DEEP TECH
Deep Tech refers to technologies that are based on profound scientific and engineering advances, often involving cutting-edge innovations and breakthroughs. These technologies typically have a substantial impact on industries and society as a whole, often disrupting existing norms and creating new opportunities. Deep Tech solutions are often characterized by a high level of complexity, requiring significant expertise in scientific and technical domains.
Examples of Deep Tech include artificial intelligence, quantum computing, advanced robotics, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and advanced materials science. These fields involve in-depth scientific research and development, often pushing the boundaries of what is currently possible.
Deep Tech startups and companies focus on creating intellectual property through research and development, making it distinct from more conventional technology companies that may primarily leverage existing technologies. The impact of Deep Tech extends across various sectors, including healthcare, energy, manufacturing, information technology, and more
3. Characteristics of Deep Tech
- Founded on scientific discovery or meaningful engineering innovation: Deep tech companies are built on groundbreaking advancements in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, nanotechnology, biotechnology, and more. These innovations are often complex and require a deep understanding of the underlying science and engineering principles.
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High potential for impact: Deep tech has the potential to solve some of the world's most pressing challenges, such as climate change, disease, and energy scarcity. The solutions developed by deep tech companies can have a significant impact on society and the economy.
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Long development times: Deep tech innovations often take many years to develop and commercialize. This is because the underlying technologies are complex and require extensive research and testing.
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High capital requirements: Deep tech companies often require significant amounts of capital to fund their research and development activities. This can make it difficult for them to attract investors and scale their businesses.
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Technical risk: Deep tech companies face a high degree of technical risk. There is always a chance that their technology will not work as expected or that it will be overtaken by other technologies.
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Intellectual property: Deep tech companies often rely on intellectual property (IP) to protect their technology. This can be a valuable asset, but it can also be expensive to obtain and maintain.
4. Significance of Deep Tech
- Deep technology, also known as deep tech, encompasses advanced and revolutionary technologies that are currently in the developmental stages. These innovations have the potential to bring about transformative changes and offer solutions for future challenges.
- The term is used to describe cutting-edge research in fields such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, material sciences, quantum technologies, semiconductors, artificial intelligence, data sciences, robotics, and 3D printing.
- These technologies are anticipated to play a crucial role in addressing complex global issues such as climate change, hunger, epidemics, energy access, mobility, physical and digital infrastructure, and cyber security.
- The advanced capabilities associated with deep tech are expected to boost productivity, drive economic growth, and create employment opportunities in the years to come.
- Countries with strong foundations in these areas are likely to gain a competitive advantage. India, with its substantial pool of high-quality science and engineering talent and a well-established technology culture, believes it is well-positioned to be a leader in these domains.
- There is an opportunity for India to contribute to the development of these technologies, ensuring early adoption, a stake in intellectual property, indigenous expertise, and self-reliance. Additionally, there are significant potential benefits, including the emergence of spin-off technologies, a skilled workforce, entrepreneurial opportunities, and technology exports
5. What is the State of India’s Deep Tech Startups?
- At the close of 2021, India boasted a thriving community of more than 3,000 start-ups in the realm of deep technology, exploring cutting-edge fields such as Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning (ML), Internet of Things, Big Data, quantum computing, and robotics. As per NASSCOM, these deep-tech start-ups secured a substantial USD 2.7 billion in venture funding throughout 2021, constituting more than 12% of the nation's overall startup ecosystem.
- Over the past decade, India's deep tech landscape has burgeoned by 53%, placing it on par with developed markets like the US, China, Israel, and Europe. Bengaluru leads the pack, hosting 25-30% of India's deep-tech start-ups, with Delhi-NCR following closely at 15-20%, and Mumbai contributing 10-12%.
- Deep-tech start-ups are increasingly making their mark across diverse sectors, ranging from drone delivery and cold chain management to initiatives in climate action and clean energy. This burgeoning presence underscores the dynamic and impactful contributions of these innovative companies to various industries
- A key recommendation in the NDTSP involves creating avenues for securing sustained funding for research initiatives over the long term. The plan recognizes that a majority of deep tech projects demand substantial time and financial resources, with funding requirements that are relatively high.
- Insufficient funding for research has been a prevalent concern within the scientific community. India's investment in research falls considerably below the global average and is notably lower than that of scientifically advanced nations it competes with.
- Despite the Indian government expressing the goal of dedicating at least 2% of the GDP to research and development for over two decades, the actual spending has increased, but the proportion of GDP allocated to research has decreased in recent years. Presently, India allocates approximately 0.65% of its national GDP to research and development activities, contrasting with the global average of around 1.8%
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For Prelims: Deep Tech, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Quantum Computing
For Mains: Deep Tech Startups and Challenges around them in India
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Previous Year Questions
1.Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) Department of Science and Technology Answer: (c) |
KEELADI
1. Context
2. How Keeladi linked to sangam age?
- The Sangam age is a period of history in ancient Tamil Nadu that was believed to be from the third century BCE to the third century CE.
- Excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Department (TNSDA) had pushed the Sangam age further back.
- In 2019, a TNSDA report dated the unearthed artifacts from Keeladi to a period between the sixth century BCE and the first century BCE. One of the six samples collected at a depth of 353 cm, sent for carbon dating in the U.S., dated back to 580 BCE.
- The findings in the TNSDA report placed Keeladi artifacts about 300 years earlier than the previously believed third century BCE.
- Keeladi could also provide crucial evidence for understanding the missing links of the Iron Age (12th century BCE to sixth century BCE) to the Early Historic Period (sixth century BCE to fourth century BCE) and subsequent cultural developments.
3. Links to Indus Valley Civilisation
- The unearthed Keeladi artifacts have led academics to describe the site as part of the Vaigai Valley Civilisation.
- The findings have also invited comparisons with the Indus Valley Civilisation while acknowledging the cultural gap of 1,000 years between the two places.
- Till now, the gap is filled with Iron Age material in south India, which serves as residual links. However, some of the symbols found in pot sherds of Keeladi bear a close resemblance to Indus Valley signs.
- A lot of digging and study has to be done to establish the links between these two civilizations.
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4. About Sangam Age
- The word ‘Sangam’ is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit word Sangha which means a group of persons or an association.
- The Tamil Sangam was an academy of poets who flourished in three different periods and in different places under the patronage of the Pandyan kings.
- The Sangam literature, largely consolidated from the third Sangam, throws information on the conditions of life of people around the beginning of the Christian era.
- It deals with the secular matter relating to public and social activities like government, war charity, trade, worship, agriculture, etc.
- Sangam literature consists of the earliest Tamil works (such as the Tolkappiyam), the ten poems (Pattupattu), the eight anthologies (Ettutogai) and the eighteen minor works (Padinenkilkanakku), and the three epics.
5. About Vaigai River
- It is an east-flowing river.
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The Vaigai river basin is an important one among the 12 basins between the Cauvery and Kanyakumari.
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This basin is bounded by the Cardamom Hills and the Palani Hills on the West and by the Palk Strait and Palk Bay on the East.
6. What has been unearthed so far?
- In the eight rounds of excavations, including the first three by the ASI, over 18,000 artifacts have been unearthed from the site and the unique artifacts will be on display at the museum to the opened soon.
- The unearthing of heaps of pottery suggests the existence of a pottery-making industry, mostly made of locally available raw materials. Over 120 potsherds containing Tamil Brahmi inscriptions have been found.
- Keeladi, along with other Tamil Nadu sites which have over a thousand inscribed potsherds, clearly suggest the long survival of the script.
- Gold ornaments, copper articles, semi-precious stones, shell bangles, ivory bangles, and ivory combs reflect the artistic, culturally rich, and prosperous lifestyle of the Keeladi people.
- Agate and carnelian beads suggest import through commercial networks while terracotta and ivory dice, gamesmen, and evidence of hopscotch have been unearthed revealing their pastime hobbies.
Rakhigarhi Excavation and Discoveries:
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While excavation continues at the ancient Harappan site of Rakhigarhi in Haryana’s Hisar district, situated along the Ghaggar-Hakra river plain, the central government has granted protected status to the mounds under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958.
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Rakhigarhi ranks among the two most prominent Harappan sites in India, alongside Dholavira in Gujarat.
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During a three-month excavation in 2022 at three of Rakhigarhi’s seven mounds, archaeologists uncovered remnants of residential structures, streets, a drainage network, and a possible jewelry-making workshop. The dig also yielded artifacts such as copper and gold ornaments, terracotta figurines, seals, and numerous pottery pieces.
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The initial excavation at the site was led by Amarendra Nath of the Archaeological Survey of India. Previously, Mohenjodaro in Pakistan was considered the largest Harappan city, but new excavations by Professor Vasant Shinde and his team at Rakhigarhi challenged that view.
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The discoveries point to both the early and mature phases of Harappan civilization at the site, which is believed to be around 5,000 years old. Notably, a cylindrical seal bearing five Harappan symbols on one side and an alligator motif on the other was found.
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Ritual practices are evidenced by findings such as a sacrificial pit constructed with mud bricks and fire altars in triangular and circular shapes. A DNA analysis of human remains from the Rakhigarhi cemetery indicates the Harappans had an indigenous origin, contradicting earlier theories linking them to steppe or ancient Iranian populations.
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Rakhigarhi also provided the first recorded instance of a double burial, featuring the remains of a male and a female (aged approximately 38 and 25, respectively).
Ratnagiri Buddhist Site Excavations:
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Excavation at the Buddhist complex in Ratnagiri, dating from the 5th to 13th centuries, has revealed significant artifacts including a large Buddha head, a massive hand, an ancient boundary wall, and inscribed relics, believed to date back to the 8th and 9th centuries AD. These discoveries reaffirm Ratnagiri’s importance as a Buddhist heritage site in Odisha’s Jajpur district.
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Debala Mitra, who later became the ASI’s first woman Director General (1981–83), led the site’s initial excavation between 1958 and 1961. Afterward, no further large-scale excavations occurred, even though visible structures and statues hinted at untapped potential. Focus shifted instead to other Buddhist sites in Odisha.
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Ratnagiri, meaning "Hill of Jewels," is located about 100 km northeast of Bhubaneswar, on elevated terrain between the Birupa and Brahmani rivers. It is the most renowned and extensively explored Buddhist site in the state.
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Together with Udaygiri and Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri forms the celebrated ‘Diamond Triangle’ of Odisha, with all three sites clustered in the Jajpur and Cuttack districts.
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Ratnagiri is considered a key early hub of Vajrayana or Tantrayana Buddhism, a tradition that emphasized achieving spiritual power through practices associated with the Vajra (thunderbolt or diamond). This belief is the basis for the ‘Diamond Triangle’ nomenclature.
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Unique among Indian Buddhist monasteries, Ratnagiri's monastery features a curvilinear roof. Historical records suggest that at its height, the site accommodated around 500 monks who practiced the Tantrayana tradition of Buddhism
| For Prelims: Keeladi, Sangam age of Tamil Nadu, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Department (TNSDA), Vaigai Valley Civilisation, Indus Valley Civilisation, Iron Age, Tolkappiyam, Pattupattu, Ettutogai, Padinenkilkanakku, Cardamom Hills, Palani Hills, and Vaigai River. |
Previous year question1.Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct? (UPSC 2022)
A. Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to material culture.
B. The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.
C. Sangam poems have no reference to the warrior ethic.
D. Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational.
Answer: B
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TARIFFS
2. What is a Tariff?
- Most countries are limited by their natural resources and ability to produce certain goods and services.
- They trade with other countries to get what their population needs and demands. However, trade isn't always conducted in an amenable manner between trading partners.
- Policies, geopolitics, competition, and many other factors can make trading partners unhappy. One of the ways governments deal with trading partners they disagree with is through tariffs.
- A tariff is a tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another country to influence it, raise revenues, or protect competitive advantages.
3. Key Take Aways
- Governments impose tariffs to raise revenue, protect domestic industries, or exert political leverage over another country.
- Tariffs often result in unwanted side effects, such as higher consumer prices.
- Tariffs have a long and contentious history, and the debate over whether they represent good or bad policy still rages.
4. History of Tariffs
4.1 Pre Modern Europe
- In pre-modern Europe, a nation's wealth was believed to consist of fixed, tangible assets, such as gold, silver, land, and other physical resources.
- Trade was seen as a Zero-sum game that resulted in either a clear net loss or a clear net gain of wealth.
- If a country imported more than it exported, a resource, mainly gold, would flow abroad, thereby draining its wealth. Cross-border trade was viewed with suspicion, and countries preferred to acquire colonies with which they could establish exclusive trading relationships rather than trading with each other.
- This system, known as mercantilism, relied heavily on tariffs and even outright bans on trade. The colonizing country, which saw itself as competing with other colonizers, would import raw materials from its colonies, which were generally barred from selling their raw materials elsewhere.
- The colonizing country would convert the materials into manufactured wares, which it would sell back to the colonies. High tariffs and other barriers were implemented to ensure that colonies only purchased manufactured goods from their home countries.
4.2 Late 19th and early 20th Centuries
- Relatively free trade enjoyed a heyday in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the idea took hold that international commerce had made large-scale wars between nations so expensive and counterproductive that they were obsolete.
- World War I proved that idea wrong, and nationalist approaches to trade, including high tariffs, dominated until the end of World War II.
- From that point on, free trade enjoyed a 50-year resurgence, culminating in the creation in 1995 of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which acts as an international forum for settling disputes and laying down ground rules.
- Free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) now known as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and the European Union (EU), also proliferated.
4.3 In the 21st Century
- Skepticism of this model sometimes labeled neoliberalism by critics who tie it to 19th-century liberal arguments in favor of free trade grew, however, and Britain in 2016 voted to leave the European Union.
- That same year Donald Trump won the U.S. presidential election on a platform that included a call for tariffs on Chinese and Mexican imports, which he implemented when he took office.
- Critics of tariff-free multilateral trade deals, who come from both ends of the political spectrum, argue that they erode national sovereignty and encourage a race to the bottom regarding wages, worker protections, and product quality and standards.
- Meanwhile, the defenders of such deals counter that tariffs lead to trade wars, hurt consumers, and hamper innovation.
5. Understanding Tariffs
- Tariffs are used to restrict imports. Simply put, they increase the price of goods and services purchased from another country, making them less attractive to domestic consumers.
- A key point to understand is that a tariff affects the exporting country because consumers in the country that imposed the tariff might shy away from imports due to the price increase. However, if the consumer still chooses the imported product, then the tariff has essentially raised the cost to the consumer in another country.
There are two types of tariffs:
- A specific tariff is levied as a fixed fee based on the type of item, such as a $500 tariff on a car.
- An ad-valorem tariff is levied based on the item's value, such as 5% of an import's value.
6. Why Government Imposes Tariffs?
Tariffs can be used to raise revenues for governments. This kind of tariff is called a revenue tariff and is not designed to restrict imports. For instance, in 2018 and 2019, President Donald Trump and his administration imposed tariffs on many items to rebalance the trade deficit. In the fiscal year 2019, customs duties received were $18 billion. In FY 2020, duties received were $21 billion.
6.2 Protect Domestic Industries
Governments can use tariffs to benefit particular industries, often doing so to protect companies and jobs. For example, in May 2022, President Joe Biden proposed a 25% ad valorem tariff on steel articles from all countries except Canada, Mexico, and the United Kingdom (the U.K. has a quota of an aggregate of 500,000 metric tons it can trade with the U.S.). This proclamation reopens the trade of specific items with the U.K. while taking measures to protect domestic U.S. steel manufacturing and production jobs.
6.3 Protect Domestic Consumers
By making foreign-produced goods more expensive, tariffs can make domestically-produced alternatives seem more attractive. Some products made in countries with fewer regulations can harm consumers, such as a product coated in lead-based paint. Tariffs can make these products so expensive that consumers won't buy them.
6.4 Protect National Interests
Tariffs can also be used as an extension of foreign policy as their imposition on a trading partner's main exports may be used to exert economic leverage. For example, when Russia invaded Ukraine, much of the world protested by boycotting Russian goods or imposing sanctions. In April 2022, President Joe Biden suspended normal trade with Russia. In June, he raised the tariff on Russian imports not prohibited by the April suspension to 35%.
7. Advantages of Tariffs
- Produce revenues: As discussed, tariffs provide a government a chance to bring in more money. This can relieve some of the tax burdens felt by a county's citizens and help the government to reduce deficits.
- Open negotiations: Tariffs can be used by countries to open negotiations for trade or other issues. Each side can use tariffs to help them create economic policies and talk with trade partners.
- Support a nation's goals: One of the most popular uses for tariffs is to use them to ensure domestic products receive preference within a country to support businesses and the economy.
- Make a market predictable: Tariffs can help stabilize a market and make prices predictable.
8. Disadvantages of Tariffs
- Create issues between governments: Many nations use tariffs to punish or discourage actions they disapprove of. Unfortunately, doing this can create tensions between two countries and lead to more problems.
- Initiate trade wars: A typical response for a country with tariffs imposed on it is to respond similarly, creating a trade war in which neither country benefits from the other.
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For Prelims: Tariffs, Zero-sum game, Cross-border trade, World Trade Organisation (WTO), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), and the European Union (EU). For Mains: 1. What is a Tariff and explain why government imposes tariffs. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with Tariffs. (250 Words). |
DEFENCE ACQUISITION COUNCIL
1. Context
2. About the Defence Acquisition Council
The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) is the apex body for all defence acquisitions in India. It was formed after recommendations made by the Group of Ministers on 'Reforming the National Security System' in 2001, post-Kargil war. The DAC is headed by the Defence Minister and comprises the following members:
- Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS)
- Secretary, Department of Defence Production
- Secretary, Finance
- Secretary, Defence Research and Development
- Controller General of Defence Accounts
- Other senior officers from the Ministry of Defence and the Services
The Role of the Defence Acquisition Council
The DAC's primary role is to:
- Accord approval for AoN (Acceptance of Necessity) for Capital Acquisition Proposals.
- Categorise the acquisition proposals into 'Buy, Buy & Make, & Make'.
- In-principle approval of 15-Year Long-Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTPP) for Defence Forces.
- Delegate powers to Services/C&AS for the acquisition of items up to a certain value.
- Consider and approve other issues as may be referred to it by the Defence Minister.
Functions of the Defence Acquisition Council
The DAC's primary functions are to:
- Approve capital acquisitions for the Indian Armed Forces.
- Formulate and implement policies and procedures for defence acquisitions.
- Monitor the progress of defence acquisitions.
- Oversee the implementation of the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP).
Reasons for the creation of the Defence Acquisitions Council
The DAC was created to address the following shortcomings of the previous defence acquisition system:
- Lack of a clear and transparent decision-making process.
- Delays in the procurement of defence equipment.
- Escalation of costs.
- Lack of coordination between different agencies involved in the procurement process.
3. About Defence acquisition
Defence acquisition is the process of acquiring goods and services for the Indian Armed Forces. It is a complex and time-consuming process that involves the identification of requirements, the preparation of specifications, the selection of vendors, the negotiation of contracts, and the delivery of equipment. The Indian defence acquisition process is governed by the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP), which is a set of guidelines that outlines the process for acquiring defence equipment.
The key stages of the defence acquisition process:
- The first step is to identify the requirements of the Armed Forces. This is done through a detailed assessment of the operational needs of the Armed Forces and the availability of resources.
- Once the requirements have been identified, the next step is to prepare the specifications for the equipment to be acquired. The specifications must be clear, detailed, and unambiguous so that the vendors can understand what is required.
- The next step is to select the vendors who will be invited to participate in the bidding process. The vendors are selected based on their technical ability, financial strength, and experience.
- Once the vendors have been selected, the next step is to negotiate the contracts. The contracts must be fair and reasonable, and they must protect the interests of the government.
- The final step is to deliver the equipment to the Armed Forces. Once the equipment has been delivered, it must be tested and accepted by the Armed Forces.
4. The Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP)
The Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) is the guideline for defence acquisitions in India. The DPP was first introduced in 2006 and has been revised several times since then. The DPP outlines the process for defence acquisitions, from the identification of a requirement to the final acceptance of a product.
The DPP is designed to ensure that defence acquisitions are conducted in a transparent, efficient, and cost-effective manner. The DPP also seeks to promote indigenous defence production and to maximize the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector.
Key features of the DPP
- The DPP emphasizes the need for transparency in all stages of the defence acquisition process. This includes publishing all relevant documents online and making them available to the public.
- The DPP aims to streamline the defence acquisition process and reduce delays. This includes simplifying the tendering process and reducing the number of approvals required.
- The DPP seeks to ensure that defence acquisitions are conducted cost-effectively. This includes negotiating the best possible price for goods and services and promoting indigenous defence production.
- The DPP promotes indigenous defence production by giving preference to Indian companies in the tendering process. The DPP also provides incentives for Indian companies to invest in research and development.
- The DPP seeks to maximize the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector. This includes encouraging Indian companies to form joint ventures with foreign companies.
5. The Way Forward
The DAC and the DPP play a vital role in ensuring that the Indian Armed Forces are equipped with the latest and best possible weapons and equipment. The DAC and the DPP are also important for promoting indigenous defence production and for maximizing the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector.
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For Prelims: Defence Acquisition Council, Defence Procurement Procedure, Light Combat Aircraft, Tejas Mk 1 A and 156, Light Combat Helicopters, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Kargil war
For Mains:
1. Critically analyze the role of the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) in streamlining and expediting defence acquisitions in India. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) designed and developed by HAL is also known as (MP Police Constable 2017)
A. Suryakiran B. Aryabhatta C. Tejas D. Prakash
2. Which of the following statements is true about the recent procurement of Tejas fighter’s aircraft by IAF? (IB ACIO Grade II 2021)
(1) The IAF has recently purchased 83 Tejas fighters aircraft from HAL
(2) The total deal is Rs. 78,000-crore
A. 1 only B. Neither 1 nor 2 C. Both 1 and 2 D. 2 only
3. What is the name of India's indigenously built Light Combat Helicopter? (OSSC BSSO 2022)
A. Nag B. Trishul C. Prachand D. Agni
4. The headquarters of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is located at _______________. (MP Police Constable 2017)
A. Chennai B. Bengaluru C. Dewas D. Koraput
5. What was Kargil war otherwise known as? (MP Patwari 2017)
A. Operation Vijay B. Operation Vishwas C. Operation Shaurya D. Operation Paramveer
Answers:1-C, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B 5-A
Mains
1. Analyze the circumstances that led to the Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the Agreement. (UPSC 2013)
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GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND PROJECT
- The Great Nicobar Island Project is a significant infrastructure development initiative undertaken by the Indian government on Great Nicobar Island, part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. The project aims to transform the island into a strategic and economic hub.
- A deep-draft international container transshipment terminal is planned to be developed at Galathea Bay. This port is expected to serve as a key shipping hub in the region, facilitating trade and reducing dependency on transshipment ports in other countries
- An international airport is proposed to improve connectivity to the island, both for tourism and strategic purposes. This airport will be capable of handling wide-bodied aircraft and will enhance the island's accessibility
- To support the infrastructure and population growth, a gas- and solar-based power plant will be developed. This plant aims to provide a reliable and sustainable energy source for the island's needs
- A modern township with residential, commercial, and recreational facilities is planned to accommodate the increased population and workforce that the project will attract. This township is expected to have state-of-the-art amenities and infrastructure
- Great Nicobar Island is situated near the Malacca Strait, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes. Developing this island will enhance India's strategic presence in the Indian Ocean Region, particularly in terms of maritime security and trade control
- The project aims to boost the local economy by creating job opportunities and attracting investments. Improved infrastructure and connectivity are expected to stimulate tourism and other economic activities on the island
- Enhancing connectivity through the transhipment port and international airport will integrate Great Nicobar Island more closely with the global and regional trade networks, potentially making it a key logistical and commercial hub
- The project has raised concerns about its potential impact on the island's rich biodiversity and ecosystems. Great Nicobar Island is home to unique flora and fauna, including endangered species. Ensuring sustainable development practices and environmental protection measures will be crucial
- There are concerns about the impact on local communities, particularly indigenous tribes such as the Nicobarese and Shompen. Ensuring that their rights and livelihoods are protected is a key consideration for the project
- The project's emphasis on using renewable energy sources like solar power and promoting eco-friendly practices is an effort to mitigate environmental concerns. However, balancing development with conservation will be an ongoing challenge
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Great Nicobar
Great Nicobar is the largest of the Nicobar Islands, part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. It is located in the Indian Ocean, near the western entrance of the Malacca Strait, which is a key maritime route for international trade.
Here are some key aspects of Great Nicobar:
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- The Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean region are critically important for India's strategic and security interests, especially as the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy aims to increase its presence in these waters.
- India is concerned about the buildup of Chinese naval forces at key Indo-Pacific chokepoints, particularly Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok. China's efforts to extend its influence in the area include constructing a military facility on the Coco Islands in Myanmar, located just 55 km north of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
- Earlier this year, The Indian Express reported significant upgrades to the military infrastructure on the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
- This includes modernizing airfields and jetties, creating new logistics and storage facilities, establishing a base for military personnel, and enhancing surveillance capabilities.
- The goal of these upgrades is to support the deployment of more military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile batteries, and troops.
- Maintaining close surveillance over the area surrounding the archipelago and establishing a strong military presence on Great Nicobar is crucial for India's national security
- The proposed infrastructure upgrade has faced opposition due to its potential ecological threat to the islands. Wildlife conservation researchers, anthropologists, scholars, civil society members, and the Congress party have raised concerns about the devastating impact on the Shompen, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) of hunter-gatherers, who have an estimated population of a few hundred individuals residing in a tribal reserve on the island.
- Critics claim the project infringes on the rights of the tribal population and will harm the island’s ecology, including the felling of nearly a million trees. There are fears that the port project will damage coral reefs, affecting the local marine ecosystem, and pose a threat to terrestrial species like the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback turtles, which nest in the Galathea Bay area.
- A statement by senior Congress leader and former Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh highlighted that the proposed port is in a seismically active zone, which experienced permanent subsidence of about 15 feet during the 2004 tsunami.
- The statement also accused the local administration of insufficiently consulting the Tribal Council of Great and Little Nicobar Islands as required by law.
- In November 2022, the tribal council withdrew a no-objection certificate it had issued for the diversion of about 160 sq km of forest land, citing inadequate information provided to them.
- In April 2023, the Kolkata Bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) chose not to interfere with the environmental and forest clearances granted to the project. However, the Tribunal ordered the formation of a high-power committee to review the clearances. There is still no clarity on whether the committee, mainly composed of government representatives, has submitted its report
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For Prelims: National Green Tribunal (NGT), Great Nicobar Island, Coastal Regulation Zones, Turtles, Dolphins, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), Mangroves, Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve
For Mains: Significance and Issues Related to Great Nicobar Island Project
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014) (a) Andaman and Nicobar Answer (a) 2. Which of the following have coral reefs? (2014)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only Answer (a) 3. In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found? (2009) (a) Nilgiri Hills Answer (b) |
PHONE TAPPING
- Phone tapping can only be carried out with proper legal authorization. This typically involves obtaining a warrant from designated authorities, such as the Home Secretary or the Union Home Ministry, under specific conditions outlined in the law. These conditions usually involve national security concerns, threats to public order, or in the interest of preventing a crime
- Once authorized, government agencies such as law enforcement or intelligence agencies liaise with telecom service providers (TSPs) to facilitate the interception. TSPs are required to cooperate with government agencies in providing access to the targeted communication channels
- TSPs use specialised equipment to tap into phone conversations or data transmissions. This can involve the installation of intercepting devices at various points within the telecommunications infrastructure, allowing for the monitoring of phone calls, text messages, and Internet communications
- Once intercepted, the communications are typically monitored and analyzed by designated personnel within the relevant government agencies. This may involve listening to phone calls, reading text messages, or analyzing internet traffic to gather intelligence or evidence related to the authorized investigation
- There are legal safeguards in place to prevent abuse of phone tapping powers. The intercepted communications must be used strictly for the purposes authorized by the warrant, and there are provisions for judicial oversight to ensure compliance with legal procedures and protection of individual rights to privacy
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Who Can Tap Phones?
In various states, police possess the authority to conduct phone tapping. At the national level, ten agencies are empowered to carry out such actions: the Intelligence Bureau, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Enforcement Directorate, Narcotics Control Bureau, Central Board of Direct Taxes, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, National Investigation Agency, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Directorate of Signal Intelligence, and the Delhi Police Commissioner. Any phone tapping conducted by unauthorized agencies is deemed unlawful. The regulations governing phone tapping in India are outlined in the Indian Telegraph Act of 1885
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- Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act of 1885 stipulates that phone tapping can be authorized by the Centre or states in cases of public emergencies or for public safety reasons, provided it is deemed necessary for maintaining public safety, national sovereignty, integrity, security, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, or preventing incitement to commit offenses.
- However, there is an exemption for the press, stating that press messages intended for publication in India from accredited correspondents to the Central or State Governments shall not be intercepted or detained unless specifically prohibited. The competent authority must document the reasons for phone tapping in writing.
- According to Rule 419A of the Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2007, phone tapping orders can only be issued by designated government officials. Orders from the Government of India are issued by the Secretary to the Ministry of Home Affairs, while those from State Governments are issued by the Secretary in charge of the Home Department. These orders must be conveyed in writing to the service provider before phone tapping can commence.
- In exceptional circumstances, such as remote areas or operational urgencies, an authorized officer, not below the rank of a Joint Secretary to the Government of India or the State Home Secretary, may issue an order. However, in such cases, the interception must be promptly reported to the competent authority, which must approve or disapprove it within seven working days. If confirmation is not received within this period, the interception must cease.
- The duration of interception orders does not exceed 60 days unless renewed, up to a maximum of 180 days. Orders must contain reasons, and copies are forwarded to a review committee within seven days. This committee, chaired by the Cabinet Secretary at the Centre or the Chief Secretary in states, reviews interception requests regularly.
- Records related to interception orders are destroyed every six months unless required for functional purposes, and service providers are required to destroy interception-related records within two months of discontinuation. Multiple provisions aim to maintain transparency and accountability throughout the process.
- Service providers are responsible for ensuring no unauthorized interception occurs, with strict penalties, including fines or license revocation, for non-compliance. They must implement internal checks to maintain extreme secrecy and prevent unauthorized interception by their employees
The Indian Telegraph Act of 1885 holds significant historical importance in the context of India's telecommunications landscape.
Here's a brief overview of its historical background:
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Colonial Era: The Act was enacted during British colonial rule in India. It was a time when telegraphy was rapidly advancing globally and played a crucial role in communication and administration. The British colonial government in India recognized the importance of regulating telegraph services to maintain control and facilitate efficient communication across the vast territories of the Indian subcontinent.
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Consolidation of Telegraph Services: Prior to the enactment of the Indian Telegraph Act, telegraph services in India were managed by various private companies and government departments. The Act aimed to consolidate and regulate these services under a unified legal framework, providing the colonial government with the authority to oversee and manage telegraph communication effectively.
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Expansion of Telegraph Network: The late 19th century witnessed significant expansion in India's telegraph network, connecting major cities, towns, and administrative centers across the country. The Indian Telegraph Act provided the legal framework necessary for the establishment, operation, and maintenance of telegraph lines, stations, and equipment throughout British India.
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Regulation of Communication: The Act empowered the colonial government to regulate telegraph communication in India. It outlined provisions for issuing licenses, collecting fees, and enforcing regulations related to telegraphy. This regulatory framework played a crucial role in ensuring the smooth functioning of telegraph services and maintaining security and order in the colonial administration.
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Adaptation and Amendments: Over the years, the Indian Telegraph Act has undergone several amendments to keep pace with technological advancements and evolving communication needs. Subsequent amendments have expanded the scope of the Act to encompass new technologies such as telephone, internet, and digital communication, while also addressing emerging challenges related to privacy, security, and surveillance
The question of whether reforms are needed or if the Indian Telegraph Act of 1885 should be revoked entirely is a complex one, and it depends on various factors, including evolving technological advancements, legal considerations, and societal needs.
Here are some perspectives to consider:
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Reforms within the Act: The Indian Telegraph Act, despite its age, has been subject to numerous amendments over the years to accommodate changes in technology and communication practices. Reforms within the Act could focus on updating its provisions to reflect contemporary challenges such as digital communication, cybersecurity, and privacy concerns. This might involve clarifying and strengthening provisions related to data protection, surveillance, and lawful interception while safeguarding individual rights and freedoms.
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Modernization of Telecommunication Laws: Rather than revoking the Indian Telegraph Act outright, there could be a push for broader reforms aimed at modernizing telecommunication laws in India. This could involve drafting comprehensive legislation that addresses not only telegraphy but also other forms of communication such as telephone, internet, and digital platforms. Such legislation could provide a more coherent and adaptive framework for regulating modern communication technologies while upholding fundamental rights and principles.
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Enhanced Oversight and Accountability: Regardless of whether the Indian Telegraph Act is retained or replaced, there is a need for enhanced oversight and accountability mechanisms to ensure that any surveillance or interception activities conducted by authorities comply with legal standards and respect individual privacy rights. This could involve establishing independent oversight bodies or strengthening existing mechanisms for judicial review and transparency in surveillance practices.
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Public Consultation and Stakeholder Engagement: Any reforms to telecommunication laws, including the Indian Telegraph Act, should involve meaningful public consultation and engagement with relevant stakeholders, including civil society organizations, legal experts, technologists, and industry representatives. This would help ensure that any proposed changes reflect diverse perspectives and address the needs and concerns of all stakeholders.
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International Best Practices: In considering reforms to telecommunication laws, policymakers could also look to international best practices and standards for guidance. Studying the approaches adopted by other countries in regulating communication technologies and balancing security needs with individual rights could provide valuable insights for reform efforts in India
The legality of phone tapping in India must be considered within the framework of constitutional provisions, particularly Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the fundamental right to privacy and personal liberty. Here's an overview of how Article 21 relates to the legality of phone tapping:
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Article 21 - Right to Privacy and Personal Liberty: Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states that "no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." This provision is interpreted to encompass the right to privacy, which includes the right to confidentiality of communications.
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Scope of Article 21 in the Context of Phone Tapping: Phone tapping involves the interception of private communications, which directly implicates the right to privacy protected under Article 21. Individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their communications, and any intrusion into this privacy must be justified by law and meet certain procedural safeguards.
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Legal Framework for Phone Tapping: The Indian Telegraph Act of 1885, along with subsequent amendments and rules, provides the legal framework for phone tapping in India. Section 5(2) of the Act allows for phone tapping in specific circumstances, such as public emergencies or in the interest of public safety, subject to procedural safeguards and oversight.
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Constitutional Validity of Phone Tapping: The Supreme Court of India has upheld the constitutionality of phone tapping in certain circumstances, provided it is carried out in accordance with law and procedural safeguards. In the landmark case of K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 and emphasized the need for strict adherence to legal requirements and safeguards in cases involving intrusion into privacy, including phone tapping.
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Procedural Safeguards and Judicial Oversight: To ensure the legality of phone tapping, it must be authorized by competent authorities under the Indian Telegraph Act, and specific procedural safeguards must be followed. This includes obtaining prior authorization from designated officials, recording reasons for phone tapping, and judicial oversight to prevent abuse of power.
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Balancing Privacy and State Interests: While Article 21 protects the right to privacy, it also allows for reasonable restrictions on this right in the interest of state security, public order, and preventing crime. The legality of phone tapping depends on striking a balance between individual privacy rights and legitimate state interests, with the requirement that any intrusion into privacy be proportionate, necessary, and authorized by law
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For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation
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Previous Year Questions
1.As per the interpretation by the Supreme Court of India, tapping of phone calls infracts the fundamental right provided in Article ________ of the Constitution.(SSC CPO 2019)
A.24
B.21
C.22
D.25
Answer (B)
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ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. Context
2. What are Electric Vehicles?
- An E-vehicle or Electric Vehicle is one that needs an electric motor to generate power and function instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of gases and fuel.
- Electric Vehicles have a battery that can be charged by an electric supply.
- This electric energy is used to run the motor. There is a hybrid electric vehicle as well, which means a combination of an electric motor and a combustion engine.
3. Types of Electric Vehicles
- Plug-in electric – Such Electric Vehicles run purely on electricity, and it is powered when it is plugged in to charge. They don’t produce emissions like petrol or diesel.
- Plug-in hybrid – Their primary source of power is electricity, but these vehicles also have a fuel engine. These cars produce emissions only when they run on fuel engines but not when they run on electricity.
- Hybrid-electric – These Electric Vehicles primarily run on petrol or diesel, but they’re also fitted with an electric battery. One can charge the battery through regenerative braking. It comes with a button that lets you switch from using a fuel engine to using an electric battery (EV mode.)
- Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)– these vehicles use a highly efficient electrochemical process to convert hydrogen into electricity, and it powers the electric motor.
4. Initiatives by the Government
The government has set a target of 30% new sales of electric vehicles and two-wheelers by 2030. The government is working towards it by following the initiative and various government schemes.
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)
- It is a road map/document for India’s fuel security by promoting and faster adoption of electric vehicles in India with the initial allocation of Rs 75 crore. The ambition is to have around 6 million vehicles on the road by 2020.
- This plan is for affordable and environmentally friendly transportation in the country and to achieve automotive leadership in global manufacturing.
- The scheme was announced by the government in 2015 with the objective of market creation and developing a manufacturing ecosystem with sustainable development.
- It is formulated by the Department of Heavy Industry, having 4 key areas- technology creation, demand creation, pilot projects, and infrastructure related to charging.
- Based on the result and experience of phase I of the scheme, phase II was launched with an allocation of Rs 10000 Crore over three years, recently approved by the cabinet.
- This scheme vision a holistic approach to the EV industry, including infrastructure for charging, manufacturing of batteries, market creation, public demand, and push for EVs in public transport.
- It also offers incentives to the manufacturer of electric vehicles and their components.
- It enables the creation of charging infrastructure in selected cities and major highways at an interval of 25 km.
5. Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020
Electric Vehicle Policy 2020 has been announced by the Delhi Government, where it put emphasis on the replacement of two-wheelers, shared vehicles, public transport, and private four-wheelers with Electric Vehicles. Some of the Features of EV Policy 2020 are given below:
- As per Electric Vehicle Policy, the focus is given to e-mobility, which includes e-buses and e-autos.
- The government has decided to give low-interest loans so that people can purchase Electric Vehicles easily.
- The main goal of the E-Vehicle Policy in India is to reduce pollution and curb health issues in Delhi.
- State EV Fund will be introduced for the expenditure of EV Policy.
6. Challenges in promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Adoption
- Subsidy Limitations: In contrast to countries like Norway, where extensive subsidies have spurred BEV adoption, India's subsidy structure primarily benefits the middle or upper middle classes. This inequality raises concerns about the effectiveness and fairness of upfront purchase subsidies, which tend to benefit those who can afford BEVs.
- Charging Network: Investing in comprehensive charging infrastructure is crucial for driving BEV adoption. Countries like Norway and China have seen success by expanding public charging stations while providing purchase subsidies. However, India's charging infrastructure remains insufficient, particularly for two- and three-wheelers, which dominate the vehicle mix. Adapting charging strategies to accommodate different vehicle types and power requirements is essential for promoting widespread adoption.
- Electricity Source: India's reliance on coal-fired thermal plants for electricity generation poses a challenge to the potential environmental benefits of BEVs. While EVs may reduce tailpipe emissions, continued reliance on thermal plants contributes to pollution. Shifting towards renewable energy sources is necessary to mitigate these concerns and achieve cleaner electric mobility.
- Limited Access to the Global Lithium Value Chain: India's heavy reliance on imports for lithium-ion batteries raises concerns about supply chain vulnerabilities. The concentration of global lithium production and key battery components in a handful of countries creates dependency risks. Diversification of the country's battery technology and exploring alternative options to lithium-ion batteries is crucial for long-term sustainability.
- Technology Agnostic Approach: While BEVs have gained traction in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments, the four-wheeler segment lags behind. Governments must adopt a technology-agnostic approach that encourages the adoption of various electrification technologies, including hybrids and fuel-cell vehicles. Such an approach promotes innovation, fosters competition, and allows manufacturers to meet emissions objectives irrespective of technology.
- Exploring Alternative Technologies: Hybrids serve as an intermediate step toward full electrification, offering improved fuel efficiency without relying solely on charging infrastructure. Additionally, exploring flex-fuel vehicles running on multiple fuel types, fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, and synthetic fuels can provide alternative options for reducing emissions and promoting sustainable mobility.
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For Prelims: Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020, National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME), Global Lithium Value Chain.
For Mains: 1. Analyze the challenges and opportunities in promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in developing countries like India. Discuss the key factors that hinder EV penetration and propose strategies to overcome them.(250 Words)
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Previous year Question1. Which of the following Indian States/Union Territories launched Electric Vehicle Policy on 7th August 2020? (UPPSC 2020)A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Uttar Pradesh
C. Delhi
D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: C
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