverse group with varying needs and levels of marginalization. The NCBC faces the challenge of addressing these internal disparities and ensuring inclusivity within its advocacy efforts.
- The Commission often operates with limited resources, hindering its ability to effectively reach out to remote OBC communities and conduct comprehensive research.
- Ensuring proper implementation of the NCBC's recommendations on the ground remains a crucial challenge. Stronger collaboration with state governments and local authorities is essential.
6. Examining Claims of Non-Indigeneity and Misuse
7. The Way Forward
The Kuki-Zomi delisting proposal in Manipur raises intricate questions about tribal identity, historical claims, and potential consequences for inter-community relations. Examining the arguments, historical context, and the role of institutions like the NCBC is essential for understanding the complexities of this issue and finding solutions that respect the rights and identities of all involved communities.
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For Prelims: kuki-zomi tribes, manipur, National Commission for Backward classes, STs, Lokur Commission, Other Backward Classes
For Mains:
1. Discuss the potential political and developmental implications of the proposed delisting. How might it affect land rights, access to resources, and inter-community relations in Manipur? (250 Words)
2. Assess the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) in addressing the complexities of tribal identity and ensuring social justice for marginalized communities. How can the NCBC be strengthened to better address issues like the Kuki-Zomi delisting proposal? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Who was appointed as the head of the OBC Sub-categorisation Commission?
(Maharashtra Talathi 2019)
A. Justice Geeta Mittal
B. Justice Manjula Chellur
C. Justice Tahilramani
D. Justice G. Rohini
2. Which of the following pairs of list and contents is/are correctly matched? (UPSC CAPF 2019)
1. State list Public health and sanitation
2. Union list Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens
3. Concurrent list Legal, medical and other
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only
Answers:1-D, 2- B
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Source: The Hindu
AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI)
1. Context
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on Monday did not release the daily air quality bulletin for the country which is usually done around 4 p.m. every day, which is considered the day’s Air Quality Index (AQI).
2. The Air Quality Index (AQI)
The AQI is a colour-coded index launched under the Swachh Bharat campaign to simplify the understanding of pollution levels. It helps convey the condition of the air and guides appropriate measures based on the severity of pollution. The AQI consists of six categories, each with a corresponding colour code: 'Good' (0-50), 'Satisfactory' (51-100), 'Moderately Polluted' (101-200), 'Poor' (201-300), 'Very Poor' (301-400) and 'Severe' (401-500).
3. Calculation of AQI
- To calculate the AQI, a technical study was conducted by an expert group, including medical professionals, air quality experts, and academics.
- Various pollutants, such as PM10, PM2.5, Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone, Carbon, and others, are measured.
- Each pollutant is assigned a weight based on its impact on human health.
- The composite air quality index is determined by combining these weights, simplifying multiple data points into a single number and colour to represent overall air quality.
- Monitoring stations across the country assess these pollutant levels.
4. Impact of Pollutants on Health
- Among the most harmful pollutants are fine particulate matter, such as PM2.5, which has a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres.
- PM2.5 particles can easily enter the circulatory system, bypassing the nose and throat.
- They are associated with respiratory problems and reduced visibility, posing health risks such as asthma, heart attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory issues.
5. Influence on Government Policy
- Governments, especially in areas like Delhi, use the AQI to announce measures to combat air pollution.
- When the AQI in the National Capital Region (NCR) reaches the 'severe' category, Stage 4 of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is implemented.
- GRAP is designed for emergency measures to prevent further deterioration of air quality.
- Specific actions may include prohibiting the use of non-BS-VI-compliant diesel four-wheelers and restricting the entry of trucks into the city while allowing petrol cars to continue operating as usual.
6. Conclusion
The Air Quality Index is an essential tool that simplifies the understanding of air pollution, assesses its health impacts, and influences government policies and actions to combat deteriorating air quality. As Mumbai braces for worsening air quality, the AQI will continue to be a critical resource for both the government and the public.
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For Prelims: Air Pollution, Air Quality Index, PM 2.5, PM 10, BS-VI Vehicles, Graded Response Action Plan, National Capital Region, Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone, Carbon,
For Mains:
1. With the onset of worsening air quality in Mumbai, discuss the importance of the AQI as a critical resource for both the government and the public. How can the AQI assist in addressing air pollution-related challenges in the upcoming winter months? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (UPSC 2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2, 3 and 4 only C. 1, 4 and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Answer: B 2. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (UPSC 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Answer: A 3. What is the ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’? (UPSC 2016) (a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions (b) It is an initiative of the United Nations to offer financial incentives to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly technologies. (c) It is an inter-governmental agreement ratified by all the member countries of the United Nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels by the year 2022 (d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+ initiatives hosted by the World Bank Answer: A 4. Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among (UPSC 2013) (a) NO2, O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight (b) CO, O2 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight (c) CO, CO2 and NO2 at low temperature (d) high concentration of NO2 O3 and CO in the evening
Answer: A
5. Acid rain is caused by the pollution of the environment (UPSC 2013, 2022) (a) Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen (b) Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide (c) Ozone and Carbon Dioxide (d) Nitrous Oxide and Sulphur Dioxide Answer: D
6. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (UPSC 2017) (a) Measuring oxygen level in blood (b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems (c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystem (d) Assessing oxygen levels in high-altitude regions Answer: C 7. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1, 2 and 4
Answer: D
8. Headquarters of the World Meteorological Organization is located in (NDA 2017)
A. Washington B. Geneva C. Moscow D. London
Answer: B
9. With reference to the 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
10. The IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. IPCC stands for: (RRB NTPC CBT 2 2022)
A. Intergovernmental Provision on Climate Change
B. International Panel on Climate Change
C. International Provision on Climate Change
D. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Answer: D
11. Comprehension (SSC CHSL 2020)
Direction: In the following passage some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each blank.
Forest fire always (1) ______ by one of two reasons-naturally caused or human-caused. Natural fire is generally (2) ______ by lightning, with a very small percentage (3) ______ by spontaneous combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust and leaves. (4) ______, human-caused fire can happen (5) ______ any number of reasons.
Select the most appropriate option for blank No. 1.
A. takes up B. happens C. causes D. creates
Answer: B
12. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)
A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year.
B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
Answer: A
13. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs (UPSC 2012)
A. the water vapour of the air and retains its heat
B. the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation
C. all the solar radiations
D. the infrared part of the solar radiation
Answer: D
14. As per the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendation of a balanced diet, to avoid unhealthy weight gain, total fat should NOT exceed _______ of total energy intake. (UPSSSC Mandi Inspector 2019)
A. 20% B. 30% C. 10% D. 40%
Answer: B
15. What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems? (UPSC 2012)
1. It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
2. It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
3. It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
16. Which of the following ultraviolet rays is more dangerous? (UPTET 2017)
A. UV-A B. UV-B C. UV-C D. None of the above
Answer: C
17. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into environment.
2. Cattle release ammonia into environment.
3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
18. Which of the following is a VOC? (MP Vyapam 2022)
A. Toulene B. Water C. Carbon dioxide D. Carbon monoxide
Answer: A
19. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are of great concern because (UGC NET Environmental Science 2020)
A. Once such compounds are in the vapour state, they are difficult to control in the environment.
B. Most of them are ozone depleting substances
C. They contribute to a general increase in reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere.
D. They are less soluble in water.
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
1. Context
Few biologists have acquired the kind of celebrity status that James Watson and Francis Crick did. Their discovery of the double helical structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 is considered one of the biggest breakthroughs in Science, which not only enhanced understanding of how life replicates itself, but also profoundly impacted fields ranging from health to agriculture
2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
- DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder a shape known as a double helix.
- Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.
- Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T).
- The two strands are connected by chemical bonds between the bases: adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine.
- The sequence of the bases along DNA’s backbone encodes biological information, such as the instructions for making a protein or RNA molecule.
Image Source: National Human Genome Research Institute
3. DNA Structure and Function
- DNA is the information molecule. It stores instructions for making other large molecules, called proteins.
- These instructions are stored inside each of your cells, distributed among 46 long structures called chromosomes.
- These chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called genes. Each gene stores the directions for making protein fragments, whole proteins, or multiple specific proteins.
- DNA is well-suited to perform this biological function because of its molecular structure, and because of the development of a series of high-performance enzymes that are fine-tuned to interact with this molecular structure in specific ways.
- The match between DNA structure and the activities of these enzymes is so effective and well-refined that DNA has become, over evolutionary time, the universal information-storage molecule for all forms of life.
- Nature has yet to find a better solution than DNA for storing, expressing, and passing along instructions for making proteins.
3.1 Molecular structure of DNA
- In order to understand the biological function of DNA, you first need to understand its molecular structure.
- This requires learning the vocabulary for talking about the building blocks of DNA, and how these building blocks are assembled to make DNA molecules.
3.2 DNA Molecules are Polymers
- Polymers are large molecules that are built up by repeatedly linking together smaller molecules, called monomers.
- Think of how a freight train is built by linking lots of individual boxcars together, or how this sentence is built by sticking together a specific sequence of individual letters (plus spaces and punctuation).
- In all three cases, the large structure of a train, a sentence, and a DNA molecule is composed of smaller structures that are linked together in non-random sequences boxcars, letters, and, in the biological case, DNA monomers.
3.3 DNA Monomers are called Nucleotides
- Just like the sentence “polymer” is composed of the letter “monomers,” a DNA polymer is composed of monomers called nucleotides.
- A molecule of DNA is a bunch of nucleotide monomers, joined one after another into a very long chain.
4. Four Nucleotide Monomers
- The English language has a 26-letter alphabet. In contrast, the DNA “alphabet” has only four “letters,” the four nucleotide monomers.
- They have short and easy-to-remember names: A, C, T, G. Each nucleotide monomer is built from three simple molecular parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleobase. (Don’t confuse this use of “base” with the other one, which refers to a molecule that raises the pH of a solution; they’re two different things.)
5. The sugar and acid in all four monomers are the same
- All four nucleotides (A, T, G, and C) are made by sticking a phosphate group and a nucleobase to a sugar.
- The sugar in all four nucleotides is called deoxyribose. It’s a cyclical molecule most of its atoms are arranged in a ring structure.
- The ring contains one oxygen and four carbons. A fifth carbon atom is attached to the fourth carbon of the ring.
- Deoxyribose also contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the third carbon in the ring.
6. Four Nucleotide Monomers are distinguished by their bases
Each type of nucleotide has a different nucleobase stuck to its deoxyribose sugar.
- A nucleotide contains adenine
- A nucleotide contains thymine
- G nucleotide contains guanine
- C nucleotide contains cytosine
All four of these nucleobases are relatively complex molecules, with the unifying feature that they all tend to have multiple nitrogen atoms in their structures. For this reason, nucleobases are often also called nitrogenous bases.
7. DNA Fingerprinting
- It is known that every individual has unique fingerprints. These occur at the tips of the fingers and have been used for identification for a long time but these can be altered by surgery.
- A sequence of bases on DNA is also unique for a person and information regarding this is called DNA fingerprinting. It is the same for every cell and cannot be altered by any known treatment.
- DNA fingerprinting is now used (i) in forensic laboratories for the identification of criminals. (ii) to determine the paternity of an individual. (iii) to identify the dead bodies in any accident by comparing the DNAs of parents or children. (iv) to identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution.
8. Recombinant DNA
- Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
- Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure. They differ only in the nucleotide sequence within that identical overall structure.
- In most cases, organisms containing recombinant DNA have apparently normal phenotypes. That is, their appearance, behavior, and metabolism are usually unchanged.
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For Prelims: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T), RNA molecule, Polymers, Nucleotide, Nucleotide Monomers, DNA Fingerprinting and Recombinant DNA (rDNA).
For Mains: 1. What is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)? Discuss the structure and function of the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and explain how it is different from RNA.(250 Words)
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Previous year Question
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1. Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred (UPSC 2013)
1. across different species of plants
2. from animals to plants
3. from microorganisms to higher organisms
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
2. With reference to the recent developments in science, which one of the following statements is not correct? (UPSC 2019)
A. Functional chromosomes can be created by joining segments of DNA taken from cells of different species.
B. Pieces of artificial functional DNA can be created in laboratories.
C. A piece of DNA taken out from an animal cell can be made to replicate outside a living cell in a laboratory.
D. Cells taken out from plants and animals can be made to undergo cell division in laboratory Petri dishes.
Answer: A
3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
DNA Barcoding can be a tool to:
1. assess the age of a plant or animal.
2. distinguish among species that look alike.
3. identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 3 only
C. 1 and 2
D. 2 and 3
Answer: D
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Source: Down to Earth
