ASEAN
1. Context
2. About the ASEAN and East Asia Summit?
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
- ASEAN is a regional intergovernmental organization consisting of ten countries in Southeast Asia.
- It was founded on August 8, 1967, to promote political and economic cooperation, regional stability, and social progress among its member states.
- The founding members of ASEAN are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, with Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia joining later.
- ASEAN holds regular meetings and summits to discuss regional issues, economic integration, and diplomatic cooperation.
Image Source: The Research GateEast Asia Summit (EAS)
- The East Asia Summit is a broader regional forum that includes ASEAN member states along with eight other countries, namely Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia, and the United States.
- The EAS was established in 2005 to provide a platform for discussions on strategic, political, and economic issues affecting East Asia.
- It addresses a wide range of regional and global challenges, from security and trade to environmental issues.
Image Source: Twitter3. The Rationality behind the ASEAN and East Asia Summit
- Promote regional peace and stability. The EAS provides a forum for leaders to discuss and address common security challenges, such as terrorism, piracy, and natural disasters.
- Foster economic growth and development. The EAS can help to promote trade and investment, and to facilitate economic integration in the region.
- Address non-traditional security challenges. The EAS can also address non-traditional security challenges, such as climate change, pandemics, and human trafficking.
4. About ‘multilateralism’
Multilateralism is a principle of international relations that emphasizes cooperation between countries. This cooperation can take many forms, such as diplomacy, trade agreements, and international organizations. There are several benefits to multilateralism including
4.1. Concept of Multilateralism
- The concept of multilateralism emphasizes diplomacy, negotiation, and cooperation among nations to achieve collective objectives.
- It rests on equality, non-interference in internal affairs, and respect for international law.
- Multilateral institutions like the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and regional organizations such as ASEAN play significant roles in facilitating multilateral cooperation.
4.2. Purpose of Multilateralism
- Foster international cooperation and dialogue.
- Promote peace and security by addressing conflicts through diplomacy and collective security mechanisms.
- Facilitate economic integration and trade through agreements like the World Trade Organization (WTO).
- Address global challenges such as climate change, public health crises, and terrorism through coordinated efforts.
- Uphold international law and human rights.
- Create a more stable and predictable international system.
4.3. About post-Cold War multilateralism
- Post-Cold War multilateralism refers to the practice of cooperation between countries in the post-Cold War era.
- This cooperation is often seen as a way to address common challenges and promote peace and stability.
- There are several reasons why multilateralism has become more important in the post-Cold War era.
- The end of the Cold War led to a decline in superpower rivalry, which created an opportunity for countries to cooperate more closely.
- The rise of new challenges, such as terrorism and climate change, has made it clear that no country can address these challenges alone.
- The increasing interconnectedness of the world economy has made it more important for countries to cooperate on trade and investment issues.
5. Unilateralism and Multilateralism in International Relations
Unilateralism
- Unilateralism is an approach in international relations where a nation acts independently and without seeking the approval or cooperation of other countries.
- This can include making decisions, taking military action, or implementing policies without regard for international consensus.
- Unilateralism can be seen as a more assertive or isolationist stance.
Multilateralism
- Multilateralism involves collaboration and cooperation among multiple nations to address global challenges.
- It values diplomacy, negotiation, and shared responsibilities. Multilateral approaches are often considered more inclusive and consensus-based.
6. Is multilateralism declining?
- There is some evidence to suggest that multilateralism is declining. For example, the number of new international organizations has declined in recent years, and there has been a rise in unilateralism, particularly in the United States.
- However, there are also many examples of countries cooperating multilaterally to address common challenges.
- Ultimately, the future of multilateralism will depend on the willingness of countries to work together to address the challenges of the 21st century.
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For Prelims: ASEAN, East Asia Summit, Post-Cold War, multilateralism, G20 summit, United Nations, the World Trade Organization, Unilateralism,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the concept and purpose of post-Cold War multilateralism. What factors have contributed to the increased emphasis on multilateral cooperation in the post-Cold War era? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. India is a member of which among the following? (UPSC 2015)
1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
2. Association of South-East Asian Nations
3. East Asia Summit
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 1, 2 and 3 D. India is a member of none of them
Answer: B
2. Recently, the USA decided to support India's membership in multilateral export control regimes called the "Australia Group" and the "Wassenaar Arrangement". What is the difference between them? (UPSC 2011)
1. The Australia Group is an informal arrangement which aims to allow exporting countries to minimize the risk of assisting chemical and biological weapons proliferation, whereas the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group under the OECD holding identical objectives.
2. The Australia Group comprises predominantly of Asian, African and North American countries, whereas the member countries of Wassenaar Arrangement are predominantly from the European Union and American continents.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
3. With reference to the "Look East Policy" of India, consider the following statements (UPSC 2011)
1. India wants to establish itself as an important regional player in East Asian affairs.
2. India wants to plug the vacuum created by the termination of the Cold War.
3. India wants to restore the historical and cultural ties with its neighbours in Southeast and East Asia.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
4.With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. 2. It is an initiative to support Low Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: C
5. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (UPSC 2020)
A. Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey
B. Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand
C. Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam
D. Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea
Answer: A
6. With reference to the United Nations General Assembly, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. The UN General Assembly can grant observer status to the non-member States.
2. Inter-governmental organisations can seek observer status in the UN General Assembly.
3. Permanent Observers in the UN General Assembly can maintain missions at the UN headquarters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C.1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
7. In the Context of which of the following do you sometimes find the terms 'amber box, blue box and green tax' in the news? (UPSC CSE 2016)
A. WTO Affairs
B. SAARC affairs
C. UNFCC affairs
D. India-EU negotions on FTA
Answer-A
8. In the context of the affairs which of the following is the phrase "Special Safeguard Mechanisms" mentioned in the news frequently? (UPSC 2010) A. United Nations Environment Program B. World Trade Organization Agreement C. ASEAN-India D. Free Trade G-20 Summits Answer: B 9. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017) 1. India has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of the WTO 2. TFA is a part of WTO's Bali Ministerial Package of 2013 3. TFA came into force in January 2016 Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: A 10. Which of the following are the main functions of WTO? (UPSC ESE 2020)
1. To organize meetings of member countries to arrive at trade agreements covering international trade
2. To ensure that member countries conduct trade practices as per agreement agreed upon and signed by the member countries
3. To provide a platform to negotiate and settle disputes related to international trade between and among member countries
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
11. In a unilateral system of tolerance, tolerance is allowed on which side? (HPCL Engineer Mechanical 2021)
A. one side of the nominal size
B. no side of the nominal size
C. Both sides of the actual size
D. One side of the actual size
Answer: A
12. Which of the following is a bilateral element? (UPSSSC JE Electrical 2016)
A. constant current source
B. constant voltage source
C. capacitance
D. None of these
Answer: C
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WESTERN GHATS - LANDSLIDES
- Experts agree that multiple factors contribute to landslides, both natural and human-induced. Nearly half of Kerala’s land—19,301 sq km or 49.7%—is susceptible to landslides, according to the Geological Survey of India (GSI).
- The region’s heavy rainfall and the steep slopes of the Western Ghats make Wayanad particularly vulnerable, with 31.54% of the district at high risk, as per IIT-Delhi research.
- Human activities have heightened the risk of natural disasters; increased construction and changes in agricultural practices are key contributors.
- Wayanad has seen a tourism boom in recent years, with homestays and monsoon tourism gaining popularity. Ecologist Madhav Gadgil highlights the construction of resorts, artificial lakes, and abandoned quarries as inappropriate developments in this sensitive zone.
- Long-term land use changes, beginning with British-era tea plantations and continuing post-Independence, have also played a role.
- A 2022 study in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health reported a 62% decrease in forest cover and an 1,800% increase in plantation areas from 1950 to 2018. Monocropping has led to the destabilization of topsoil previously held by forest roots.
- Climate change has indirectly contributed by altering rainfall patterns in the state. The warming Arabian Sea fosters deep cloud systems, resulting in intense rainfall over short periods.
- Such events have become more frequent even as the number of rainy days during the monsoon has decreased.
- Despite Wayanad receiving 527 mm of rainfall in 48 hours before the landslide, the district has had normal monsoon rainfall averages, while Kerala has experienced deficits, according to the India Meteorological Department.
- The previously cool, humid environment with consistent drizzles and monsoon rains is now characterized by hotter, drier summers and intense monsoon downpours.
- This shift increases landslide risks, as dry soils absorb less water and heavy rains cause runoff, leading to landslides
- Kerala experiences intense monsoon rains, which can lead to flooding and landslides. The Western Ghats, with their steep slopes, are particularly prone to such events
- The topography of regions like Wayanad, which have a significant slope, makes them highly susceptible to landslides
- Changes in climate patterns have resulted in more intense and concentrated rainfall events, even though the overall number of rainy days has decreased. The warming Arabian Sea has contributed to the formation of deep cloud systems that lead to heavy downpours
- There has been a significant reduction in forest cover due to plantation agriculture and other developmental activities. This loss of vegetation weakens the soil structure, making it more prone to landslides
- Unregulated construction, including resorts, homestays, and other infrastructure, has destabilized the land. Inappropriate development in sensitive zones, such as the construction of artificial lakes and abandonment of quarries, has exacerbated the risk.
- Changes in crop patterns, including the shift to monocropping, have degraded the land. Monocropping loosens the topsoil, which was previously held together by the roots of diverse forest plants
- The rise in tourism, particularly monsoon tourism, has led to increased construction and human activity in vulnerable areas, further destabilizing the environment
- Long-term changes in land use, starting with British-era tea plantations and continuing in the post-independence era, have had a lasting impact on the region's ecological stability
- Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ): The committee proposed classifying the entire Western Ghats into three zones based on their ecological sensitivity:
- ESZ 1: Highest sensitivity areas where stringent regulations should apply.
- ESZ 2: Moderate sensitivity areas with moderate regulations.
- ESZ 3: Lowest sensitivity areas where the least restrictive regulations would apply
- Ban on Certain Activities in ESZ 1: Activities such as mining, quarrying, and large-scale constructions should be banned in ESZ 1. Deforestation and conversion of public lands for private purposes should also be prohibited.
- Regulation of Developmental Activities: Developmental activities in ESZ 2 and ESZ 3 should be carefully regulated to ensure they do not harm the environment. This includes control over tourism, infrastructure projects, and industrial activities
- Protection of Forests: Emphasis on the conservation and regeneration of natural forests. Plantation activities should be eco-friendly, promoting native species.
- Biodiversity Conservation: Measures to protect the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats, including the establishment of wildlife corridors and conservation areas.
- The Western Ghats are one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity. They host over 7,400 species of flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, 179 amphibian species, 6,000 insect species, and 290 freshwater fish species, many of which are endemic.
- A significant proportion of the species found in the Western Ghats are endemic, meaning they are not found anywhere else in the world. This includes many unique species of plants, animals, and microorganisms
- The region provides crucial ecosystem services, such as water purification, climate regulation, soil stabilization, and carbon sequestration
- The Western Ghats play a critical role in the Indian monsoon system. They intercept the moisture-laden winds from the southwest, causing heavy rainfall on the western side, which supports lush forests and agriculture
- The forests of the Western Ghats act as a climate buffer, moderating temperatures and maintaining regional climate stability
- The Western Ghats are the source of numerous rivers, including the Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, which provide water to millions of people in peninsular India. These rivers are crucial for drinking water, irrigation, and hydropower
- The Western Ghats are home to numerous indigenous communities and tribal groups who have lived in harmony with the environment for centuries. These communities have rich cultural traditions and knowledge systems linked to the forests and biodiversity
- Many areas in the Western Ghats are considered sacred by local communities and host numerous temples, shrines, and pilgrimage sites.
- The Western Ghats support diverse agricultural systems, including spice plantations (pepper, cardamom), tea, coffee, and rubber. These crops are economically significant both domestically and for export
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For Prelims: Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Landslides, Flash floods
For Mains: GS 1 - Indian Geography
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Previous year questions
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1. Which of the following statements in respect of landslides are correct? (NDA 2022) 1. These occur only on gentle slopes during rain.
2. They generally occur in clay-rich soil.
3. Earthquakes trigger landslides.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (B) For Mains: 1. Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy. (250 words) (2021)
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UNITED NATIONS (UN)
- The UN was born out of the ashes of yet another international organisation created with the intention of keeping war away.
- The League of Nations was created in June 1919, after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles.
- However, when the Second World War broke out in 1939, the League closed down and its headquarters in Geneva remained empty throughout the war.
- Consequently, in August 1941, American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill held a secret meeting aboard naval ships in Placenta Bay, located on the southeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
- The heads of the two countries discussed the possibility of creating a body for international peace efforts and a range of issues related to the war.
- Together they issued a statement that came to be called the Atlantic Charter. It was not a treaty, but only an affirmation that paved the way for the creation of the UN.
- It declared the realisation of “certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they based their hopes for a better future for the world.”
- The United States joined the war in December 1941, and for the first time the term ‘United Nations’ was coined by President Roosevelt to identify those countries which were allied against the axis powers – Germany, Italy and Japan. On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 allied nations met in Washington DC to sign the declaration of the United Nations, which basically spelt out the war objectives of the Allied powers.
- India, which was under British colonial rule at the time, was also among these nations
The United Nations (UN) has been a prominent international organization since its establishment in 1945. It has made significant achievements and faced challenges and failures throughout its history. Here are some notable achievements and failures of the United Nations:
Achievements:
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Preventing World Wars: The UN was established after World War II with the primary aim of maintaining international peace and security. It has successfully prevented another world war on the scale of the two World Wars.
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Humanitarian Aid: The UN, through agencies like UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP), and UNHCR, provides vital humanitarian aid, including food, shelter, and medical assistance, to people in need around the world.
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Peacekeeping Operations: The UN has undertaken numerous peacekeeping missions to help resolve conflicts and maintain peace in various parts of the world, including Cyprus, Lebanon, and Sierra Leone.
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Decolonization: The UN played a significant role in decolonization efforts, helping newly independent countries gain international recognition and supporting the end of colonial rule in many parts of the world.
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, setting forth fundamental human rights and freedoms. This document has been instrumental in shaping international human rights norms.
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Development Goals: The UN established the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and later the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which have provided a framework for addressing global poverty, inequality, and environmental challenges.
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Environmental Protection: The UN has led efforts to address global environmental issues through conventions like the Paris Agreement on climate change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion.
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Public Health: The World Health Organization (WHO), a UN agency, has played a crucial role in international public health efforts, including vaccination programs, disease control, and pandemic response.
Failures and Challenges:
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Ineffectiveness in Preventing Genocides and Mass Atrocities: The UN has faced criticism for its inability to prevent or effectively respond to genocides and mass atrocities, such as those in Rwanda (1994) and Bosnia (1992-1995).
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Security Council Deadlocks: The UN Security Council, with its five permanent members (P5), often experiences deadlock due to conflicting national interests, hindering timely and decisive action on critical global issues.
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Human Rights Violations by Member States: Some UN member states with poor human rights records have faced limited consequences for their actions, raising concerns about the UN's ability to enforce human rights norms.
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Resource Constraints: The UN relies on contributions from member states, and funding shortfalls can hamper its ability to respond to crises effectively.
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Lack of Global Consensus: Achieving consensus among 193 member states on complex issues can be extremely challenging, leading to slow progress or gridlock on important matters.
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Peacekeeping Failures: Some UN peacekeeping missions have been criticized for not effectively preventing conflicts or abuses by peacekeepers themselves.
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Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The UN has struggled to mediate a lasting peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which remains unresolved after decades of efforts.
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Complex Bureaucracy: The UN's complex bureaucratic structure can lead to inefficiency, redundancy, and lack of coordination in some areas.
NATIONAL MAKHANA BOARD
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The newly established National Makhana Board aims to assist Makhana farmers in Bihar and other parts of India by boosting production, fostering innovation through new technologies, improving post-harvest handling, enhancing value addition, and streamlining processing and marketing. These efforts are expected to make Makhana more accessible in domestic markets, expand its export potential, and help create a strong brand identity.
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Bihar is the leading producer of Makhana, contributing nearly 90% of India’s total output. Cultivation is concentrated in nine districts of northern and eastern Bihar—Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Araria, Kishanganj, and Sitamarhi—collectively forming the Mithilanchal region. Of these, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, and Katihar account for roughly 80% of the state’s production.
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Besides Bihar, smaller-scale cultivation of Makhana is seen in Assam, Manipur, West Bengal, Tripura, and Odisha, and it is also grown in countries such as Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Japan, and Korea
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The creation of the National Makhana Board in Bihar marks a crucial step for farmers engaged in Makhana cultivation. The state government had long urged the Centre to implement policies that would support and promote this sector.
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Even though Bihar contributes nearly 90% of India’s total Makhana production, it has struggled to benefit from the growing national and international demand. Interestingly, the largest exporters of Makhana in the country are Punjab and Assam, with Punjab exporting the crop despite not cultivating it at all.
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This disparity is largely due to Bihar’s underdeveloped food processing industry and weak export infrastructure. The absence of cargo facilities at the state’s airports further restricts direct exports. Additionally, productivity remains low as Makhana cultivation is highly labor-intensive, which raises input costs significantly.
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Another challenge is the slow adoption of high-yield seed varieties such as Swarna Vaidehi and Sabour Makhana-1, developed by agricultural research institutes, which could otherwise boost production efficiency.
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The establishment of the Makhana Board is expected to transform the sector by giving a strong push to production in Bihar and across India, positioning the state prominently on the global Makhana map.
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The Board’s initiatives are likely to include farmer training programs to make them more export-oriented, the development of an ecosystem to attract investments in food processing, and the creation of the necessary export infrastructure
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Makhana, known in English as fox nut, is the dried edible seed of the prickly water lily or gorgon plant (Euryale ferox). This aquatic plant thrives in freshwater ponds across South and East Asia and is easily identified by its purple and white blossoms and its large, spiny, circular leaves, which can grow over a meter wide.
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The edible portion consists of small, round seeds with a black to dark brown outer covering, which has earned Makhana the nickname “Black Diamond.”
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Once processed, these seeds are often roasted or puffed into light snacks called ‘lava.’ Makhana is highly nutritious, offering a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, and essential minerals. Owing to its health benefits and medicinal properties, it is consumed in multiple forms for dietary, therapeutic, and culinary purposes.
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In 2022, Mithila Makhana received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, which certifies that the product originates from a specific region and possesses unique qualities or a reputation linked to that area. This GI tag remains valid for 10 years and can be renewed thereafter.
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Climatic Conditions for Cultivation:
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Makhana is an aquatic crop grown mainly in tropical and subtropical climates.
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It is cultivated in stagnant water bodies such as ponds, wetlands, lakes, land depressions, and ditches with water depths of 4–6 feet.
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Ideal growth conditions include a temperature range of 20–35°C, relative humidity between 50–90%, and annual rainfall of 100–250 cm
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On 29th June, Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah inaugurated the newly established headquarters of the National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad, Telangana.
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The National Turmeric Board was set up by the Central Government in January this year, with a target of reaching USD 1 billion in turmeric exports by 2030.
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The Board has been tasked with boosting the turmeric sector nationwide, with a special focus on Telangana. It will serve as a nodal body for addressing issues related to turmeric cultivation and trade, coordinate with the Spices Board and other agencies, and support initiatives to strengthen production, processing, and marketing of turmeric.
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India holds the distinction of being the world’s largest producer, consumer, and exporter of turmeric, with major production concentrated in Telangana, Maharashtra, and Meghalaya. The country commands over 62% of the global turmeric trade. In FY 2023–24, India exported 1.62 lakh tonnes of turmeric and turmeric-based products worth USD 226.5 million
- Makhana, also known as fox nut or gorgon nut, is the dried edible seed of the prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), an aquatic plant commonly found in freshwater ponds across South and East Asia.
- The plant is easily identifiable by its large, prickly circular leaves, which can exceed a meter in diameter, and its violet and white flowers. The edible seeds have a blackish-brown outer coating, earning them the nickname “Black Diamond.”
- After processing, the seeds are roasted or popped to make a light snack called ‘lava,’ which is widely consumed.
- Makhana is valued for its nutritional richness, being a good source of carbohydrates, protein, and minerals, and has wide applications in food, healthcare, and traditional medicine.
- Bihar is the leading producer of Makhana, accounting for nearly 90% of India’s production. Cultivation is concentrated in nine districts of the Mithilanchal region, including Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Araria, Kishanganj, and Sitamarhi, with the first four contributing almost 80% of the state’s output.
- In addition to Bihar, Makhana is cultivated in smaller quantities in Assam, Manipur, West Bengal, Tripura, and Odisha, as well as in countries like Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Japan, and Korea.
- Recognizing its unique regional identity, Mithila Makhana was granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022, which is valid for ten years and can be renewed.
- Makhana is typically grown in tropical and subtropical climates and thrives in stagnant water bodies such as ponds, wetlands, ditches, and lakes with water depths of about 4–6 feet.
- The ideal temperature range for cultivation is 20–35°C, with relative humidity between 50–90% and annual rainfall ranging from 100 to 250 cm. Despite being the largest producer, Bihar has faced several challenges in leveraging its dominant position in the global Makhana market.
- The state lacks a robust food processing industry and export infrastructure, as none of its airports have cargo facilities.
- Cultivation remains highly labor-intensive, resulting in high input costs, and farmers have been slow to adopt high-yield varieties such as Swarna Vaidehi and Sabour Makhana-1 developed by agricultural research institutions
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For Prelims: Makhana, Makhana Board, Geographical Indication (GI) tag
For Mains: GS II - Governance
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TARIFFS
2. What is a Tariff?
- Most countries are limited by their natural resources and ability to produce certain goods and services.
- They trade with other countries to get what their population needs and demands. However, trade isn't always conducted in an amenable manner between trading partners.
- Policies, geopolitics, competition, and many other factors can make trading partners unhappy. One of the ways governments deal with trading partners they disagree with is through tariffs.
- A tariff is a tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another country to influence it, raise revenues, or protect competitive advantages.
3. Key Take Aways
- Governments impose tariffs to raise revenue, protect domestic industries, or exert political leverage over another country.
- Tariffs often result in unwanted side effects, such as higher consumer prices.
- Tariffs have a long and contentious history, and the debate over whether they represent good or bad policy still rages.
4. History of Tariffs
4.1 Pre Modern Europe
- In pre-modern Europe, a nation's wealth was believed to consist of fixed, tangible assets, such as gold, silver, land, and other physical resources.
- Trade was seen as a Zero-sum game that resulted in either a clear net loss or a clear net gain of wealth.
- If a country imported more than it exported, a resource, mainly gold, would flow abroad, thereby draining its wealth. Cross-border trade was viewed with suspicion, and countries preferred to acquire colonies with which they could establish exclusive trading relationships rather than trading with each other.
- This system, known as mercantilism, relied heavily on tariffs and even outright bans on trade. The colonizing country, which saw itself as competing with other colonizers, would import raw materials from its colonies, which were generally barred from selling their raw materials elsewhere.
- The colonizing country would convert the materials into manufactured wares, which it would sell back to the colonies. High tariffs and other barriers were implemented to ensure that colonies only purchased manufactured goods from their home countries.
4.2 Late 19th and early 20th Centuries
- Relatively free trade enjoyed a heyday in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the idea took hold that international commerce had made large-scale wars between nations so expensive and counterproductive that they were obsolete.
- World War I proved that idea wrong, and nationalist approaches to trade, including high tariffs, dominated until the end of World War II.
- From that point on, free trade enjoyed a 50-year resurgence, culminating in the creation in 1995 of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which acts as an international forum for settling disputes and laying down ground rules.
- Free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) now known as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and the European Union (EU), also proliferated.
4.3 In the 21st Century
- Skepticism of this model sometimes labeled neoliberalism by critics who tie it to 19th-century liberal arguments in favor of free trade grew, however, and Britain in 2016 voted to leave the European Union.
- That same year Donald Trump won the U.S. presidential election on a platform that included a call for tariffs on Chinese and Mexican imports, which he implemented when he took office.
- Critics of tariff-free multilateral trade deals, who come from both ends of the political spectrum, argue that they erode national sovereignty and encourage a race to the bottom regarding wages, worker protections, and product quality and standards.
- Meanwhile, the defenders of such deals counter that tariffs lead to trade wars, hurt consumers, and hamper innovation.
5. Understanding Tariffs
- Tariffs are used to restrict imports. Simply put, they increase the price of goods and services purchased from another country, making them less attractive to domestic consumers.
- A key point to understand is that a tariff affects the exporting country because consumers in the country that imposed the tariff might shy away from imports due to the price increase. However, if the consumer still chooses the imported product, then the tariff has essentially raised the cost to the consumer in another country.
There are two types of tariffs:
- A specific tariff is levied as a fixed fee based on the type of item, such as a $500 tariff on a car.
- An ad-valorem tariff is levied based on the item's value, such as 5% of an import's value.
6. Why Government Imposes Tariffs?
Tariffs can be used to raise revenues for governments. This kind of tariff is called a revenue tariff and is not designed to restrict imports. For instance, in 2018 and 2019, President Donald Trump and his administration imposed tariffs on many items to rebalance the trade deficit. In the fiscal year 2019, customs duties received were $18 billion. In FY 2020, duties received were $21 billion.
6.2 Protect Domestic Industries
Governments can use tariffs to benefit particular industries, often doing so to protect companies and jobs. For example, in May 2022, President Joe Biden proposed a 25% ad valorem tariff on steel articles from all countries except Canada, Mexico, and the United Kingdom (the U.K. has a quota of an aggregate of 500,000 metric tons it can trade with the U.S.). This proclamation reopens the trade of specific items with the U.K. while taking measures to protect domestic U.S. steel manufacturing and production jobs.
6.3 Protect Domestic Consumers
By making foreign-produced goods more expensive, tariffs can make domestically-produced alternatives seem more attractive. Some products made in countries with fewer regulations can harm consumers, such as a product coated in lead-based paint. Tariffs can make these products so expensive that consumers won't buy them.
6.4 Protect National Interests
Tariffs can also be used as an extension of foreign policy as their imposition on a trading partner's main exports may be used to exert economic leverage. For example, when Russia invaded Ukraine, much of the world protested by boycotting Russian goods or imposing sanctions. In April 2022, President Joe Biden suspended normal trade with Russia. In June, he raised the tariff on Russian imports not prohibited by the April suspension to 35%.
7. Advantages of Tariffs
- Produce revenues: As discussed, tariffs provide a government a chance to bring in more money. This can relieve some of the tax burdens felt by a county's citizens and help the government to reduce deficits.
- Open negotiations: Tariffs can be used by countries to open negotiations for trade or other issues. Each side can use tariffs to help them create economic policies and talk with trade partners.
- Support a nation's goals: One of the most popular uses for tariffs is to use them to ensure domestic products receive preference within a country to support businesses and the economy.
- Make a market predictable: Tariffs can help stabilize a market and make prices predictable.
8. Disadvantages of Tariffs
- Create issues between governments: Many nations use tariffs to punish or discourage actions they disapprove of. Unfortunately, doing this can create tensions between two countries and lead to more problems.
- Initiate trade wars: A typical response for a country with tariffs imposed on it is to respond similarly, creating a trade war in which neither country benefits from the other.
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For Prelims: Tariffs, Zero-sum game, Cross-border trade, World Trade Organisation (WTO), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), and the European Union (EU). For Mains: 1. What is a Tariff and explain why government imposes tariffs. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with Tariffs. (250 Words). |
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY
1. Context
2. About NEP 2020
- The NEP provides a broad direction and is not mandatory. Education is a concurrent subject, requiring collaboration between the central and state governments. The target for full implementation is set for 2040.
- Subject-wise committees, comprising members from relevant ministries at both levels, will develop implementation plans, outlining actions for various bodies, including the HRD Ministry, state Education Departments, and others. Progress will be jointly reviewed annually.
3. Impact on Mother Tongue/Regional Language Instruction
- While the NEP emphasizes teaching in the mother tongue or regional language "wherever possible," it is not mandatory for states.
- Private schools are unlikely to be forced to change their medium of instruction.
- The policy acknowledges multilingual families and encourages a bilingual approach for students whose home language differs from the medium of instruction.
- Single-stream institutions like IITs are already diversifying their offerings, including humanities and social sciences departments.
- This multidisciplinary approach aligns with global trends, ensuring graduates are well-rounded and equipped to address complex challenges.
4. NEP 2020 and Sustainable Development Goals
- Both the NEP 2020 and SDG 4 aim to provide inclusive and equitable quality education for all.
- They emphasize improving the quality of education, enhancing learning outcomes, and ensuring access to education at all levels.
- SDG 4.5 focuses on eliminating disparities in access to education and promoting inclusive education.
- The NEP 2020 also emphasizes inclusive education by addressing the needs of diverse groups, including marginalized communities, children with disabilities, and those in remote areas.
- Both the NEP 2020 and SDGs prioritize gender equality in education.
- They aim to eliminate gender-based discrimination in education and promote equal opportunities for girls and boys in schools and higher education.
- SDG 4.2 emphasizes the importance of early childhood education and care.
- The NEP 2020 incorporates a similar focus by introducing a 5+3+3+4 structure that includes early childhood education, aligning with the SDG's goal of ensuring that all children have access to quality pre-primary education.
- Both the NEP 2020 and SDG 4. c emphasize the importance of adequately trained and qualified teachers.
- They promote continuous professional development for educators to improve the quality of teaching and learning.
- SDG 4.6 promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all. The NEP 2020 recognizes the need for lifelong learning by introducing a four-year multidisciplinary undergraduate program with multiple exit options, encouraging continuous skill development.
- SDG 4.7 encourages global citizenship education and values for sustainability.
- While the NEP 2020 does not explicitly mention this goal, its emphasis on critical thinking, experiential learning, and holistic development aligns with the idea of nurturing responsible global citizens.
- SDG 17 calls for global partnerships to achieve the SDGs. The NEP 2020 acknowledges the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders, including governments, civil society, and international organizations, to implement education reforms effectively.
- Although the primary focus of the NEP is on education, it indirectly contributes to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and other environmental goals by promoting environmental awareness, sustainability education, and holistic development that includes a sense of responsibility towards the environment.
5. The salient features of NEP 2020
The salient features of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 include:
- The NEP 2020 proposes a new school curriculum that is more holistic and multidisciplinary. It also emphasizes the importance of early childhood education and foundational literacy and numeracy.
- The NEP 2020 proposes to open up the Indian higher education sector to foreign universities. This will allow students to access world-class education without having to leave India.
- The NEP 2020 proposes to discontinue the M Phil programme. This is in line with the global trend of moving towards a four-year undergraduate degree followed by a direct PhD programme.
- The NEP 2020 proposes to introduce multiple entry and exit options in undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. This will give students more flexibility and allow them to tailor their education to their needs.
- The NEP 2020 emphasizes the importance of research and innovation in higher education. It proposes to increase funding for research and to create a more supportive environment for researchers.
- The NEP 2020 aims to internationalize the Indian education system. It proposes to increase student and faculty mobility and to collaborate with foreign universities.
6. Education policies in India and its fundamental objectives
- The primary objective of the first education policy was to promote social justice and reduce disparities in access to education.
- It aimed to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 (universalization of elementary education).
- The second education policy aimed to modernize and expand the education system while maintaining a focus on access and equity.
- It introduced the 10+2 structure of school education and emphasized vocational education and adult literacy.
- This revision of the 1986 policy focused on restructuring the curriculum and examination systems.
- It aimed to promote greater flexibility in course choices and reduce the emphasis on board exams.
- The NPE 2020 aims to transform the Indian education system to meet the demands of the 21st century.
- It emphasizes the universalization of early childhood education, a flexible and multidisciplinary approach to education, and the use of technology for learning.
- It also focuses on improving the quality of education, promoting research and innovation, and ensuring inclusivity and equity in education.
- India has also had various other policies and initiatives related to specific aspects of education, such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) for elementary education, the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) for secondary education, and the Skill India initiative to promote vocational education and skill development.
7. Kothari Commission (1964–1966) recommendations to formulate a coherent education policy
- The Kothari Commission, officially known as the "Indian Education Commission" or the "Education Commission 1964-66," was a high-level commission appointed by the Government of India to review the state of education in the country and make recommendations for the development of education policies.
- The commission was chaired by Dr Daulat Singh Kothari, who was the Chairman of the University Grants Commission (UGC) at the time.
- The commission's recommendations played a significant role in shaping India's education policies in the decades that followed.
The key recommendations made by the Kothari Commission
- The commission emphasized the need to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14.
- This recommendation laid the foundation for the goal of universalizing elementary education in India.
- The commission stressed the importance of improving the quality of education at all levels.
- It recommended measures to enhance the qualifications and training of teachers, revise curricula, and promote innovative teaching methods.
- The Kothari Commission recommended a flexible and broad-based curriculum that would cater to the diverse needs and interests of students.
- It emphasized the importance of holistic education and the inclusion of vocational education.
- The commission recognized the importance of teaching in the mother tongue or regional languages, especially at the primary level, to ensure better comprehension and retention among students. It recommended bilingual education where necessary.
- The commission called for a comprehensive and long-term educational plan to guide the development of education in India.
- It recommended the establishment of educational planning bodies at the national, state, and district levels.
- The Kothari Commission proposed the expansion and improvement of higher education in India.
- It recommended the establishment of new universities, including regional universities, and the development of research and postgraduate education.
- The commission highlighted the need for quality teacher education programs and recommended the establishment of teacher training institutes to ensure a continuous supply of well-trained educators.
- Recognizing the importance of technical and vocational education for economic development, the commission recommended the expansion of such programs and the establishment of polytechnics and industrial training institutes.
- The commission suggested changes in the examination system to reduce the emphasis on rote learning and encourage critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
- The Kothari Commission emphasized the importance of addressing educational disparities among different social and economic groups.
- It recommended affirmative action policies to promote social justice in education.
8. NPE 1986 and NEP 2020 Compare and Contrast
The National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 and the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 are two important policy documents that have shaped the Indian education system. While both policies have some common goals, there are also some key differences between them.
Similarities
- Both policies aim to provide access to quality education for all children.
- Both policies emphasize the importance of equity and inclusion in education.
- Both policies stress the need for reforms in the examination system.
- Both policies recognize the importance of teacher training and professional development.
The key differences between the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 and the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020:
| Aspect | NPE 1986 | NEP 2020 |
| Structural Changes | Introduced the 10+2 structure of school education | Restructured into a 5+3+3+4 format, with an emphasis on early childhood education and curriculum flexibility |
| Medium of Instruction | Recommended a three-language formula but did not specify the medium of instruction | Recommends teaching in the mother tongue or regional language until at least Grade 5, emphasizing multilingualism |
| Higher Education | Focused on expansion and establishment of new universities and colleges | Emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach, research, and innovation in higher education |
| Examination System | Emphasized the need for examination system reforms and reduced emphasis on board exams | Recommends changes to reduce high-stakes board exams and promote competency-based evaluations |
| Teacher Training | Highlighted the need for improving teacher training programs | Stresses the importance of teacher training and professional development |
| Technology Integration | Did not extensively address technology integration | Recognizes the importance of technology in education and promotes the use of digital resources and e-learning |
| Quality and Access | Aims to improve access and enhance quality in education | Focuses on improving the quality of education, promoting research and innovation, and ensuring inclusivity and equity |
| Gender Inclusivity | Emphasized the importance of gender equality in education | Continues to prioritize gender inclusivity and recommends measures for equitable access to education |
| Globalization | Did not extensively address globalization and internationalization of education | Seeks to promote global collaboration by allowing foreign universities to set up campuses in India |
| Environmental Education | Did not specifically address environmental education | Emphasizes environmental education, sustainability, and awareness |
9. The National Curriculum Framework
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) is a document in India that outlines the philosophy and guidelines for the development of curriculum and teaching practices in schools. It serves as a foundational document that informs the design, content, and implementation of school education in the country.
- The NCF provides the philosophical and pedagogical foundation for education in India.
- It articulates the educational goals, values, and principles that should guide the curriculum and teaching practices.
- The NCF encourages flexibility in curriculum development to accommodate diverse learners' needs and the evolving educational landscape.
- It recognizes that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable for India's diverse student population.
- The framework emphasizes holistic development, aiming to nurture not only cognitive skills but also social, emotional, and ethical aspects of a child's growth.
- It promotes a well-rounded education that goes beyond rote memorization.
- The NCF underscores the importance of inclusive education.
- It addresses the needs of students from various socio-economic backgrounds, genders, and abilities. It advocates for equal access to quality education for all.
- It encourages the integration of knowledge across subjects and promotes interdisciplinary learning.
- The framework encourages teachers to connect various subjects and topics to provide a more comprehensive educational experience.
- The NCF places the learner at the centre of the educational process. It emphasizes the importance of understanding students' interests, motivations, and individual learning styles.
- The framework recognizes the critical role of teachers in implementing curriculum effectively.
- It emphasizes the need for teacher professional development and continuous support.
- The NCF suggests assessment practices that move beyond traditional examinations and focus on formative assessments, encouraging a more comprehensive evaluation of a student's progress and capabilities.
- It promotes the inclusion of cultural and ethical values in education. The NCF encourages schools to foster an appreciation for India's diverse cultural heritage and ethical values.
- The NCF is periodically reviewed and updated to ensure its continued relevance in the changing educational landscape.
- It takes into account advancements in education research and global best practices.
10. The Way Forward
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For Prelims: NEP 2020, National Curriculum Framework, Sustainable Development Goals, University Grants Commission, Kothari Commission, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the key provisions and objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. How does it aim to transform the Indian education system, and what are its implications for inclusive development? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2018)
1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the State Council of Teacher Education concerned.
2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
3. In India, more than 90% of teacher education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only
Answer: B
2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2016)
1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome'.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
3. The objective(s) of Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyaan is/are: (UKSSSC Forest Guard 2021)
A. To provide quality based education to all children from 14 to 18 years
B. Universal standstill till the year 2020
C. To provide residential school for the students of remote areas
D. All of the above
Answer: D
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GREEN REVOLUTION
Key features and components of the Green Revolution include:
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Introduction of High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs): One of the central elements of the Green Revolution was the development and widespread adoption of high-yielding crop varieties, particularly for wheat and rice. These new varieties produced significantly higher yields per acre compared to traditional varieties.
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Use of Modern Farming Techniques: Alongside HYVs, the Green Revolution promoted the use of modern agricultural practices, including the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. These technologies helped boost crop yields.
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Expansion of Irrigation: Increasing access to irrigation was a critical component of the Green Revolution. Irrigation allowed for better water management and more consistent crop production.
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Access to Credit and Infrastructure: The Green Revolution often included measures to provide farmers with access to credit, improved transportation, and marketing infrastructure to support their increased agricultural production.
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Research and Education: Government and international organizations invested in agricultural research and extension services to disseminate knowledge about the new agricultural practices to farmers.
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Public and Private Sector Collaboration: Collaboration between public sector institutions, such as research institutions and agricultural extension agencies, and the private sector, including seed companies, played a crucial role in the Green Revolution's success.
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Increased Crop Production: As a result of these efforts, many countries experienced substantial increases in crop production, particularly in staple crops like rice, wheat, and maize. This helped alleviate hunger and food shortages in many regions
The Green Revolution had a number of positive impacts on India, including:
- The Green Revolution led to a significant increase in agricultural production in India. Wheat production increased by 170% between 1965 and 1980, while rice production increased by 270%. This increase in production helped to alleviate poverty and hunger in India.
- The Green Revolution helped India to become self-sufficient in food production. This meant that India was no longer dependent on imported food to feed its population.
- The Green Revolution contributed to India's economic growth. The increase in agricultural production led to an increase in incomes for farmers and rural communities. This increased spending power boosted the demand for goods and services, which helped to drive economic growth.
- The Green Revolution led to an increase in the use of fertilizers and pesticides, which can have a negative impact on the environment.
- The use of water also increased significantly during the Green Revolution, leading to water shortages in some areas
- The Green Revolution benefited large farmers more than small farmers. Large farmers were able to invest in the new technologies, such as high-yielding varieties of seeds and fertilizers, which led to significant increases in their production.
- Small farmers, on the other hand, often did not have the resources to invest in these new technologies, and their production did not increase as much
- The Green Revolution led to an increase in rural indebtedness. Many farmers borrowed money to invest in the new technologies, but they were unable to repay their loans when agricultural prices fell. This led to a debt crisis in rural India
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For Prelims: Bt Cotton, High Yielding Varieties (HYV), Green Revolution
For Mains: 1.The Green Revolution is often credited with increasing agricultural productivity in India. However, it has also faced criticism for its environmental and social repercussions. Analyze the positive and negative aspects of the Green Revolution and its long-term sustainability
2.Critically evaluate the impact of the Green Revolution on income distribution among farmers in India. Has it contributed to income inequality within the agricultural sector? Provide examples and data to support your analysis
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which one of the following most appropriately describes the nature of Green Revolution of the late sixties of 20th century? (BPSC CCE 2015)
A.Intensive cultivation of green vegetable
B.Intensive agriculture district programme
C.High-yielding varieties programme
D.Seed-Fertilizer-Water technology
E.None of the above/More than one of the above
Answer (E)
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DEEPFAKES
1. Context
2. What are Deepfakes
- Deepfake is a type of synthetic media in which a person in an already-existing video or image is replaced with another person. It manipulates the audio/video, which has the propensity to the device, using machine learning and artificial intelligence.
- Due to the ease with which bogus news, celebrity pornographic content, etc. get shared online, it has drawn attention.
- It makes a fake version of original or real audio-visual content by superimposing a new audio or image over an existing media file.
- In September 2019, the AI company Deeptrance discovered 15,000 deep fakes videos online-nearly tripling in just nine months. A starting 96% of them were pornographic, and 99% of them matched the faces of famous women to porn actors.
- Deepfakes can be used to damage reputation, fabricate evidence, defraud the public, and undermine trust in democratic institutions.
- All this can be achieved with fewer resources, with scale and speed, and even microtargeted to galvanize support.
- Deepfake content is created by using two competing AI algorithms- one is called the generator and the other is called the discriminator.
- The discriminator is tasked with determining if the fake multimedia content produced by the generator is real and manufactured.
- A generative adversarial network is created when the generator and discriminator work together (GAN). Every time the discriminator correctly recognizes the content as being fake, it gives the generator important insights into how to make the next deep fakes better.
- The first step in establishing a GAN is to identify the desired output and create a training dataset for the generator.
- Video clips can be supplied to the discriminator after the generator starts producing output at a level that is acceptable.
- The first case of malicious use of deep fake was detected in pornography. According to sensity.ai, 96% of deepfakes are pornographic videos, with over 135 million views on pornographic websites alone. Deepfake pornography exclusively targets women.
- Pornographic deepfakes can threaten, intimidate, and inflict psychological harm. It reduces women to sexual objects causing emotional distress, and in some cases, leading to financial loss and collateral consequences like job loss.
- Deepfake could act as a powerful tool by a malicious nation-state to undermine public safety and create uncertainty and chaos in the target country. Deepfake can undermine trust in institutions and diplomacy.
- Deepfake causes financial fraud, which poses problems for the entire financial system.
- In the era of the threat of fake news, it also poses a threat to the security of cyber systems and the validity of online registration.
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Deepfakes in phishing efforts would make it more challenging for people to recognize a hoax.
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In any nation, deep fakes can be used to sabotage democratic procedures like elections.
- The potential for harm to people, organizations, and societies is enormous since it can be used to generate phony pornographic videos and make politicians appear to say things they did not.
- Any genuine evidence of a crime can be easily discounted as false because the public is so distrustful due to the prevalence of deep fakes.
- Fake movies are likely to become more popular outside the world of celebrities as new technology enables unskilled people to create deep fakes with just a few images. This will feed the growth of revenge porn.
- The use of fake identities and impostor frauds in cybercrime is rising.
6. What is the Solution?
- Media literacy efforts must be enhanced to cultivate a discerning public. Media literacy for consumers is the most effective tool to combat disinformation and deep fakes.
- We also need meaningful regulations with a collaborative discussion with the technology industry, Civil society, and policymakers to develop legislative solutions to disincentivize the creation and distribution of malicious deepfakes.
- Social media platforms are taking cognizance of the deepfake issue, and almost all of them have some policy or acceptable terms of use for deepfakes.
- We also need easy-to-use and accessible technology solutions to detect deepfakes, authenticate media, and amplify authoritative sources.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Deepfake Technology, and AI algorithms.
For Mains: 1. What are deepfakes and explain the challenges with deep-fake technology in the present technological world.
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