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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 29 OCTOBER 2025

INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (IIP)

 

1. Context

Industrial activity dipped marginally to a three-month low of 4% in September. The data also show that the growth in industrial activity during the first half of the financial year was the slowest in at least five years.

2. About the Index of Industrial Production (IIP)

  • The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a macroeconomic indicator that measures the changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial goods over some time.
  • It is a composite index that reflects the performance of the industrial sector of an economy.
  • The IIP is compiled and released by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) in India.
  • The IIP is calculated using a Laspeyres index formula, which means that the weights assigned to different industries are based on their relative importance in a base year. The current base year for the IIP is 2011-12.
  • The eight core sector industries represent about 40% of the weight of items that are included in the IIP.
  • The eight core industries are Refinery Products, Electricity, Steel, Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Cement and Fertilizers.
  • It covers 407 item groups included into 3 categories viz. Manufacturing, Mining and Electricity.
  • The IIP is a useful tool for assessing the health of the industrial sector and the overall economy.
  • It is used by policymakers, businesses, and investors to track trends in industrial production and make informed decisions.

3. Significance of IIP

The IIP is a significant economic indicator that provides insights into the following aspects

  • The IIP reflects the growth or decline of the industrial sector, which is a major contributor to overall economic growth.
  • The IIP measures the level of industrial activity, indicating the production volume of various industries.
  • The IIP serves as a guide for policymakers to assess the effectiveness of economic policies and make informed decisions.
  • Businesses use the IIP to assess market conditions, make production plans, and evaluate investment opportunities.
  • The IIP influences investor sentiment as it reflects the overall health of the industrial sector.

4. Service Sector and IIP

  • The IIP does not include the service sector. It focuses on the production of goods in the industrial sector, such as manufacturing, mining, and electricity.
  • The service sector is measured by a separate index, the Index of Services Production (ISP).
  • The IIP data is released monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) in India.
  • The data is released with a lag of six weeks, allowing for the collection and compilation of information from various industries.

5. Users of IIP Data

The IIP data is used by a wide range of stakeholders, including:

  • Government agencies and central banks use the IIP to assess economic conditions and formulate policies.
  • Companies use the IIP to evaluate market trends, make production decisions, and assess investment opportunities.
  • Investors use the IIP to gauge the health of the industrial sector and make investment decisions.
  • Economic analysts and researchers use the IIP to study economic trends and develop forecasts.
  • The IIP is widely reported in the media and is of interest to the general public as an indicator of economic performance.

6. Manufacturing Drives Industrial Production Growth

  • Factory output gained on the back of a 9.3 per cent increase in manufacturing, which accounts for 77.6 per cent of the weight of the IIP (Index of Industrial Production).
  • Manufacturing output had grown by 5 per cent in July and had contracted by 0.5 per cent in August 2022.
  • In absolute terms, it improved to 143.5 in August from 141.8 in July and 131.3 in the year-ago period.
  • As per the IIP data, seven of the 23 sectors in manufacturing registered a contraction in August, with furniture, apparel, and computer and electronics among the significant non-performers.
  • Among the performing sectors, fabricated metal products, electrical equipment and basic metals fared better.
  • Garments and chemicals witnessed negative growth. This can be attributed to lower growth in exports as these two are export-dependent.
  • The electronics industry also witnessed negative growth, which again can be linked to existing high stocks and lower export demand.
  • In terms of the use-based industries, consumer durables output returned to positive territory for the second time this fiscal with 5.7 per cent growth in August, reflecting a pickup in consumption demand.
  • However, it came on the back of a 4.4 per cent contraction in consumer durables output in the year-ago period.
  • Primary, infrastructure/ construction, and capital goods recorded double-digit growth rates in August at 12.4 per cent, 14.9 per cent and 12.6 per cent, respectively.
 
For Prelims: The Index of Industrial Production (IIP), Central Statistical Organisation, 
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the significance of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) as an economic indicator and its role in assessing the health of the industrial sector and the overall economy. (250 Words)
 
 
 Previous Year Questions
 
1. In India, in the overall Index of Industrial Production, the Indices of Eight Core Industries have a combined weight of 37.90%. Which of the following are among those Eight Core Industries? (UPSC CSE 2012)
1. Cement
2. Fertilizers
3. Natural gas
4. Refinery products
5. Textiles
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 and 5 only       B. 2, 3 and 4 only           C. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only         D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
 
Answer: C
 
 
Source: indianexpress
 
 

ASSOCIATION FOR DEMOCRATIC REFORMS (ADR)

 
 
1. Context
 
Around 32% of candidates contesting Phase 1 of the Bihar Assembly election have declared criminal cases against themselves. Out of them, 27% have serious criminal cases of murder and crimes against women, according to an analysis by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR).
 
2. Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR)
 
The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) in India that is dedicated to promoting transparency, accountability, and reforms in the country's political and electoral systems. ADR was founded in 1999 by a group of professors from the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Ahmedabad and the National Institute of Design (NID) in Ahmedabad.
Objectives :
  • ADR works towards increasing transparency in the functioning of political parties, candidates, and the government.
  • It does this by collecting and disseminating information related to the financial aspects of elections, such as campaign expenditures and sources of political funding
  • ADR advocates for electoral reforms to improve the electoral process in India.
  • This includes advocating for stricter regulations on campaign financing, promoting inner-party democracy, and enhancing the disclosure of criminal records and assets of candidates
  • ADR aims to empower voters by providing them with information about the criminal backgrounds, financial status, and other relevant details of candidates contesting elections. This helps voters make informed decisions when casting their ballots
  • The organization conducts extensive research and analysis on various aspects of Indian elections and politics. They publish reports and studies that shed light on the state of democracy in India and propose reforms
  • ADR has been involved in legal cases related to electoral and political reforms. They have filed public interest litigations (PILs) in courts to push for greater transparency and accountability in the political sphere
One of ADR's notable initiatives is the National Election Watch (NEW) program, which is a coalition of more than 1,200 NGOs and other citizen organizations across India. NEW and ADR work together to monitor elections, collect data on candidates, and raise awareness among voters
3. What is Hate Speech?
"Hate speech" refers to any form of communication, whether spoken, written, or symbolic, that promotes or incites violence, discrimination, hostility, or prejudice against individuals or groups based on attributes such as their race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or other protected characteristics.
Hate speech often employs offensive language, stereotypes, or derogatory remarks to target and marginalize particular communities or individuals

Hate speech can take many forms, including but not limited to:

  1. Verbal Attacks: Expressing hatred, prejudice, or discriminatory beliefs through spoken words or public speeches.

  2. Written Content: Publishing or distributing written material, such as pamphlets, flyers, or online posts, that promote hatred or discrimination.

  3. Symbolic Expressions: Using symbols, gestures, or other non-verbal means to convey hateful or discriminatory messages.

  4. Online Hate Speech: Posting offensive or discriminatory content on social media platforms, websites, or online forums.

4. What is Free Speech?
"Free speech" refers to the fundamental human right and legal principle that allows individuals to express their thoughts, opinions, ideas, and beliefs without censorship, restraint, or government interference. It is often considered a cornerstone of democratic societies and is protected as a fundamental right in many countries' legal systems
  • Free speech encompasses the freedom of expression, which includes spoken and written words, artistic creations, symbolic acts, and various forms of communication. It allows individuals to convey their thoughts and ideas through various mediums.
  • The principle of free speech primarily protects individuals from government censorship or suppression of their speech. It ensures that the government cannot prohibit or punish individuals for expressing their opinions, even if those opinions are unpopular or controversial.
  • Free speech is vital for the functioning of a democratic society. It enables citizens to engage in open and robust public debate, criticize government actions, advocate for change, and hold those in power accountable
5. Way forward
Hate speech can have serious consequences, as it can contribute to the spread of prejudice, discrimination, and violence. Many countries have laws and regulations in place to address hate speech and protect individuals and communities from its harmful effects. However, defining and regulating hate speech can be a complex and contentious issue, as it often involves balancing the right to freedom of expression with the need to prevent harm and protect vulnerable populations. Different jurisdictions may have varying definitions and approaches to addressing hate speech.
 
 
For Prelims:  Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc
For Mains: General Studies II: Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India, as it stands amended, includes which of the following?  (UPSC CDS I 2022)
1. Freedom of speech and expression
2. Assemble peaceably and without arms
3. To acquire and dispose property
4. To move freely throughout the territory of India
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1 and 2 only
B.1, 2, 3 and 4
C.4 only
D.1, 2 and 4 only
Answer (D)
 
Source: indianexpress
 
 

EAST ASIA SUMMIT

 

1. Context

Hours after he met US Secretary of State Marco Rubio in Kuala Lumpur Monday, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar took a swipe at the Trump administration, saying energy trade is becoming “increasingly constricted”, “principles are applied selectively and what is preached is not necessarily practised”

2. What is East Asia Summit?

  • Beginning in 2005, 16 participating countries comprised this grouping, with their first meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These members were the 10 ASEAN Countries, Australia, China, Japan, India, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea.
  • ASEAN's 10 member countries are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Phillippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The United States and the Russian Federation joined at the 6th East Asia Summit in 2011.
  • Simply, the EAS is an ASEAN initiative and refers to the annual Meeting of Heads of State/Governments of these countries, where they can discuss common concerns and interests.
  • Its creation was based on the idea of enhancing cooperation among East Asian countries and those in the neighboring regions. Six priority areas of cooperation were identified-Environment energy, education, finance, global health issues, pandemic diseases, natural disaster management, and ASEAN connectivity.
  • In the past, the issues of claims over the South China Sea, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, terrorism, the actions of North Korea, and the Conflict situation in Myanmar have been discussed by the countries.

3. What are the East Asian Summit Links with India?

  • This year marks the 30th anniversary of ASEAN-India relations and is being celebrated as the ASEAN-India Friendship year.
  • In a Joint statement, ASEAN- India acknowledged the deep civilizational linkages, maritime connectivity, and cross-cultural exchanges between southeast Asia and India which have grown stronger over the last 30 years, providing a strong foundation for ASEAN-India relations. 
  • VP Dhankar on Saturday announced an additional contribution of USD 5 million to the ASEAN-India science and technology fund to enhance cooperation in sectors of public health, renewable energy, and smart agriculture.
  • According to a 2021 statement by the Prime Minister's website, "ASEAN-India Strategic Partnership stands on a strong foundation of shared geographical, historical and civilizational ties. ASEAN is central to our Act East Policy and our wider vision of the Indo-Pacific".

4. About ASEAN

  • The annual summit of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) under the chairmanship of Cambodia was held from November 10 to November 13. Amid the war in Ukraine and contestation between US and China, the 10-member regional grouping stressed its common interest and concern, such as strengthening energy cooperation and people-to-people connectivity.
  • Indonesia's president Joko Widodo mentioned the idea of a new Cold War amid increasing tensions between the United States and China, saying ASEAN would not become "a proxy to any powers".
  • With a combined population of 700 million people that has long been seen as a relatively stable and unified grouping, especially when compared to other regions of the world like Europe or South Asia, ASEAN has also remained important for India.

5. India and ASEAN

  • Apart from the individual ties that India has had with these countries, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said ASEAN is central to India's Act East Policy, which focuses on the extended neighborhood in the Asia-Pacific region. The policy was originally conceived as an economic initiative but has gained political, strategic, and cultural dimensions including the establishment of institutional mechanisms for dialogue and cooperation. In 2018, ASEAN leaders were the chief guests at India's republic day parade.
  • India is part of the ASEAN Plus Six grouping, which includes China, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, and Australia as well.
  • In 2010 a Free Trade Agreement was also signed and entered into force between India and ASEAN. While India was part of negotiations to join the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2020, it ultimately decided not to do so. However, in the largest seven years trade has grown in terms of value, barring the pandemic years of 2020 and 2021.
  • ASEAN itself has recently faced issues that complicate coordination, such as the rise of China and its claims over the South China Sea (many of which compete with claims of ASEAN members like the Philippines) and the issue of military conflict in Myanmar.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: East Asia Summit, ASEAN, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Act East Policy 
For Mains: 1. In the wake of China-US rivalry, India needs to reboot its Asian Strategy. Comment.
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA (CJI)

 
 
1. Context
 
Chief Justice of India B R Gavai Monday wrote to the Union government recommending Justice Surya Kant as his successor. 
 
 
2. What is the process of appointing the Chief Justice of India (CJI)?
 
 
  • The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the Indian judiciary and the Supreme Court — the highest judicial authority in the country. The process of appointing the CJI is guided by the Constitution of India, conventions developed over time, and judicial precedents that aim to uphold the independence and integrity of the judiciary.
  • The constitutional foundation for the appointment lies in Article 124(2) of the Constitution, which states that every judge of the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice, is appointed by the President of India through a warrant under his hand and seal, after consultation with such judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts as the President may deem necessary.
  • However, the Constitution does not lay down any explicit procedure or criteria for appointing the Chief Justice of India. Over the years, a convention has evolved that the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the next CJI. This practice ensures continuity, seniority, and respect for the institutional hierarchy within the judiciary.
  • When the incumbent Chief Justice approaches retirement, the Union Minister of Law and Justice initiates the process by seeking the recommendation of the outgoing Chief Justice.
  • The sitting CJI, following established practice, formally recommends the name of the senior-most puisne judge (the judge next in rank) of the Supreme Court for appointment as the next Chief Justice of India. This recommendation is then forwarded to the Prime Minister, who advises the President to make the appointment.
  • The President of India, acting on this advice, formally appoints the recommended judge as the new Chief Justice of India. The incoming CJI assumes office after the outgoing Chief Justice retires, ensuring a smooth and orderly transition.
  • While the process appears straightforward, it has evolved through experience and past controversies. In the early 1970s, there were instances when the convention of appointing the senior-most judge was overlooked, leading to allegations of executive interference.
  • These incidents prompted strong criticism and reaffirmed the importance of maintaining judicial independence through adherence to the principle of seniority.
  • Thus, the appointment of the Chief Justice of India represents a delicate balance between constitutional provisions, executive authority, and judicial convention. It ensures that the highest judicial office in the country is filled in a manner that maintains both institutional stability and public trust in the independence of the judiciary
 

The appointment of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) is provided for under Article 124(2) of the Constitution of India.

This article states:

"Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose"

Although Article 124(2) does not explicitly mention the Chief Justice of India by name, the CJI is appointed under the same constitutional provision as other judges of the Supreme Court. Over time, a well-established convention has evolved that the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the Chief Justice of India
 
3. What is the qualification required for being the CJI?
 
 

The qualifications required to become the Chief Justice of India (CJI) are the same as those prescribed for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court, as laid down in Article 124(3) of the Constitution of India.

The Constitution does not list any special or separate qualifications for the CJI — the person who becomes Chief Justice must first be eligible to be a Supreme Court Judge.

According to Article 124(3), a person is qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court (and thus as the CJI) if they:

  • Are a citizen of India, and

  • Fulfil any one of the following three conditions:

    • Have been a Judge of a High Court (or of two or more such Courts in succession) for at least five years; or

    • Have been an Advocate of a High Court (or of two or more such Courts in succession) for at least ten years; or

    • Are, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

 
4. What is the collegium system?
 
 
  • The Collegium System is a unique mechanism developed by the Supreme Court of India to ensure the independence of the judiciary in the appointment and transfer of judges to the higher judiciary — that is, the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
  • It is not mentioned in the Constitution; rather, it has evolved through judicial interpretation of constitutional provisions, particularly Articles 124 and 217, which deal with the appointment of judges
  • Despite its intent, the Collegium System faces criticism for being opaque and unaccountable, as it operates through internal consultations without a formal selection process or transparency in decision-making.
  • Critics argue that it lacks institutional checks and public scrutiny, while supporters maintain that it prevents political interference in judicial appointments
  • The Collegium System is a judge-made innovation that gives the judiciary the decisive role in selecting its own members. Though not part of the original constitutional framework, it has become a cornerstone of India’s judicial independence — even as debates continue over the need for greater transparency and reforms, such as through the proposed National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), which was later struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015
 

Under the Collegium System:

  • The CJI and senior judges recommend names for appointment or transfer of judges.

  • The recommendations are sent to the Central Government, which can either accept them or send them back for reconsideration.

  • If the Collegium reiterates its recommendation, the Government is constitutionally bound to make the appointment
 
 
 
For Prelims: Collegium system, National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), Supreme court, High court, Intelligence Bureau (IB), First Judges case, Second Judges Case, Third Judges Case, Article 124(2), Article 217, Law Commission, and 99th Constitutional Amendment Act.
For Mains: 1. What are the two systems of the appointment of Judges that has triggered the fresh debate on the Judicial system in India? (250 Words).
 
 
Previous year Question
1. With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgment as the Supreme Court does.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.  1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
 
2. In India, Judicial Review implies (UPSC 2017)
A. the power of the Judiciary to pronounce upon the constitutionality of laws and executive orders
B. the power of the Judiciary to question the wisdom of the laws enacted by the Legislatures
C. the power of the Judiciary to review all the legislative enactments before they are assented to by the President
D. the power of the Judiciary to review its own judgments given earlier in similar or different cases
Answer: A
 
3. Consider the following statements:
1. The motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
2. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what constitutes 'incapacity and proved misbehavior' of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India
3. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, of 1968.
4. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
A. 1 and 2
B. 3 only
C. 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 3 and 4
Answer: C
 
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

SPECIAL INTENSIVE REVISION (SIR)

 
 
1. Context
 
The Election Commission (EC) on Monday announced the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in 12 states and Union Territories, where all of the registered 51 crore electors would have to submit enumeration forms by December 4 to remain on the draft roll.
 
2. What is the Special Intensive Revision?
 
 
  • The Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of the Electoral Rolls is an important exercise undertaken by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to ensure that the voter lists (electoral rolls) are accurate, updated, and inclusive before any major election or as part of the annual revision cycle.
  • In simpler terms, the SIR is a comprehensive verification and correction process of the electoral rolls — aimed at including eligible voters, removing ineligible ones, and rectifying errors in the existing list.
  • It is called “special” because it involves an intensified, house-to-house verification and greater public participation compared to the routine annual summary revision
  • The purpose of the Special Intensive Revision is to maintain the purity, accuracy, and inclusiveness of India’s democratic process. Clean and updated voter rolls are essential for free, fair, and credible elections, as they prevent issues like bogus voting, disenfranchisement, and duplication.
  • In summary, the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) is a focused, large-scale voter verification campaign conducted by the Election Commission to ensure that the electoral rolls are error-free, inclusive, and reflective of the current eligible voting population. It plays a crucial role in strengthening the integrity and transparency of India’s electoral system

During the Special Intensive Revision, Booth Level Officers (BLOs) visit households to verify voter details such as name, address, age, and photo identity. This exercise helps identify:

  • Citizens who have turned 18 years or older and are eligible to vote,

  • Entries that need to be corrected or deleted due to death, migration, or duplication, and

  • Any discrepancies in the voter’s details such as gender, address, or photo mismatch
 
 
3. Election Commission of India, its powers and functions
 
  • Article 324(1) of the Indian Constitution empowers the Election Commission of India (ECI) with the authority to oversee, guide, and manage the preparation of electoral rolls as well as the conduct of elections for both Parliament and the State Legislatures.
  • As per Section 21(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, the ECI holds the right to order a special revision of the electoral roll for any constituency, or part of it, at any time and in a manner it considers appropriate.
  • According to the Registration of Electors’ Rules, 1960, the revision of electoral rolls may be carried out intensively, summarily, or through a combination of both methods, as directed by the ECI.
  • An intensive revision involves preparing an entirely new roll, while a summary revision deals with updating or modifying the existing one
 
4. How is SIR different from the National Register of Citizens (NRC)?
 
 
 
 
Aspect  Special Intensive Revision (SIR) National Register of Citizens (NRC)
Purpose To verify, update, and correct the electoral rolls so that all eligible voters are included and ineligible names are removed To identify legal citizens of India and detect illegal immigrants
Authority / Governing Body Conducted by the Election Commission of India (ECI) Conducted under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
Legal Basis Based on Article 324(1) of the Constitution, Section 21(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, and the Registration of Electors' Rules, 1960. Governed by the Citizenship Act, 1955 and the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003
Scope Focuses only on Indian citizens aged 18 years and above who are eligible to vote Covers all residents of India (or a particular state) to determine their citizenship status
Nature of the Exercise A regular, recurring administrative exercise carried out to maintain accurate voter lists A special, large-scale verification exercise conducted under specific legal or political mandates.
Relation to Citizenship Does not determine citizenship — only eligibility to vote Directly determines citizenship status
 
 
5. What are the concerns related to SIR?
 

One of the major concerns is the erroneous deletion of eligible voters from the rolls.

  • Mistakes during house-to-house verification or data entry may lead to legitimate voters—especially migrants, daily-wage workers, and marginalized communities—being left out.

  • Such exclusions can directly affect voter participation and undermine the democratic process.

Despite the intensive verification, fake or duplicate names often remain due to poor coordination or outdated records.

  • Deaths, migrations, or multiple registrations in different constituencies are not always updated accurately.

  • This raises questions about the accuracy and credibility of the electoral rolls.

The SIR is a large-scale field operation requiring trained personnel, coordination among departments, and robust data systems.

  • Booth Level Officers (BLOs) are often overburdened with multiple duties and may not have sufficient time or training for thorough verification.

  • Limited digital infrastructure in rural areas can also hamper real-time data updates.

Electoral roll revisions, especially when conducted close to elections, can spark political allegations of bias or manipulation.

  • Parties may accuse each other or the Election Commission of targeting specific communities or constituencies.

  • Even unintentional errors can lead to trust deficits in the electoral process.

 
6. Way Forward
 
 
While the Special Intensive Revision is essential for ensuring clean and updated electoral rolls, its effectiveness depends on transparent procedures, proper training, digital accuracy, and public awareness.
Addressing these concerns is vital to maintain trust in the Election Commission and uphold the credibility of India’s democratic system
 
 
For Prelims: Special Intensive Revision (SIR), National Register of Citizens (NRC), Election Commission of India (ECI)
For Mains: GS II - Indian Polity
 
 

Previous year Question

1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)
1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.
2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections.
3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognized political parties.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 3 only
Answer: D
 
2. Consider the following statements : (UPSC 2021)
1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.
2. In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.
3. As per the- existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3
D. 2 and 3
Answer: B
 
Mains
 
1.To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (UPSC CSE 2017)
Source: Indianexpress
 

DEFENCE ACQUISITION COUNCIL

 

1. Context

In a bid to boost the combat capabilities of the military, India on Thursday cleared proposals to procure weapons and military hardware worth Rs 79,000 crore, including Nag missiles, amphibious warfare ships and electronic intelligence and surveillance systems. The procurement proposals were cleared at a meeting of the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.
 

2. About the Defence Acquisition Council

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) is the apex body for all defence acquisitions in India. It was formed after recommendations made by the Group of Ministers on 'Reforming the National Security System' in 2001, post-Kargil war. The DAC is headed by the Defence Minister and comprises the following members:

  • Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS)
  • Secretary, Department of Defence Production
  • Secretary, Finance
  • Secretary, Defence Research and Development
  • Controller General of Defence Accounts
  • Other senior officers from the Ministry of Defence and the Services

The Role of the Defence Acquisition Council

The DAC's primary role is to:

  • Accord approval for AoN (Acceptance of Necessity) for Capital Acquisition Proposals.
  • Categorise the acquisition proposals into 'Buy, Buy & Make, & Make'.
  • In-principle approval of 15-Year Long-Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTPP) for Defence Forces.
  • Delegate powers to Services/C&AS for the acquisition of items up to a certain value.
  • Consider and approve other issues as may be referred to it by the Defence Minister.

Functions of the Defence Acquisition Council

The DAC's primary functions are to:

  • Approve capital acquisitions for the Indian Armed Forces.
  • Formulate and implement policies and procedures for defence acquisitions.
  • Monitor the progress of defence acquisitions.
  • Oversee the implementation of the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP).

Reasons for the creation of the Defence Acquisitions Council 

The DAC was created to address the following shortcomings of the previous defence acquisition system:

  • Lack of a clear and transparent decision-making process.
  • Delays in the procurement of defence equipment.
  • Escalation of costs.
  • Lack of coordination between different agencies involved in the procurement process.

3. About Defence acquisition

Defence acquisition is the process of acquiring goods and services for the Indian Armed Forces. It is a complex and time-consuming process that involves the identification of requirements, the preparation of specifications, the selection of vendors, the negotiation of contracts, and the delivery of equipment. The Indian defence acquisition process is governed by the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP), which is a set of guidelines that outlines the process for acquiring defence equipment.

The key stages of the defence acquisition process:

  •  The first step is to identify the requirements of the Armed Forces. This is done through a detailed assessment of the operational needs of the Armed Forces and the availability of resources.
  • Once the requirements have been identified, the next step is to prepare the specifications for the equipment to be acquired. The specifications must be clear, detailed, and unambiguous so that the vendors can understand what is required.
  • The next step is to select the vendors who will be invited to participate in the bidding process. The vendors are selected based on their technical ability, financial strength, and experience.
  • Once the vendors have been selected, the next step is to negotiate the contracts. The contracts must be fair and reasonable, and they must protect the interests of the government.
  • The final step is to deliver the equipment to the Armed Forces. Once the equipment has been delivered, it must be tested and accepted by the Armed Forces.

4. The Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP)

The Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) is the guideline for defence acquisitions in India. The DPP was first introduced in 2006 and has been revised several times since then. The DPP outlines the process for defence acquisitions, from the identification of a requirement to the final acceptance of a product.

The DPP is designed to ensure that defence acquisitions are conducted in a transparent, efficient, and cost-effective manner. The DPP also seeks to promote indigenous defence production and to maximize the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector.

Key features of the DPP

  • The DPP emphasizes the need for transparency in all stages of the defence acquisition process. This includes publishing all relevant documents online and making them available to the public.
  • The DPP aims to streamline the defence acquisition process and reduce delays. This includes simplifying the tendering process and reducing the number of approvals required.
  • The DPP seeks to ensure that defence acquisitions are conducted cost-effectively. This includes negotiating the best possible price for goods and services and promoting indigenous defence production.
  • The DPP promotes indigenous defence production by giving preference to Indian companies in the tendering process. The DPP also provides incentives for Indian companies to invest in research and development.
  • The DPP seeks to maximize the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector. This includes encouraging Indian companies to form joint ventures with foreign companies.

5. The Way Forward

The DAC and the DPP play a vital role in ensuring that the Indian Armed Forces are equipped with the latest and best possible weapons and equipment. The DAC and the DPP are also important for promoting indigenous defence production and for maximizing the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector.

 

For Prelims: Defence Acquisition Council, Defence Procurement Procedure, Light Combat Aircraft, Tejas Mk 1 A and 156, Light Combat Helicopters, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Kargil war
For Mains: 
1. Critically analyze the role of the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) in streamlining and expediting defence acquisitions in India. (250 Words)
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) designed and developed by HAL is also known as (MP Police Constable 2017)
A. Suryakiran        B. Aryabhatta      C. Tejas         D. Prakash
 
 
2. Which of the following statements is true about the recent procurement of Tejas fighter’s aircraft by IAF? (IB ACIO Grade II 2021) 
(1) The IAF has recently purchased 83 Tejas fighters aircraft from HAL
(2) The total deal is Rs. 78,000-crore
A. 1 only         B. Neither 1 nor 2         C.  Both 1 and 2      D. 2 only
 
 
3. What is the name of India's indigenously built Light Combat Helicopter? (OSSC BSSO  2022) 
A. Nag         B. Trishul         C. Prachand          D. Agni
 
 
4. The headquarters of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is located at _______________. (MP Police Constable 2017) 
A. Chennai        B. Bengaluru        C.  Dewas     D. Koraput
 
 
5. What was Kargil war otherwise known as? (MP Patwari  2017) 
A. Operation Vijay       B. Operation Vishwas   C. Operation Shaurya   D. Operation Paramveer
 
Answers:1-C, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B 5-A
 
Mains
1. Analyze the circumstances that led to the Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the Agreement. (UPSC 2013)
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (NHRC)

 
 
1. Context
 
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) on Wednesday issued notice to the Kerala, Tripura, and Manipur governments over the alleged attack on three journalists at different places in the States in the past three months
 
2. What is the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)?
  • The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established in India in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
  • It serves as an autonomous public institution tasked with the protection and promotion of human rights across the country.
  • The NHRC investigates complaints of human rights violations, conducts inquiries, and recommends remedial action to the government.
  • It also plays a role in promoting awareness of human rights and providing education on related issues.
  • The commission consists of a chairperson and several members appointed by the President of India, and it operates at both the central and state levels
3. History of NHRC
 
  • The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) was established in India on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
  • This Act was enacted to fulfill the obligations India undertook by becoming a signatory to the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, which called for the establishment of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.
  • The NHRC was founded with the aim of addressing human rights violations and promoting awareness and respect for human rights across the country. It operates as an autonomous body, independent of the government, to ensure impartiality and effectiveness in its functioning.
  • Since its inception, the NHRC has played a crucial role in investigating complaints of human rights violations, conducting inquiries, and making recommendations to the government for remedial action. It also engages in advocacy, education, and awareness programs to promote a culture of human rights in India.
  • Over the years, the NHRC has evolved and expanded its scope to address various human rights issues, including those related to civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. It operates at both the central and state levels, with a chairperson and members appointed by the President of India.
  • The NHRC's history is marked by its efforts to uphold the principles of justice, equality, and dignity enshrined in the Indian Constitution and international human rights instruments
4. NHRC Composition 

The composition of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) includes a chairperson and several members appointed by the President of India. According to the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the NHRC consists of:

  • Chairperson: The chairperson is appointed by the President of India and must be a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court or a serving or retired Judge of the Supreme Court.

  • Members: The NHRC can have up to four members, including a member who is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court, a member who is or has been the Chief Justice of a High Court, and two other members who have knowledge or practical experience in matters relating to human rights.

These appointments aim to ensure the independence, expertise, and credibility of the NHRC in addressing human rights issues effectively. The members serve fixed terms as specified by the Act, and they collectively contribute to the commission's efforts to protect and promote human rights across the country

5.Appointment of NHRC Members

 

The appointment of members to the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) follows a process outlined in the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Here's an overview of the appointment procedure:

  • Selection Committee: A Selection Committee is constituted to recommend candidates for appointment as Chairperson and members of the NHRC. The Selection Committee is chaired by the Prime Minister of India and includes the following members:

    • The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the Deputy Speaker, in case the Speaker is unable to attend.
    • The Minister in charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs in the Government of India.
    • The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
    • The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) in the absence of the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha
6.Functions & Powers of NHRC
 
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is empowered with various functions and powers to protect and promote human rights across the country.
 
Here are some of its key functions and powers:
  • The NHRC is authorized to inquire into complaints of human rights violations received from individuals or groups. It can investigate violations committed by public servants or by any authority or person acting under the government's authority
  • The Commission has the power to monitor human rights violations, including through suo moto action, where it can initiate an inquiry based on media reports, complaints, or its own knowledge
  • Following investigations or inquiries, the NHRC can make recommendations to the concerned authorities for remedial action, prosecution, or compensation to victims of human rights violations
  • The NHRC engages in activities to raise awareness about human rights issues through seminars, workshops, publications, and other educational programs
  • It advises the government on policies and measures to promote and protect human rights effectively
  • The NHRC can intervene in court proceedings related to human rights violations, either as a party or as amicus curiae (friend of the court)
  • The Commission conducts research and studies on human rights issues to better understand the challenges and formulate appropriate responses
  • Based on its findings and experiences, the NHRC can recommend legislative reforms to strengthen human rights protection in the country
  • The NHRC collaborates with international human rights organizations and participates in international forums to promote human rights globally
  • The NHRC has the authority to visit and monitor places of detention, such as prisons and juvenile homes, to ensure that inmates' human rights are respected
 
7. Limitations of NHRC 
 
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India plays a significant role in protecting and promoting human rights, it also faces several limitations, including:
 
  • The NHRC lacks direct enforcement authority. It can investigate human rights violations, make recommendations, and issue guidelines, but it cannot enforce its decisions or ensure their implementation. Its recommendations are non-binding, and compliance by government agencies or other authorities is voluntary.
  • The process of investigation and resolution of complaints by the NHRC can be lengthy and time-consuming, leading to delays in providing justice to victims of human rights violations. This delay can undermine the effectiveness of the NHRC in addressing urgent and serious violations
  • The NHRC operates with limited resources, including budgetary allocations and staffing. This constraint can affect its capacity to handle a large number of complaints effectively and conduct thorough investigations into human rights violations
  • The NHRC's jurisdiction is limited to investigating human rights violations committed by public servants or authorities acting under the government's authority. It may not have jurisdiction over violations by non-state actors or in certain areas like the armed forces, where separate mechanisms exist
  • There have been instances where political pressures or interference have affected the independence and impartiality of the NHRC. Political influence can hinder its ability to address human rights violations objectively and without bias
  • Many people, especially in rural areas and marginalized communities, may not be aware of the NHRC's existence or how to access its services. This lack of awareness and accessibility can prevent victims of human rights violations from seeking redress through the commission
  • Even when the NHRC makes recommendations for remedial action or compensation, there may be instances where these recommendations are not implemented fully or effectively by the concerned authorities
 
 
For Prelims: National Human Rights Commission
For Mains: Emerging Human Rights Challenges, Role and Functions of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
 
Previous Year Questions

1.Other than the Fundamental Rights, which of the following parts of the Constitution of India reflect/reflects the principles and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)? (UPSC CSE 2020)

  1. Preamble
  2. Directive Principles of State Policy
  3. Fundamental Duties

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d)

2.Consider the following: (UPSC CSE 2011)

  1. Right to education
  2. Right to equal access to public service
  3. Right to food.

Which of the above is/are Human Right/Human Rights under “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”?

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d)

 

1.Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analysing theirstructural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures. (UPSC CSE Mains GS 1 2021)
Source: The Hindu
 

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)

 
 
1. Context
 
Net Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India fell 159% in August, with more money leaving the country than entering it, according to official data. This is the second time this financial year that outflows have exceeded inflows.
 
2. FDI in India
  • India's net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows experienced a decline, decreasing by nearly 31% to $25.5 billion during the first 10 months of the 2023-24 fiscal year. The Finance Ministry attributed this decline to a broader trend of slowing investments in developing countries, while expressing optimism for a potential increase in investments in the current calendar year.
  • Although global FDI flows overall saw a 3% rise to approximately $1.4 trillion in 2023, economic uncertainty and elevated interest rates impacted global investment, resulting in a 9% decrease in FDI flows to developing nations, as outlined in the Ministry's February assessment of economic performance.
  • Reflecting the global trend of reduced FDI flows to developing countries, gross FDI inflows to India also experienced a slight decline, from $61.7 billion to $59.5 billion during the period from April 2023 to January 2024. In terms of net inflows, the corresponding figures were $25.5 billion versus $36.8 billion. The decrease in net inflows was primarily attributed to an increase in repatriation, while the decline in gross inflows was minimal.
  • While a modest uptick in global FDI flows is anticipated for the current calendar year, attributed to a decrease in inflation and borrowing costs in major markets that could stabilize financing conditions for international investment, significant risks persist, according to the Ministry. These risks include geopolitical tensions, elevated debt levels in numerous countries, and concerns regarding further fragmentation of the global economy
 
3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to the investment made by individuals, businesses, or governments from one country (the home country) into another country (the host country) with the objective of establishing a lasting interest or significant degree of influence in the foreign business or enterprise
Key Aspects:
  • FDI involves the transfer of funds and resources from one country to another. This capital inflow can help stimulate economic growth in the host country by providing funds for investment in infrastructure, technology, and other areas.
  • FDI often leads to the creation of jobs in the host country. When foreign companies establish subsidiaries or invest in existing businesses, they typically hire local employees, which can help reduce unemployment and improve living standards
  • Foreign investors often bring advanced technologies, processes, and management practices to the host country. This technology transfer can enhance the host country's productivity, competitiveness, and industrial capabilities
  • FDI can provide access to new markets for both the host country and the investing company. Foreign investors can tap into the host country's consumer base, while the host country gains access to the investing company's global distribution networks.
  • FDI can contribute to overall economic development in the host country by promoting industrialization, improving infrastructure, and fostering innovation and entrepreneurship.
4.FDI Routes in India
India has several routes through which Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can enter the country. These routes are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), and they define the conditions, limits, and sectors in which FDI is allowed

  1. Automatic Route: Under the automatic route, FDI is allowed without the need for prior approval from the RBI or the government. Investors only need to notify the RBI within a specified time frame after the investment is made. This route is available for most sectors, except those that are prohibited or require government approval.

  2. Government Route: In sectors or activities that are not covered under the automatic route, FDI requires government approval. Investors must apply for approval through the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP) or the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), depending on the sector.

4.1. Examples
  • Under the automatic route, FDI of up to 100% is allowed for manufacturing of automobiles and components.
  • For the manufacturing of electric vehicles (EVs), 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route.
  • In single-brand retail trading, 100% FDI is allowed, with up to 49% allowed under the automatic route. Beyond 49%, government approval is required.
  • Multi-brand retail trading (supermarkets and department stores) with FDI is permitted in some states, subject to certain conditions and restrictions. The FDI limit is typically capped at 51%.
  • FDI in the insurance sector is allowed up to 74%, with up to 49% under the automatic route. Beyond 49%, government approval is needed
  • In the telecom sector, 100% FDI is allowed, with up to 49% under the automatic route. Beyond 49%, government approval is required
  • In the defense sector, FDI up to 74% is allowed under the automatic route, with government approval required for investments beyond 49%
  • In most segments of the media and broadcasting sector, including print and digital media, 100% FDI is allowed, with up to 49% under the automatic route
4.2.Sectors where FDI Prohibited
  • FDI is prohibited in the atomic energy sector, which includes activities related to the production of atomic energy and nuclear power generation.
  • FDI is generally prohibited in the gambling and betting industry, which includes casinos and online betting platforms
  • FDI is not allowed in the lottery business, except for state-run lotteries
  • FDI is prohibited in chit funds, which are traditional Indian savings and credit schemes.
  •  Nidhi companies are non-banking finance companies (NBFCs) that facilitate mutual benefit funds. FDI is typically not permitted in these entities
  • While FDI is allowed in single-brand retail trading, it is generally prohibited in multi-brand retail trading of agricultural products. Some states have allowed it under specific conditions, but this remains a highly regulated area.
  • FDI is not allowed in the trading of transferable development rights (TDRs) pertaining to the construction of real estate
5. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs)
Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) refer to foreign individuals, institutions, or funds that invest in financial assets in a country, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other securities. FPIs are distinct from Foreign Direct Investors (FDIs), who typically make long-term investments in companies and assets to establish a lasting interest
Key Aspects:
  • FPIs invest in a country's financial markets, primarily by buying and selling securities traded on stock exchanges and fixed-income instruments like bonds and government securities
  • FPIs often seek to diversify their investment portfolios by spreading their investments across different asset classes, sectors, and countries. This diversification helps manage risk and enhance returns
  • FPIs have the flexibility to buy and sell securities in the secondary market, providing liquidity to the market and contributing to price discovery
  • FPIs typically have a shorter investment horizon compared to Foreign Direct Investors (FDIs). They may engage in short-term trading or hold securities for a few months to a few years.
  • FPIs are subject to regulatory frameworks and restrictions in the countries where they invest. These regulations are designed to ensure that foreign investments do not pose undue risks to the local financial markets and economy.
6.Foreign Portfolio vs. Foreign Direct Investment
 
FPI (Foreign Portfolio Investment) FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)
FPI involves the purchase of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other securities in a foreign country. These investments are typically made with the intention of earning returns on capital and do not result in significant control or ownership of the underlying businesses FDI entails making an investment in a foreign country with the primary objective of establishing a lasting interest and significant control or influence over a business enterprise or physical assets. FDI often involves the acquisition of a substantial ownership stake (typically at least 10%) in a company or the establishment of new business operations.
FPI is generally characterized by a shorter investment horizon. Investors in FPI may engage in trading and portfolio rebalancing activities, and their investments are often more liquid. The focus is on earning capital gains and income from investments. FDI is characterized by a longer-term commitment. Investors in FDI intend to engage in the day-to-day management or decision-making of the business, contribute to its growth and development, and generate profits over an extended period.
FPI investors typically have little to no influence or control over the companies in which they invest. They are passive investors who participate in the financial markets and rely on market dynamics to drive returns. FDI investors actively participate in the management and decision-making of the businesses they invest in. They often seek to exercise control over company operations and strategy, which may include appointing board members or key executives.
FPI investments are often made through financial instruments like stocks, bonds, and securities. Investors may use instruments like mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) to gain exposure to foreign markets FDI investments involve a direct equity stake in a company, either through share acquisition or the establishment of a subsidiary or branch in the host country. FDI can also involve the purchase of real assets such as land, factories, or infrastructure
FPI can provide short-term capital inflows, but it may be more susceptible to market volatility and sudden capital outflows. It may not have as direct an impact on job creation and economic development as FDI. FDI often contributes to long-term economic development by creating jobs, stimulating infrastructure development, transferring technology and expertise, and enhancing the competitiveness of local industries
FPI investments are subject to regulations that vary by country and may include foreign ownership limits, reporting requirements, and tax considerations. FDI is subject to regulations that can be more stringent and may involve government approval, sector-specific conditions, and investment protection measures
 
 
 
 
For Prelims: Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc
For Mains: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. Both Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and Foreign Institutional Investor (FII) are related to investment in a country. (UPSC CSE 2011)
 
Which one of the following statements best represents an important difference between the two?
A.FII helps bring better management skills and technology, while FDI only brings in capital
B.FII helps in increasing capital availability in general, while FDI only targets specific sectors C.FDI flows only into the secondary markets, while FII targets primary market
D.FII is considered to the more stable than FDI
 
Answer (B)
 
Source: indianexpress
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