PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL CREDIT SOCIETIES (PACS)
1. Context
Launching an instant crop loan scheme under the Primary Agriculture Cooperative Societies (PACS) on a pilot basis in Dharmapuri, Mr. Stalin also said there would be a ‘Dravidian Model 2.0’ government to take the State to new heights after the 2026 Assembly election.
2. Key takeaways
- To ensure time-bound and uniform implementation of the Plan in a professional manner, the Ministry of Cooperation will implement a pilot project in at least 10 selected Districts of different states/UTs in the country.
- The Pilot would provide valuable insights into the various regional requirements of the project, the learnings from which will be suitably incorporated for the country-wide implementation of the Plan.
- All efforts should be made to leverage the strength of the cooperatives and transform them into successful and vibrant business enterprises to realize the vision of "Sahakar-se-Samriddhi".
- To take this vision forward, the Ministry of Cooperation has brought out the "World's Largest Grain Storage Plan in Cooperative Sector".
- The plan entails setting up various types of agri-infrastructure, including warehouses, custom hiring centres, processing units etc. at the levels of PACS, Thus transforming them into multipurpose societies.
- Creation and modernization of infrastructure at the level of PACS will reduce food grain wastage by creating sufficient storage capacity, strengthening the food security of the country and enabling farmers to realise better prices for their crops.
- There are more than 1, 00, 000 PACS in the country with a huge member base of more than 13 crore farmers.
- Given the important role played by PACS at the grass root level in transforming the agricultural and rural landscape of the Indian economy and leveraging their deep reach up to the last mile, this initiative has been undertaken to set up decentralized storage capacity at the level of PACS along with other agri infrastructure, which would not only strengthen the food security of the country but would also enable PACS to transform themselves into vibrant economic entities.
3. About Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
- PACS are village-level cooperative credit societies that serve as the last link in a three-tier cooperative credit structure headed by the State Cooperative Banks (SCB) at the state level.
- Credit from the SCBs is transferred to the district central cooperative banks or DCCBs that operate at the district level. The DCCBs work with PACS, which deals directly with farmers.
- Since these are cooperative bodies, individual farmers are members of the PACS and office-bearers are elected from within them.
- A village can have multiple PACS and be involved in short-term lending or what is known as crop loans.
- At the start of the cropping cycle, farmers avail credit to finance their requirement of seeds, fertilisers etc.
- Banks extend this credit at 7 per cent interest, of which 3 per cent is subsidised by the Centre and 2 per cent by the state government. Effectively, farmers avail the crop loans at 2 per cent interest only.
4. Implementation
- An Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) will be constituted under the Chairmanship of the Minister of Cooperation with the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Minister of Food Processing Industries and Secretaries concerned as members to modify guidelines and implementation methodologies of the schemes of the respective Ministries as and when the need arises, within the approved outlays and prescribed goals, for facilitation of the "World's Largest Grain Storage Plan in Cooperative Sector" by the creation of infrastructure such as godowns, etc, for Agriculture and Allied purpose, at selected "viable PACS".
- The Plan would be implemented by utilizing the available outlays provided under the identified schemes of the respective Ministries.
The following schemes have been identified for convergence under the Plan:
4.1. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
- Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
- Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure Scheme (AMI)
- The mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
- Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM)
4.2. Ministry of Food Processing Industries
- Pradhan Mantri Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme (PMFME)
- Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY)
4.3. Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
- Allocation of food grains under the National Food Security Act
- Procurement operations at Minimum Support Price
5. Benefits of the Plan
- The plan is multi-pronged and it aims to address not just the shortage of agricultural storage infrastructure in the country by facilitating the establishment of godowns at the level of PACS, but would also enable PACS to undertake various other activities, viz:
- Functioning as Procurement centres for State Agencies or Food Corporation of India (FCI).
- Serving as Fair Price Shops (FPS)
- Setting up custom hiring centres
- Setting up common processing units, including assaying, sorting and grading units for agricultural produce etc.
- Further, the creation of decentralized storage capacity at the local level would reduce food grain wastage and strengthen the food security of the country.
- By providing various options to the farmers, would prevent the distressed sale of crops, thus enabling the farmers to realise better prices for their produce.
- It would hugely reduce the cost incurred in the transportation of food grains to procurement centres and again transporting the stocks back from warehouses to FPS.
- Through a "whole of Government" approach, the Plan would strengthen PACS by enabling them to diversify their business activities, thus enhancing the incomes of the farmer members as well.
6. Time frame and manner of implementation
- National Level Coordination Committee will be formed within one week of the Cabinet approval.
- Implementation guidelines will be issued within 15 days of the Cabinet approval.
- A portal for the linkage of PACS with Govt. of India and State Governments will be rolled out within 45 days of the Cabinet approval.
- Implementation of the proposal will start within 45 days of the Cabinet approval.
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For Prelims: PACS, Inter-Ministerial Committee, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, State Cooperative Banks, district central cooperative banks, National Level Coordination Committee, For Mains:
1. What are Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)? Discuss the various programmes implemented by the Government to strengthen the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies in the country. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. In terms of short-term credit delivery to the agriculture sector, District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) deliver more credit in comparison to Scheduled Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks.
2. One of the most important functions of DCCBs is to provide funds to the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
2. With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. 'The National Programme for Organic Production' (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development.
2. 'The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority' (APEDA) functions as the secretariat for the implementation of NPOP.
3. Sikkim has become India's first fully organic State.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1,2 and 3
Answer: B
3. With what purpose is the Government of India promoting the concept of "Mega Food Parks"? (UPSC 2011)
1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food processing industry.
2. To increase the processing of perishable items and reduce wastage.
3. To provide emerging and eco-friendly food processing technologies to entrepreneurs.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
4. With reference to “Urban Cooperative Banks" in India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments.
2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares.
3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1. 2 and 3 only
Answer: B
5. With reference to 'Financial Stability and Development Council', consider the following statements: (UPSC 2016)
1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
2. It is headed by the Union Finance Minister.
3. It monitors macroprudential supervision of the economy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
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Source: PIB
BIODIVERSITY AND HISTORY
1. Context
For almost two centuries, biologists have divided the earth into large biogeographical regions. Each region hosts a unique mix of species shaped by its own history, climate, and barriers, such as oceans and mountains. Because those histories differ, many scientists assumed the inner layout of species inside every region would be idiosyncratic — that South America’s biodiversity, for example, would organise itself in a very different way from Africa’s.
2. Life and History of Life
- Around 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed as a hot mass of rock. Within 100 million years, it cooled enough for water to condense, leading to the creation of oceans. It took another billion years for the first living cells to emerge in these oceans.
- For the next billion years, bacteria were the only form of life, during which they developed various innovations that drastically transformed the planet.
- About 2.7 billion years ago, photosynthetic bacteria, particularly cyanobacteria, became common in the oceans.
- These organisms harnessed sunlight to produce chemical energy, and oxygen was a byproduct of this process. At the time, oxygen was scarcely present in Earth’s atmosphere.
- Over the following 300 million years, oxygen levels in the atmosphere rose to about 10%. This period, known as the Great Oxidation Event (or Oxygen Catastrophe), led to significant changes, wiping out many organisms unable to survive in the new oxygen-rich environment
3. Cellular Organism
- Multicellular life, or organisms with more than one cell, first appeared about 2.1 billion years ago. By this time, half of Earth's history had already passed, dominated entirely by single-celled organisms.
- Since then, life has evolved and diversified, spreading across the planet. Over millions of years, organisms adapted to various environments, giving rise to a wide variety of life forms.
- However, there have been periods of drastic environmental changes or catastrophic events that caused widespread extinctions.
- These events, known as mass extinctions, have occurred five times in the last 500 million years.
- They have been linked to factors such as environmental shifts, volcanic eruptions, and asteroid impacts. One such impact occurred near modern-day Mexico, creating a crater roughly 200 kilometers wide.
- This event led to the extinction of around 75% of plant and animal species, including all non-avian dinosaurs.
- This extinction event allowed mammals to evolve and occupy the ecological roles once filled by dinosaurs, shaping the world we see today. Birds are the only surviving descendants of dinosaurs
4. Contemporary and Issue of Extinction
- Many experts believe we are currently experiencing a sixth mass extinction, with species disappearing at rates estimated to be 100 times faster than the natural extinction rates of the past 20,000 years.
- This rapid loss of biodiversity is largely driven by human activities. Over the past two centuries, we have significantly increased our consumption of the Earth's energy and resources to support our expanding economy and population.
- In 1804, the global human population was 1 billion, but by 2024, it has grown to 8.17 billion. When we look at the mass of all mammals on Earth, livestock make up about 62%, humans 32%, and wild mammals only 4%.
- Nature plays a critical role in human society and the economy by providing clean air, clean water, food, fuel, healthcare, and more. A decline in biodiversity, even in species we don't directly rely on, weakens ecosystems and their ability to function properly
5. Cost of losing biodiversity
- Imagine a large company losing employees at random. A mid-level manager quits, causing temporary chaos in the team, but eventually, a junior employee steps up and fills the role. Similarly, when one species disappears from an ecosystem, another may take over its function.
- Now, consider if a janitor leaves, and the remaining staff handle the extra work. But if half of the janitors leave, cleanliness deteriorates, and the office becomes difficult to work in. This mirrors how the loss of too many species in a specific role can disrupt an ecosystem's functioning.
- When an office clerk leaves, it may seem insignificant as others can cover the role.
- However, it turns out that the clerk was central to the office’s social network, demonstrating how losing a seemingly minor role can affect the entire system. Much like ecosystems, we often don’t fully understand the importance of certain species.
- If the CEO leaves, the company loses coordination and productivity, just as the loss of a keystone species can drastically impact an ecosystem. Unlike a company, ecosystems don’t follow a designed structure—they are complex systems that evolve according to natural laws, many of which scientists are still uncovering as ecosystems continue to disappear
6. Drivers of biodiversity crisis
- The 2022 report by the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services identifies five direct human-induced drivers of biodiversity loss: (i) Pollution, (ii) changes in land and sea use, (iii) direct exploitation and resource extraction, (iv) climate change, and (v) invasive alien species.
- These direct drivers are influenced by broader, indirect factors like institutions (both formal and informal), economic forces, technology, governance, conflicts, and sociocultural elements such as values, beliefs, norms, and education. Let’s explore the direct drivers in more detail:
(i) Pollution – Over the past 200 years, pollution has reshaped ecosystems. Excess fertilizers from agriculture enter water bodies, harming aquatic life. Industrial waste dumping also severely affects both humans and wildlife. Industrial accidents, such as the 1984 Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal, caused long-lasting environmental damage. Even 40 years later, communities near the site still consume contaminated water.
(ii) Land and Sea Use Change – This is a major driver of both climate change and biodiversity loss. Tropical forests are being cleared for farmland or livestock pastures. Some governments even classify oil palm plantation expansion as "not deforestation" since trees are planted, though they differ greatly from natural forests. Similarly, deep-sea trawling is comparable to clear-cutting forests on land, as it destroys delicate ecosystems and releases carbon from the ocean floor. Currently, only 17% of the world's land and just 2.7% of the ocean are designated as protected areas.
- Many ecosystems are overexploited by human activities. A 2017 study found that 34% of global fisheries are overfished, with an additional 60% nearing that status. Regulating overfishing has proven challenging since fish populations are mostly invisible, and the oceans fall outside national jurisdictions.
(iii) Climate Change – It is driving many species toward extinction. Species in cold regions, like the poles and mountains, are struggling as temperatures rise, while those in warmer areas face increased risks from drought and heat stress. Insects, particularly in tropical areas, are especially vulnerable to heat.
- Additionally, climate change is exacerbating problems related to diseases and invasive species, as pests that once couldn’t survive cold winters are now thriving in milder conditions
7. Way Forward
When we talk about biodiversity, we often imagine it as something distant, deep within jungles. However, nature is all around us—cities, towns, and even a single tree canopy can host diverse life. Before we start thinking about conserving species, ask yourself if you're aware of the wildlife right outside your window. Try challenging yourself to identify 15 bird species around you in the next week. You'll be surprised—they're out there waiting to be noticed!
The current state of global biodiversity is alarming, and the international response has been much slower and less coordinated compared to efforts to tackle climate change. One reason for this may be that biodiversity loss is more difficult to define and quantify than climate change. However, awareness and action on biodiversity conservation are gaining momentum as the severity of the crisis becomes clearer to everyone
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For Prelims: Biodiversity Act, 2002, Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs), Access and Benefit Sharing, National Biodiversity Authority (NBA), Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and Nagoya Protocol.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the key provisions and significance of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 in India's efforts towards biodiversity conservation, sustainable use of biological resources, and equitable benefit sharing. (250 words)
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Previous year Question1. How does National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) help in protecting Indian agriculture? (UPSC 2012)
1. NBA checks the biopiracy and protects the indigenous and traditional genetic resources.
2. NBA directly monitors and supervises the scientific research on genetic modification of crop plants.
3. Application for Intellectual Property Rights related to genetic/biological resources cannot be made without the approval of the NBA.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
2. With reference to India, consider the following Central Acts. (UPSC 2011)
1. Import and Export (Control) Act,1947.
2. Mining and Mineral Development (Regulation) Act, 1957.
3. Customs Act, 1962.
4. Indian Forest Act, 1927.
Which of the above Acts have relevance to/bearing on biodiversity conservation in the country?
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2, 3, and4 only
C. 1, 2, 3 and 4
D. None of the above Acts
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
ETHANOL BLENDING
1. Context
E20 petrol, which contains 20% ethanol and is being sold by Indian oil refiners, has been much in the news lately. India has achieved its target to blend 20% ethanol per litre of fuel five years ahead of the target under the National Policy on Biofuels. Ethanol blending in India rose from just 1.5% in 2014 to 20% in 2025, backed by the government’s strong fiscal incentives to the sugarcane industry. While the government says ethanol blending achieves a range of goals such as cutting greenhouse gas emissions, bolstering farmers’ incomes and reducing India’s oil import bill, its benefits to the environment require closer scrutiny.
2. Ethanol
- Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a type of alcohol commonly used as a biofuel and a key ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
- It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly sweet taste.
- Ethanol has a wide range of applications and is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or other microorganisms.
3. Ethanol Blending
- Ethanol blending refers to the practice of mixing ethanol with gasoline or other fuels to create a blended fuel.
- Ethanol is a biofuel derived from renewable sources such as sugarcane, corn, or other plant materials.
- It is commonly used as an additive to gasoline in various parts of the world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote cleaner fuel options.
- In the context of transportation, the most common form of ethanol blending is with gasoline, creating a blend known as ethanol-gasoline blend or gasohol.
- The most common ethanol-gasoline blends are E10 and E15, indicating the percentage of ethanol in the mixture. For example, E10 contains 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, while E15 contains 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline.
4. Benefits of Ethanol blending
- Ethanol is considered a renewable fuel because it is derived from plant materials that absorb carbon dioxide during their growth. When blended with gasoline, ethanol can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, as it emits fewer greenhouse gases compared to pure gasoline.
- By blending ethanol with gasoline, countries can reduce their reliance on imported fossil fuels and promote energy security.
- Ethanol has a higher octane rating than gasoline, which can improve engine performance and increase fuel efficiency.
- Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, providing economic benefits to farmers and rural communities.
- Ethanol-gasoline blends can help reduce harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds, contributing to improved air quality.
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Mixing 20 percent ethanol in petrol can potentially reduce the auto fuel import bill by a yearly $4 billion, or Rs 30,000 crore.
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Another major benefit of ethanol blending is the extra income it gives to farmers. Ethanol is derived from sugarcane and also foodgrains. Hence, farmers can earn extra income by selling their surplus produce to ethanol blend manufacturers.
5. What is E20 Fuel?
- E20 fuel is a type of blended fuel that contains 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline.
- It is an ethanol-gasoline blend, similar to other common blends like E10 (10% ethanol) and E15 (15% ethanol).
- The percentage of ethanol in the blend is denoted by the "E" followed by the percentage of ethanol content.
- E20 fuel is considered a higher ethanol blend compared to E10 and E15, which are more widely available in various countries.
- The use of E20 is part of efforts to promote renewable fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.
6. Significance of E20 fuel
- Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Ethanol is derived from renewable plant sources, and blending it with gasoline can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, contributing to efforts to combat climate change.
- Energy Security: By using more domestically produced ethanol, countries can reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels and enhance energy security.
- Improved Engine Performance: Ethanol's higher octane rating can enhance engine performance and increase fuel efficiency in certain vehicles.
- Support for Agriculture: Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, supporting farmers and rural economies.
7. Challenges in Ethanol Blending Programme
While ethanol blending in transportation fuels offers various benefits, there are several challenges that countries may face in implementing and sustaining a successful ethanol blending program. Some of these challenges include:
- Infrastructure and Distribution: Establishing the necessary infrastructure for blending and distributing ethanol-gasoline blends can be a significant challenge. This includes ensuring that fuel stations have the proper storage facilities and compatible pumps to dispense blended fuels.
- Compatibility with Vehicles: Not all vehicles are designed to run on high ethanol blends like E20 or E85. Older vehicles or vehicles from certain manufacturers may not be compatible with these blends, leading to potential engine damage or decreased performance.
- Fuel Quality and Standards: Maintaining consistent fuel quality is essential to prevent engine damage and ensure consumer confidence. Governments and fuel suppliers must adhere to strict quality standards and monitor the blending process to avoid issues with fuel performance.
- Feedstock Availability and Cost: The production of ethanol relies on agricultural feedstocks, such as corn, sugarcane, or other biomass. The availability and cost of these feedstocks can vary, affecting the overall cost of ethanol production and blending.
- Land Use and Food Security Concerns: Utilizing agricultural land for ethanol production can raise concerns about competing with food production and potentially impacting food security in some regions.
- Competing Uses for Ethanol: Ethanol has various applications beyond fuel blending, such as in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. Competing uses can influence the availability and cost of ethanol for blending.
8. National Biofuel Policy
- India has a National Policy on Biofuels, which was first introduced in 2009 and later revised in 2018. The policy aims to promote the use of biofuels to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, enhance energy security, promote sustainable development, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
- The policy encourages the blending of biofuels with conventional fossil fuels to create biofuel blends. It focuses on the production and utilization of first-generation biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as advanced biofuels made from non-food feedstock.
- The policy sets targets for blending biofuels with conventional fuels in the transportation sector. For instance, the policy aimed for a 20% ethanol blending in petrol and a 5% biodiesel blending in diesel by 2030.
- The policy emphasizes the development and promotion of second-generation biofuels, which are produced from non-food feedstock, such as agricultural residues, waste, and non-edible oils. This helps avoid competition with food crops and ensures sustainability.
- The policy supports research and development initiatives in the biofuels sector, aimed at improving production processes, enhancing feedstock availability, and developing cost-effective technologies for biofuel production.
- The policy focuses on creating a robust supply chain for biofuels, from feedstock cultivation and collection to biofuel production, distribution, and marketing. This helps in ensuring a smooth and efficient supply of biofuels across the country.
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For Prelims: Ethanol Blending, E20 fuel, Greenhouse Gas Emission, National Policy on Biofuels, Food Security, and Gasoline.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the benefits and challenges of ethanol blending in transportation fuels as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote renewable energy sources. (250 Words).
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Previous year Question1. According to India's National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cassava
2. Damaged wheat grains
3. Groundnut seeds
4. Horse gram
5. Rotten potatoes
6. Sugar beet
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 5, and 6 only
B. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only
C. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Answer: A
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Source: The Indian Express
GOVERNOR'S POWER
1. Context
The Supreme Court cannot treat Governors as “aliens” or “foreigners” on whom timelines can be imposed and whose discretion does not count, the Union government has said in a submission. It said that a Governor was not a mere “post office”, but a check on “hasty legislation” by the States.
2. About Governor
- Part VI of the Constitution deals with the states and lists out the role and responsibility of the Governor of states.
- Article 153 provides for a Governor of every state and is the constitutional head of the state.
- The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution (Article 154).
- Governor performs the same duties as of President, but as the executive head of a State; the work remains the same as of the office of the President of India.
- A Governor is a nominated head and not an elected representative.
- Dual Role of the Governor as head and representative
- Constitutional head of state; and
- Link between Union and State governments. - His dual role makes him a key functionary in the Indian Constitutional system.
3. Powers of Governor
- Under Article 161 the Governor has the following powers –the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment; the power to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends.
- The Governor makes all executive decisions on behalf of the state government (Article 166(1)).
- The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other cabinet members. They serve at the pleasure of the Governor (Article 164).
- He may create rules for the efficient execution of a state government's work and its distribution among the ministers. (Article 166(3))
- He appoints the state's advocate general and determines his tenure and conditions of service.
- He has the authority to recommend to the President the declaration of a state of constitutional emergency.
- He may request from the Chief Minister any information about the administration of the state's affairs, as well as legislative suggestions (Article 167).
- The governor appoints the state election commissioner and establishes his term of office and working conditions (Article 243K).
4. Friction points between the States and Governor
- In recent years. these have been largely about the selection of the party to form a government, the deadline for proving the majority, sitting on Bills, and passing negative remarks on the state administration.
- Kerala’s government was dismissed based on a report by the Governor. Several state governments have been dismissed since then, including 63 through President’s Rule orders issued by Governors between 1971 and 1990.
- Kerala Governor in 2020 turned down a request to summon a special sitting of the Assembly to debate the three central farm laws.
- In 2018 J&K Governor dissolved the Assembly amid indications that various parties were coming together to form the government. This paved the way for the Centre to later bifurcate the state into two Union territories, by considering the Governor as the government.
- In 2019 Maharashtra Governor quietly invited the BJP leader and administered his oath as CM. This government lasted just 80 hours. Six months later, the governor refused to nominate CM to the Legislative Council.
- Following the Karnataka polls in 2018, Governor Vajubhai Vala invited the BJP to form the government and gave B S Yeddyurappa 15 days to prove the majority. Challenged by Congress and JDS in the Supreme Court, it was reduced to three days.
5. Reasons for the friction between the Governor and the state governments
- There is no provision for impeaching the Governor, who is appointed by the President on the Centre's advice. While the Governor has a 5-year tenure, he can remain in office only until the pleasure of the President.
- There are no guidelines for the exercise of the Governor's powers, including for appointing a CM or dissolving the Assembly. There is no limit set for how long a Governor can withhold assent to a Bill.
- According to the Constitutional expert, although the Constituent Assembly envisaged the governor to be apolitical. But the truth is, politicians, become Governors and then resign to fight elections.
- The CM is answerable to the people. But the Governor is answerable to no one except the Centre. This is the fundamental defect in the Constitution.
6. Reforms Suggested
Several Panels, the Administrative Reforms Commission of 1968 and the Sarkaria Commission of 1988 have recommended reforms such as
- selection of the Governor through a panel comprising the PM, the Home Minister, the Lok Sabha Speaker, and the CM.
- Apart from fixing his tenure for five years
- Recommendations have also been made for a provision to impeach the Governor by the Assembly.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Governor, Chief Minister, Article 153, Article 154, Article 164, and Article 243K.
For Mains: 1. In the context of friction between the state governments and the Governor explain the role and powers of the Governor and what reforms have been suggested so far to end the tussle between the state governments and the Governor.
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Previous Year Questions
Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State? (UPSC CSE 2014)
1. Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s rule 2. Appointing the Ministers 3. Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of India 4. Making the rules to conduct the business of the State Government Select the correct answer using the code given below
A. 1 and 2 Only
B. 1 and 3 Only
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. 1, 2, 3, 4
Answer (B)
2.Which one of the following suggested that the Governor should be an eminent person from outside the State and should be a detached figure without intense political links or should not have taken part in politics in the recent past? (UPSC CSE 2019)
A.First Administrative Reforms Commission (1966)
B.Rajamannar Committee (1969)
C.Sarkaria Commission (1983)
D.National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2000)
Answer (C)
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Source: The Indian Express
PLASTIC WASTE
1. Context
Around 180 countries have failed to find consensus on an internationally binding legal agreement that sought to restrict plastic pollution. Talks in Geneva remained deadlocked on the issue late this week. While there is already a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)-backed resolution on the need for such a move, only a binding agreement will actually force countries to take concrete action
2. What is Plastic Waste?
- Plastic waste refers to any discarded or abandoned plastic material that is no longer useful or needed. It encompasses a wide range of items made from plastic, including packaging materials, bottles, containers, wrappers, bags, utensils, and various other disposable products.
- Plastic waste can be generated at various stages of production, distribution, consumption, and disposal.
- Plastic waste poses significant environmental challenges due to its durability, persistence, and widespread use.
- Unlike organic materials, plastic takes a long time to decompose naturally, leading to accumulation in landfills, water bodies, and ecosystems. Improper disposal of plastic waste can result in pollution, habitat destruction, harm to wildlife, and negative impacts on human health.
- Efforts to address plastic waste include recycling, waste reduction strategies, alternative materials development, and policy interventions such as plastic bans or taxes. Recycling plastic waste can help mitigate its environmental impact by diverting it from landfills and reducing the demand for virgin plastic production.
- However, challenges such as low recycling rates, limited infrastructure, and contamination issues need to be addressed to improve the effectiveness of plastic waste management efforts
3. What are the different types of plastic waste?
Plastic waste can be categorized into various types based on their chemical composition, characteristics, and intended use.
Some of the common types of plastic waste include:
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Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE): PET is commonly used in the production of beverage bottles, food packaging, and synthetic fibers. It is lightweight, transparent, and has good barrier properties against moisture and gases.
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High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE): HDPE is a versatile plastic used in the manufacturing of bottles for milk, detergent, shampoo, and other household products, as well as plastic bags, pipes, and containers. It is known for its high strength, resistance to chemicals, and durability.
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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): PVC is used in a wide range of applications, including construction materials (pipes, window frames), packaging, electrical insulation, and medical devices. It is characterized by its rigidity, durability, and resistance to abrasion and weathering.
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Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE): LDPE is commonly used in flexible packaging materials such as plastic bags, shrink wraps, and films. It is also used in the production of squeeze bottles, tubing, and wire insulation. LDPE is known for its flexibility, toughness, and moisture resistance.
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Polypropylene (PP): PP is used in various applications, including packaging (bottle caps, food containers), textiles, automotive parts, and medical devices. It is valued for its high melting point, chemical resistance, and lightweight properties.
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Polystyrene (PS): PS is used in the production of disposable food containers, packaging materials, insulation, and disposable cutlery. It can exist in both rigid (e.g., foam cups, packaging) and expandable (e.g., foam packaging) forms.
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Other Plastics: This category includes plastics that do not fall into the above categories, such as polycarbonate (PC), acrylic (PMMA), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG). These plastics are used in various applications, including automotive parts, electronics, and consumer goods
4. Plastic and Climate
- Since the 1950s, there has been a significant surge in global plastic production. Starting from a mere 2 million tonnes in 1950, it has escalated to over 450 million tonnes by 2019. Projections indicate a doubling of this production by 2050 and a tripling by 2060 if measures are not taken to curb it.
- As per a study released in 2023 by The Lancet, approximately 400 million tonnes of plastic waste is generated annually, with expectations of a 62% increase between 2024 and 2050.
- A considerable portion of this plastic waste finds its way into the environment, particularly into rivers and oceans, where it undergoes fragmentation into smaller particles known as microplastics or nanoplastics. These particles contain over 16,000 chemicals capable of causing harm to ecosystems and organisms, including humans.
- Furthermore, plastic production and disposal contribute to climate change. According to a report from the OECD, plastics were responsible for emitting 1.8 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in 2019, accounting for 3.4% of global emissions.
- While the details of the treaty are yet to be finalized, experts suggest that it may extend beyond merely imposing caps on plastic production in UN member states. The treaty could potentially outline guidelines on how wealthier nations can assist poorer ones in meeting their plastic reduction targets.
- However, negotiations for the treaty have been highly contentious thus far. Since the inaugural round of talks in Uruguay in November 2022, oil-producing nations such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Iran have opposed plastic production caps and have employed various delay tactics, such as procedural disputes, to disrupt constructive dialogues
5. Why is a global plastics treaty needed?
A global plastics treaty is needed for several compelling reasons:
- Plastic pollution has become a global environmental crisis. Plastic waste contaminates land, water bodies, and ecosystems, leading to habitat destruction, wildlife entanglement, and ingestion. A treaty can provide a framework for coordinated international action to address plastic pollution and protect the environment
- Plastic pollution not only harms the environment but also poses risks to human health. Microplastics, tiny plastic particles resulting from the breakdown of larger plastic items, have been found in food, water, and even the air we breathe.
- These particles can contain toxic chemicals and pollutants, which may pose health risks when ingested or inhaled. A treaty can help regulate plastic production and disposal to safeguard public health
- The production and disposal of plastics contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Plastic manufacturing processes release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, while plastic waste in landfills emits methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
- By addressing plastic production, consumption, and disposal, a global treaty can help mitigate climate change and promote sustainable development
- Plastic pollution knows no borders and can travel long distances through ocean currents and atmospheric transport.
- Efforts to address plastic pollution must therefore be coordinated at the international level to effectively combat this global problem. A global plastics treaty can facilitate cooperation among countries to implement measures for waste management, pollution prevention, and plastic reduction
- Plastics are made from non-renewable fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas. As global demand for plastics continues to rise, there is growing concern about the depletion of finite resources and the environmental impact of extractive industries.
- A treaty can promote resource conservation and the transition to more sustainable alternatives through measures such as recycling, reuse, and the promotion of biodegradable materials
6. What is the Paris Agreement?
The Paris Agreement is an international treaty adopted in December 2015 at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris, France. It represents a landmark global effort to address climate change by committing countries to undertake actions to limit global warming and its impacts.
Key features of the Paris Agreement include:
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Mitigation Goals: The agreement sets a long-term goal to limit the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius (°C) above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. Countries are required to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs) outlining their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change.
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Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Each country determines its own contribution to the global effort to combat climate change based on its national circumstances, capabilities, and priorities. NDCs may include targets for reducing emissions, increasing renewable energy use, enhancing carbon sinks, and implementing adaptation measures.
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Transparency and Accountability: The Paris Agreement includes provisions for transparency and accountability to ensure that countries are fulfilling their commitments. Countries are required to regularly report on their emissions and progress in implementing their NDCs, and to participate in a global stocktake every five years to assess collective progress towards the agreement's goals.
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Adaptation and Support for Developing Countries: The agreement recognizes the importance of adaptation to the impacts of climate change, particularly for vulnerable countries and communities. It calls for increased support for adaptation efforts, including financial assistance, technology transfer, and capacity-building, especially for developing countries.
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Finance and Technology Transfer: The Paris Agreement emphasizes the importance of providing financial resources and technology transfer to support developing countries in their climate action efforts. Developed countries are expected to contribute financial resources to help developing countries transition to low-carbon and climate-resilient development pathways.
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance, General issues on the Environment
For Mains: GS-II, GS-III, Environment, environmental pollution and degradation, Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
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Previous Year Questions
1.In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 (b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999 (c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 (d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011 Answer (c) The concept of "extended producer responsibility" (EPR) was introduced as an important feature in the (c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 in India. These rules were established to address the growing concern of electronic waste (e-waste) management and handling in the country |
Source: Indianexpress
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
1. Context
India’s tribal communities represent the soul of the nation’s cultural tapestry, constituting 8.6% of the population. Yet, many within these communities have been silently battling the debilitating genetic disorder known as Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). For decades, this condition has taken a toll on their health and socioeconomic development, exacerbated further by geographic isolation and limited access to healthcare
2. What are Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassaemia?
Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders that affect the shape and function of red blood cells. Red blood cells are normally round and flexible, but in people with sickle cell disease, they become sickle-shaped or C-shaped. These sickle-shaped cells can get stuck in blood vessels, blocking blood flow and causing pain, fatigue, and other serious health problems.
Symptoms of sickle cell disease can include:
- Painful episodes, called crises, that can last for days or even weeks
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Swelling of the hands and feet
- Anemia (a lack of red blood cells)
- Frequent infections
Types of Sickle Cell Disease
There are several different types of sickle cell disease, depending on the specific mutations in the haemoglobin gene. The most common type is sickle cell anaemia (HbSS), which occurs when a person inherits two copies of the gene mutation from each parent. Other types of sickle cell disease include sickle cell-beta thalassemia (HbSB), which occurs when a person inherits one copy of the sickle cell gene mutation and one copy of a beta-thalassemia gene mutation, and sickle cell-C disease (HbSC), which occurs when a person inherits one copy of the sickle cell gene mutation and one copy of a haemoglobin C gene mutation.
Causes of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the haemoglobin gene. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The mutation causes the haemoglobin to be misshapen, which makes the red blood cells sickle-shaped.
2.1. Thalassaemia
Thalassaemia is a group of inherited blood disorders that affect the production of haemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. People with thalassaemia have less haemoglobin than normal, which can lead to anaemia and other health problems.
Types of Thalassaemia
There are two main types of thalassaemia:
- Alpha thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces the alpha globin chain of haemoglobin.
- Beta thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces the beta globin chain of haemoglobin.
Symptoms of Thalassaemia
The severity of thalassaemia symptoms depends on the type of thalassaemia and the severity of the mutation. Symptoms of thalassaemia can include:
- Fatigue
- Pale skin
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness
- Slow growth
- Enlarged spleen
Causes of Thalassaemia
Thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is made up of two globin chains, alpha and beta. Alpha thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces the alpha-globin chain, while beta thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces the beta-globin chain.
3. How Does the Therapy Work?
- Both sickle cell disease and thalassaemia are caused by errors in the gene for haemoglobin, a protein in the red blood cells that carry oxygen to organs and tissues.
- The therapy uses the patient’s own blood stem cells, which are precisely edited using Crispr-Cas9.
- A gene called BCL11A, which is crucial for switching from foetal to adult haemoglobin, is targeted by the therapy.
- Foetal haemoglobin, which is naturally present in everyone at birth, does not carry the same abnormalities as adult haemoglobin.
- The therapy uses the body’s own mechanisms to start producing more of this foetal haemoglobin, alleviating the symptoms of the two conditions.
3.1. Trial Results
- Sickle cell disease: 45 people received Casgevy. Only 29 of these patients had been in the trial long enough for the interim analysis on which the approval is based.
- All but one of these 29 trial participants had no severe pain crises for at least 12 months after treatment.
- Thalassaemia: The therapy has been administered to 54 persons with thalassaemia for the trial. Of them, 42 were in the trial long enough for the interim analysis. 3
- 9 of the 42 patients did not need a transfusion for at least 12 months after the treatment. The need for transfusion dropped by 70% in the other three.
4. Treatment Preparation and challenges
- Casgevy is a one-time treatment for which the doctor has to first collect blood stem cells from the bone marrow using a process called apheresis used to filter out the blood for different components.
- The cells are then sent to the manufacturing site where it takes about six months for them to be edited and tested.
- Before a transplant with the edited cells, the doctor gives a conditioning medicine for a few days to clear the bone marrow of other cells that will be replaced by the modified cells.
- The patient has to stay in the hospital for at least a month so that the edited cells take up residence in the bone marrow and start making red blood cells with normal haemoglobin.
- Side effects from the treatment are similar to those associated with autologous stem cell transplants, including nausea, fatigue, fever and increased risk of infection.
- While the therapy shows tremendous potential, the cost remains a significant challenge, with estimates suggesting it could be as high as $2 million per patient.
- This poses accessibility issues, especially for individuals in poorer countries.
- However, experts believe that with more research and development, prices may decrease, and local manufacturing facilities can enhance affordability.
| An estimated 30,000-40,000 children in India are born with sickle cell disease every year. India also has the largest number of children with thalassaemia major in the world about 1-1.5 lakh. Dr Chakraborty’s team is also working on gene therapy for sickle cell disease with the government’s big push. The team is currently working on the pre-clinical studies and are likely to enter clinical trial in the next few years. |
5. Conclusion
Casgevy's approval marks a significant milestone in Crispr-based therapy. While challenges exist, including pricing and accessibility, ongoing research and potential reductions in costs indicate a promising future for gene therapies. The working gene therapy for sickle cell disease with upcoming clinical trials in the pipeline.
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For Prelims: Sickle Cell Disease, thalassaemia, CrisprCas9, Noble Prize, red blood cells,
For Mains:
1. Critically analyze the challenges associated with gene therapy, including cost and accessibility, and discuss potential solutions. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
2. Sick cell anemia (Sickle cell anemia) is caused by? (UPSSSC Chakbandi Lekhpal 2019)
A. Deficiency of folic acid
B. Abnormal levels of hemoglobin
C. Deficiency of iron
D. Decreased production of red blood cells (RBCs)
3. What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news? (UPSC 2019)
A. A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing
B. A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients
C. A gene that makes plants pest-resistant
D. A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops
4. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2018)
Terms Sometimes seen in news Context/Topic
1. Bell II experiment Artificial
2. Blockchain Digital/Cryptocurrency
3. CRISPR - Cas9 Particle Physics
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
5. Einstein got the Nobel Prize for (BPSC 64TH CCE 2018)
A. relativity
B. Bose-Einstein condensation
C. mass-energy equivalence
D. photoelectric effect
E. None of the above/More than one of the above
6. Who among the following scientists shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with his son? (UPSC CSE 2008) (a) Max Planck (b) Albert Einstein (c) William Henry Bragg (d) Enrico Fermi
7. Nobel Prize winning scientist James D. Watson is known for his work in which area? (UPSC CSE 2008) (a) Metallurgy (b) Meteorology (c) Environmental protection (d) Genetics
8. Nobel Prize for Economics was instituted in the year _______ (Punjab Patwari 2016) A. 1984 B. 1962 C. 1948 D. 1968 9. Red blood cells (RBCs) have (NDA 2017)
A. no nucleus, no mitochondria, and no endoplasmic reticulum
B. nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum
C. nucleus, mitochondria but no endoplasmic reticulum
D. no mitochondria but endoplasmic reticulum is present
10. Which one of the following statements about blood elements is correct? (UPSC CAPF 2018)
A. Red blood cells number is same as that of white blood cells and platelets.
B. The number of white blood cells is more than red blood cells.
C. The number of red blood cells is the highest.
D. The number of red blood cells is lower than platelets.
Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-B, 5-D, 6-C, 7-D, 8-D, 9-A, 10-C
Mains
1. What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (UPSC 2021)
2. The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura for the invention of Blue LEDs in the 1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of human beings? (UPSC 2021)
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Source: Indianexpress
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI)
1. Context
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) expresses its deep condolences on the loss of lives in the unfortunate incident that occurred at Patte Shah Dargah, a site beyond ASI’s purview, located near the World Heritage Site of Humayun’s Tomb complex in the Nizamuddin area.
2. What is a national monument?
A national monument is a protected area or site that has been designated by a government or other authority as having national significance. These monuments can be natural, cultural, or historical landmarks and are usually protected from development or other activities that could damage or destroy them. National monuments are often open to the public and may have visitor centers, trails, and other facilities to help people learn about and appreciate them. They are typically managed by government agencies or non-profit organizations that work to preserve and protect them for future generations.
3. About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
- The ASI was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, when he realised the need for a permanent body to oversee archaeological excavations and conservation.
- But while the body remained largely dysfunctional in the 19th century owing to fund crunch, in the decades preceding Independence, it became very active.
- A bulk of the protected monuments were taken under the ASI’s wings during the 1920s and30s, up till the 50s.
- But in the decades after independence, the focus of successive governments was on health, education and infrastructure, rather than protecting heritage.
- Even within the scope of heritage, the aim was to uncover more monuments and sites, instead of conservation.
Powers
- The ASI operates under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, which empowers it to protect and manage monuments and archaeological sites of national importance.
- The ASI formulates and enforces regulations related to archaeological activities, including excavations, conservation, and publication of findings.
- The ASI issues licenses for excavations, export of antiquities, and trade in archaeological objects.
Functions
- The ASI undertakes conservation and restoration of protected monuments and sites. This includes structural repairs, chemical preservation, and environmental management.
- The ASI conducts archaeological excavations to uncover historical remains, understand past civilizations, and enrich our knowledge of history.
- The ASI conducts research on various aspects of archaeology and publishes findings in reports, journals, and books.
- The ASI studies ancient inscriptions and coins to understand language, history, and economic systems.
- The ASI manages site museums at various monuments and archaeological sites to showcase artifacts and educate the public.
- The ASI conducts educational programs and outreach activities to raise public awareness about India's cultural heritage.
Role
- The ASI plays a vital role in preserving India's rich cultural heritage for future generations. It safeguards monuments and sites that represent diverse periods and cultures, fostering national identity and pride.
- By protecting and promoting historical sites, the ASI contributes significantly to India's tourism industry. Well-maintained monuments attract visitors, generating revenue and local economic benefits.
- The ASI's research activities contribute to our understanding of India's history, culture, and society. This knowledge enriches academic fields and informs public discourse.
Mandate
- To protect and preserve monuments and archaeological sites of national importance.
- To conduct research and excavations to understand India's past.
- To educate the public about India's cultural heritage.
- To promote tourism by developing and maintaining historical sites.
Significance
- The ASI is responsible for protecting and preserving India's archaeological sites, monuments, and artifacts. This includes conducting conservation and restoration work to ensure that these cultural treasures are maintained for future generations.
- India is home to numerous world-renowned archaeological sites and monuments, such as the Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, and Ajanta and Ellora Caves. The ASI's efforts to preserve and promote these sites contribute to the country's tourism industry, attracting millions of visitors from around the world each year.
- India's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its identity. The ASI's work helps to preserve and promote this heritage, fostering a sense of pride and connection among the country's citizens.
- The ASI conducts research and documentation on India's archaeological heritage, contributing to the understanding of the country's history and culture. It also plays a role in educating the public about India's archaeological sites and artifacts through exhibitions, publications, and educational programs.
- The ASI enforces laws and regulations related to the protection and preservation of India's cultural heritage. This includes the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, which provides legal protection to ancient monuments and archaeological sites in India.
4. The Way Forward
The Archaeological Survey of India plays an indispensable role in safeguarding and interpreting India's rich cultural heritage. Their efforts not only preserve the past but also contribute to academic knowledge, national identity, and economic development. As India navigates the future, the ASI's work remains vital in ensuring that its cultural legacy continues to inspire and educate generations to come.
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For Prelims: Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, ASI, For Mains:
1. Critically evaluate the role of ASI in fostering national identity and pride in India. How does their work contribute to social cohesion and understanding of diverse historical periods and cultures? (250 Words)
2. Evaluate the potential conflicts between preservation of cultural heritage and development projects. Suggest strategies for achieving a sustainable balance between economic progress and protection of historical sites. (250 Words)
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Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme: 1.The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (GS 1, 2020) |
Source: The Indian Express
