2. Who are Kukis?

3. Which are the major communities residing in Manipur?

The major communities residing in Manipur are:

Meiteis

• The Meiteis, also known as Manipuris, are the largest and dominant ethnic group in Manipur, constituting around 53% of the state's population.
• They primarily inhabit the Imphal Valley, the central valley region of Manipur.
• Their language, Meitei (officially called Manipuri), is the sole official language of the state and one of the 22 official languages of India.
• The Meiteis have a rich cultural heritage, with unique traditions, dance forms like Manipuri Raas Leela and various festivals, including Yaoshang and Kang Chingba.
• The majority of Meiteis follow Hinduism, with a mix of indigenous beliefs. The cultural identity of Meiteis has played a significant role in shaping the history and politics of Manipur.

Naga Tribes

• Various Naga tribes collectively form the second-largest community in Manipur, representing about 24% of the population.
• Some prominent Naga tribes include Tangkhul, Mao, Maram, Zeme, and Kabui.
• They primarily reside in the northern hilly regions of Manipur.
• Each Naga tribe has its own distinct language and culture, with rich traditions, festivals, and attire.
• Their villages are spread across the hills, and each tribe has its own traditional governance system.

Kuki/Zo Tribes

• The Kuki/Zo tribes are the third largest community in Manipur, constituting about 16% of the population.
• Some prominent Kuki/Zo tribes include Thadou, Gangte, Hmar, Paite, and Simte.
• They primarily reside in the southern hilly regions of Manipur.
• Similar to the Naga tribes, each Kuki/Zo tribe has its own distinct language, culture, and traditions.
• While some Kuki groups follow traditional indigenous religions, a significant number have adopted Christianity, introduced by missionaries during the British colonial period.

• Pangals (Manipuri Muslims): The Pangals are Meiteis who converted to Islam, forming the Muslim community in Manipur. They have a unique cultural identity that combines elements of Meitei culture with Islamic traditions. Pangals are spread across the state, and they have contributed to the socio-cultural fabric of Manipur.
• Mizos: While the majority of Mizos reside in the neighbouring state of Mizoram, there is a Mizo population in the Churachandpur district of Manipur. They are part of the larger Mizo community.
• Monsangs (Monsang Naga): The Monsangs are a Naga tribe residing in the northeastern part of Manipur, particularly in Tamenglong district. They have their distinct language and cultural practices.
• Zeliangrongs (Zeliangrong Naga): The Zeliangrongs are a Naga tribe comprising three major communities: Zeme, Liangmei, and Rongmei. They mainly inhabit the hills of Tamenglong district.
• Kom/Komrem: The Kom people are one of the indigenous communities in Manipur, residing primarily in the northeastern part of the state.
• Mao (Mao Naga): The Mao Naga community is one of the Naga tribes in Manipur, with a significant population in the Senapati district.
• Gangtes: The Gangte community is a Kuki-Chin-Mizo ethnic group residing in the hills of Manipur.
• Hmars: The Hmars are a Kuki-Chin-Mizo ethnic group with a presence in Manipur, especially in the Churachandpur district.

4. Reasons for the Meitei community wants ST status

The Meitei community, the dominant group in Manipur, has been demanding Scheduled Tribe (ST) status for over a decade. Several factors contribute to this demand, and the debate surrounding it is complex and multi-faceted. 

Historical Factors

• The Meiteis argue that they were historically recognized as a tribe by the British during colonial rule. Some historical documents indicate the inclusion of Meiteis in the list of "semi-Hinduized tribes" or "hill tribes." However, others assert that they were classified as a caste or a martial race depending on context.
• They claim that after the merger of Manipur with India in 1949, they lost their tribal status and the associated benefits, such as reservations in education and government jobs. This, they argue, led to their marginalization compared to other ST communities.

Socio-Economic Conditions

• The Meiteis argue that despite being the largest ethnic group, they lag behind other ST communities in terms of socio-economic development. They face issues like poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to quality education and healthcare.
• Some Meiteis, particularly those residing in the hills, feel they are disadvantaged in terms of land ownership compared to other tribes. They believe ST status would enable them to better protect their ancestral land rights.

Cultural Preservation: The Meiteis argue that their culture, language (Manipuri), and traditions are distinct from those of other communities in Manipur. They believe ST status would provide them with constitutional safeguards to preserve their unique identity and heritage.

5. Reasons for the Kuki group opposing

The issue of Meiteis seeking Scheduled Tribe (ST) status in Manipur is intricately woven with opposition from the Kuki community, primarily comprised of various Kuki-Zo tribes. Here are some key reasons behind their resistance:

• Kukis fear that granting ST status to the Meiteis, who already constitute a dominant majority, could dilute the existing benefits and resources allocated to their own community. This includes reservations in education, government jobs, and other opportunities reserved for ST communities.
• Many Kukis believe that Meiteis, with their historical and political prominence, may not meet the true criteria for ST status based on socio-economic backwardness compared to other marginalized tribal groups. They worry that granting them similar benefits could create an unfair advantage and disrupt the existing balance of power and resources among various communities in Manipur.
• Complex historical relationships between the Meiteis and some Kuki tribes continue to influence the present. Past conflicts and land disputes have left scars, and granting ST status to the Meiteis could be perceived as further empowering them at the expense of Kuki communities.
• While Meiteis emphasize their historical tribal recognition and claim marginalization after losing ST status, Kukis often assert that Meiteis were never truly tribals and enjoyed advantages throughout history. This clashing of narratives makes it difficult to find common ground and fuels further scepticism toward the Meiteis' claims.
• The issue has become politicized, with various political parties aligning with different communities based on their constituencies. This politicization further complicates the debate and may prioritize political gains over objective considerations.
• Some Kukis express concern that granting ST status to Meiteis might lead to a homogenization of tribal identity and culture in Manipur. They fear that their own unique tribal identity and customs could be overshadowed by the larger Meitei community.
• For some Kuki groups residing in the hills, granting ST status to Meiteis might create potential conflicts over land ownership and ancestral rights. They worry that Meiteis could gain legal advantages concerning land claims in tribal areas.

6. The Way Forward

The debate surrounding Meiteis' ST status is complex, with valid concerns and historical considerations on both sides. Finding a solution requires understanding these complexities, fostering open dialogue, and prioritizing the well-being of all communities while ensuring social justice and upholding constitutional principles.

Source: The Indian Express

ANTI DUMPING DUTY

An anti-dumping duty (ADD) is a protectionist tariff imposed by a government on imported goods that are sold below their fair market value, a practice known as "dumping." Dumping occurs when a foreign company exports a product at a price lower than what it charges in its domestic market or below its production cost, potentially harming the importing country’s domestic industries. The duty aims to level the playing field by offsetting this price difference, protecting local businesses from unfair competition.

• Legal Basis: Governed internationally by the World Trade Organization (WTO) under the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 (Anti-Dumping Agreement). It allows countries to impose ADD if dumping causes or threatens "material injury" to domestic industries.
• Process:
  1. A domestic industry files a complaint.
  2. An investigation assesses dumping margins (export price vs. normal value), injury, and causality.
  3. If confirmed, the government imposes a duty, typically calculated as the difference between the export price and the "normal value" (domestic price or cost-plus-profit in the exporting country)

 

3. Countervailing duties

 

Countervailing duties (CVDs) are tariffs imposed by a government on imported goods to counteract subsidies provided by the exporting country’s government to its producers or exporters. These subsidies—such as tax breaks, grants, or low-interest loans—can artificially lower the price of exported goods, giving them an unfair advantage in the importing country’s market. CVDs aim to neutralize this advantage, protecting domestic industries from subsidized foreign competition.

• Legal Basis: Governed by the World Trade Organization (WTO) under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), part of GATT 1994. Countries can impose CVDs if subsidies cause or threaten "material injury" to their domestic industries.
• Process:
  1. A domestic industry files a complaint with evidence of subsidies and injury.
  2. An investigation confirms the subsidy’s existence, calculates its value (subsidy margin), and assesses harm.
  3. If proven, a duty is levied, typically equal to the subsidy amount, to raise the import price to a fair level.

 

4. Differences between Anti Dumping and Countervailing duties

 

 

Aspect	Countervailing Duties (CVDs)	Anti-Dumping Duties (ADDs)
Purpose	Counteract foreign government subsidies	Counteract dumping by foreign companies
Target	Government subsidies	Private companies selling below fair value
Legal Basis	WTO SCM Agreement	WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement
Investigation Focus	Subsidies and their impact	Dumping and its impact
Calculation	Based on subsidy amount	Based on price difference
Example	Solar panels subsidized by a foreign government	Steel sold below home market price

 

 

5. World Trade Organisation (WTO)

 

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body that regulates and facilitates global trade among its member nations. Established on January 1, 1995, under the Marrakesh Agreement, it succeeded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which began in 1948. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WTO provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements, resolving disputes, and promoting free and fair trade. As of March 2025, it has 164 member countries, representing over 98% of global trade, with India as a founding member since 1995.

Key Functions of the WTO

• The WTO oversees the implementation and operation of multilateral trade agreements negotiated by its member countries. These agreements cover goods, services, and intellectual property
• The WTO serves as a platform for member countries to negotiate trade liberalization and resolve trade-related issues. Notable negotiations include the Doha Round, which focuses on development and reducing trade barriers
• The WTO provides a structured process for resolving trade disputes between member countries. Its dispute settlement mechanism is binding and aims to ensure that trade rules are followed
• The WTO conducts regular reviews of member countries' trade policies and practices to ensure transparency and adherence to global trade rules
• The WTO provides support to developing and least-developed countries to help them integrate into the global trading system and comply with WTO rules
• The WTO collaborates with organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to ensure coherence in global economic policy-making

 

 

For Prelims: World Trade Organisation (WTO), Anti Dumping duty   For Mains: GS III - Economy

 

 

Source: The Hindu

 

 

CONTEMPT OF COURT

 

 

1. Context

 

Hours after his party distanced itself from his statement that Chief Justice of India (CJI) Sanjiv Khanna was responsible for “grih yuddhas” (civil wars) in the country, BJP MP Nishikant Dubey on Sunday morning attacked former Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) S Y Quraishi over his criticism of the Waqf Act, labelling him a “Muslim Commissioner”.

 

2. What is Contempt of Court?

 

• The concept of Contempt of Court plays a crucial role in upholding the dignity and authority of the judiciary. It ensures that courts are able to perform their functions without obstruction and maintain the respect essential for the administration of justice.
• In India, this principle is codified under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, which recognizes two broad categories of contempt—civil and criminal.
• Civil contempt refers to the willful disobedience of any judgment, decree, or direction issued by a court. It may also involve the breach of an undertaking given to the court. For instance, if an individual deliberately fails to comply with a court’s order—such as ignoring a directive to pay court-mandated maintenance or refusing to act on a demolition order—it constitutes civil contempt. The key element here is the willful and intentional nature of the disobedience.
• On the other hand, criminal contempt goes beyond non-compliance and focuses on actions that obstruct the administration of justice. It includes any publication or act that scandalizes the court, lowers its authority, or prejudices or interferes with judicial proceedings.
• This form of contempt is aimed at protecting the court’s reputation and preventing any influence—direct or indirect—that could compromise the fairness of a legal process.
• The judiciary, while equipped with the power to punish for contempt, exercises this authority with restraint. It is used sparingly and only when the court believes that the act in question threatens the integrity of the judicial system.
• In a democratic society, this balance between protecting the dignity of courts and upholding the right to free speech is essential.
• The law on contempt seeks to strike that balance, ensuring that while criticism of the judiciary is permissible within reasonable limits, acts that impede justice are not tolerated

 

3. The Role of the Supreme Court in Contempt of Court

 

• The Supreme Court of India, as the apex judicial body in the country, plays a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity and authority of the judicial system, particularly when it comes to contempt of court.
• The Court holds the responsibility of ensuring that the dignity of the judiciary is respected and that the legal process remains uninterrupted. To this end, the Supreme Court has been entrusted with the power to punish acts of contempt and to take action when there is an attempt to undermine or obstruct the course of justice.
• The Supreme Court exercises its power to address contempt of court in two primary ways: preventing interference with judicial proceedings and protecting the reputation and authority of the judiciary.
• As a guardian of the Constitution, the Court uses its contempt powers to ensure that no individual or entity, whether governmental, private, or public, acts in a manner that could disrupt the delivery of justice or defame the judiciary.
• One of the key roles of the Supreme Court in contempt cases is to interpret and apply the law in a way that strikes a balance between protecting judicial authority and respecting constitutional rights, especially the freedom of speech.
• While the Court has the authority to punish contemptuous actions, including imposing fines or imprisonment, it is mindful of its role in a democracy. The Court typically steps in only when contemptuous behavior is blatant and significantly impacts the functioning of justice.
• For example, if someone openly insults the Court, defies its orders, or attempts to influence ongoing legal proceedings, the Supreme Court has the authority to take action.
• Additionally, the Supreme Court often serves as a forum for resolving high-profile contempt matters, particularly those involving media publications or public figures. The Court ensures that its judgments are implemented and that actions which may bring the court into disrepute or cause prejudice to the administration of justice are effectively dealt with.
• Through its oversight, the Supreme Court not only upholds the dignity of the judiciary but also reinforces the principle that no one is above the law, and that judicial authority must be respected at all times.
• The Court's role in contempt of court cases is essential to maintaining the rule of law, ensuring that justice is served without fear, favor, or obstruction

 

4. What Articles 129 and 142 of the Constitution says?

 

The Constitution of India grants the Supreme Court several powers and responsibilities to ensure the rule of law is maintained across the nation. Two of the significant provisions in this regard are Article 129 and Article 142, which empower the Supreme Court to uphold justice, enforce its orders, and protect the dignity of the judicial process.

Article 129: Power of the Supreme Court to Punish for Contempt of Court

• Article 129 explicitly states that the Supreme Court has the authority to punish any person for contempt of court. This provision grants the apex court the power to ensure that its dignity and authority are upheld, allowing it to take action when its decisions or the functioning of the judicial system is disrespected or obstructed.
• The article is vital in preserving the integrity of the judiciary, ensuring that its orders and judgments are followed, and preventing any act that undermines the administration of justice.
• In essence, Article 129 asserts that the Supreme Court has the inherent jurisdiction to deal with contempt cases, whether civil or criminal, and can impose penalties such as fines or imprisonment if necessary.
• This power is an essential tool for maintaining the respect and effectiveness of the judicial process in India.

Article 142: Enforcement of Orders and Decrees of the Supreme Court

• Article 142 provides a broader and more proactive power to the Supreme Court, enabling it to pass any order or decree that it considers necessary to ensure complete justice in a matter.
• This article empowers the Court to make any order or pass any decree that is beyond the explicit provisions of law, as long as it is in pursuit of justice. It allows the Supreme Court to issue directions that may not strictly adhere to the letter of the law but are deemed essential to prevent injustice and serve the cause of justice in specific cases.
• Article 142 also plays a key role in the enforcement of the Court's decisions. It ensures that the Supreme Court's orders are fully executed, even when there is no clear legal provision to implement a decision.
• The article thus helps the Court to act decisively and ensure that its decisions are not merely symbolic but lead to real-world changes, reinforcing its role as the final arbiter of justice in India.
• In short, Article 142 enhances the powers of the Supreme Court by enabling it to pass orders for the enforcement of its decisions, fill legal gaps, and ensure that justice is done in a timely and effective manner

 

5. Criticism of Contempt of Court Proceedings 

 

 

• While contempt of court proceedings play a critical role in maintaining the integrity and authority of the judiciary, they have been subject to criticism over the years. Critics argue that, when misused or overextended, contempt laws can pose a threat to democratic values, particularly the freedom of expression and the independence of the press.
• The debate over contempt of court laws centers on finding a balance between protecting the judiciary and ensuring that fundamental rights are not unduly restricted.
• One major criticism is that contempt of court proceedings can be used to suppress legitimate criticism of the judiciary. In a democratic society, the right to free speech and the freedom of the press are foundational principles.
• However, contempt laws, particularly criminal contempt, are sometimes perceived as being invoked to silence individuals or media outlets that critique or question judicial decisions, thus stifling public discourse.
• Critics argue that this undermines the transparency of the judicial process, as it discourages public debate on court judgments, which is essential for the evolution of law and justice.
• Additionally, there are concerns that contempt of court laws can be overly broad and vague. The definition of what constitutes contempt is often unclear, which can lead to arbitrary or excessive use of the power to punish individuals.
• For example, an individual who expresses an opinion about a court’s decision may be charged with contempt if the court deems the expression to be offensive, even if there was no intent to interfere with judicial proceedings. This lack of clear boundaries can result in inconsistent application of the law and the potential for abuse by those in power.
• Moreover, there is an argument that the judiciary should be self-regulating and not rely heavily on legal provisions to defend its honor. Some believe that judges should be able to withstand public criticism as part of the democratic process, as long as it does not impede the functioning of the court.
• In this view, contempt proceedings should only be used in cases of direct, serious interference with the judicial process, rather than as a tool to protect the judiciary’s image
• Another point of contention is that contempt of court laws are often disproportionately applied to those without the means to defend themselves, such as journalists or activists.
• The cost and complexity of legal proceedings can make it difficult for these individuals to mount an adequate defense, potentially leading to a chilling effect on free expression. This concern is especially pronounced when contempt charges are used to target dissenting voices or those who challenge the status quo.
• In conclusion, while contempt of court proceedings are essential for ensuring that the judiciary operates without interference, they must be applied with caution and clarity.
• Overuse or misuse of contempt laws can infringe on fundamental rights and inhibit public discourse, which is a vital aspect of a functioning democracy.
• Striking the right balance between protecting judicial authority and safeguarding freedoms of speech and expression remains a challenge that needs ongoing attention and scrutiny

 

For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc   For Mains: General Studies II: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary

 

Previous Year Questions   1.Consider the following statements: (2022) 1. Pursuant to the report of H.N. Sanyal Committee, the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 was passed. 2. The Constitution of India empowers the Supreme Court and the High Courts to punish for contempt of themselves. 3. The Constitution of India defines Civil Contempt and Criminal Contempt. 4. In India, the Parliament is vested with the powers to make laws on Contempt of Court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 3 only

 

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

INDIA-MIDDLE EAST-EUROPE ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (IMEC)

 

 

 

 

1. Context

 

The Israel-Palestine conflict will not impact the plans for an India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri said on Saturday, while presenting an overview of India’s relations with Saudi Arabia which will host Prime Minister Narendra Modi and senior Indian officials on April 22 and 23.

 

2. The Importance of Red Sea Route

 

The Red Sea route holds immense significance for global trade due to the strategic location of the Bab el-Mandab Strait. This narrow passage, nestled between Yemen and Djibouti, acts as a critical chokepoint, handling a staggering 12% of the world's international merchandise trade. It serves as a vital conduit for cargo ships and, crucially, almost half of all global oil shipments.

However, the ongoing Red Sea crisis has thrown a wrench into this well-oiled system. With the region in turmoil, major carriers have been forced to take a detour around Africa via the Cape of Good Hope. This significant rerouting has had several ripple effects:

• Soaring ocean freight: The added distance translates to increased fuel consumption and operational costs for shipping companies, which are inevitably passed on to consumers in the form of higher freight charges.
• Inflated insurance costs: The heightened security concerns due to the conflict have also led to increased insurance premiums for traversing the alternate route.
• Longer voyage times: The detour translates to longer journeys for vessels, leading to delayed deliveries and potential product shortages.
• Escalating transportation costs: All these factors culminate in increased transportation costs for goods, ultimately impacting businesses and consumers globally.

The Red Sea crisis acts as a stark reminder of the vulnerability of global supply chains and the critical role the Red Sea route plays in facilitating international trade. The disruption highlights the need for diversification and risk mitigation strategies to ensure the smooth flow of goods and prevent similar future disruptions from creating widespread economic repercussions.

 

3. Impact on India's trade

• The Red Sea crisis has significantly impacted India's trade, particularly with European and North African countries. These regions account for a substantial portion of India's trade volume, with nearly 24% of exports and 14% of imports flowing through the disrupted Red Sea route.
• In the past year (2022-23), India's bilateral trade with these regions amounted to a staggering $189 billion and $15 billion respectively. The ongoing crisis has instilled fear and uncertainty among Indian traders, leading to a 25% reduction in cargo shipments transitioning through the Red Sea, according to the Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO).
• As these disruptions continue to cause delays and cost increases in global supply chains, China is seizing the opportunity to promote an alternative route: China-Europe freight trains as part of their Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This strategic move by China presents a potential challenge for India, potentially impacting its trade competitiveness in the future.

4. About the IMEC

The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a proposed trade route aimed at enhancing economic connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe. Announced during the G-20 summit in 2023, the IMEC seeks to establish a seamless transportation network to facilitate the flow of goods, services, and investments across the regions involved. The corridor is envisioned as a strategic initiative to bolster trade relations, spur economic growth, and promote regional integration.

Objectives of IMEC

• IMEC aims to boost bilateral and multilateral trade among the participating countries by streamlining trade routes and reducing transportation costs.
• The corridor intends to promote infrastructure development, including the construction of ports, railways, roads, and logistics facilities, to support efficient trade operations.
• IMEC seeks to foster greater economic integration and cooperation among India, the Middle East, and Europe, thereby creating a more interconnected and interdependent economic landscape.
• By providing an alternative trade route, IMEC aims to reduce dependence on existing maritime routes and mitigate the risks associated with geopolitical tensions and disruptions in traditional trade pathways.

Key Components of IMEC

• The backbone of IMEC is a comprehensive transportation network comprising sea routes, land routes, railways, and highways connecting key economic centers across India, the Middle East, and Europe.
• IMEC emphasizes the development of efficient logistics and connectivity infrastructure, including ports, airports, customs clearance facilities, and multimodal transport hubs, to facilitate seamless movement of goods and services.
• Effective policy coordination and regulatory harmonization among participating countries are crucial for the smooth functioning of IMEC. This involves aligning trade policies, customs procedures, and regulatory frameworks to minimize trade barriers and bureaucratic hurdles.
• IMEC requires substantial investments in infrastructure development, technology upgrades, and capacity-building initiatives. Leveraging public-private partnerships (PPPs), international financial institutions, and sovereign wealth funds can provide the necessary financing for IMEC projects.

Challenges and Considerations

• The geopolitical landscape of the Middle East, including conflicts and tensions in the region, poses significant challenges to the implementation of IMEC. Political stability and security are critical factors for the success of the corridor.
• Developing the requisite infrastructure, particularly in landlocked regions and conflict-affected areas, may encounter logistical and financial challenges. Coordinating large-scale infrastructure projects across multiple jurisdictions requires careful planning and coordination.
• Harmonizing trade regulations, customs procedures, and legal frameworks among diverse countries with varying legal systems and administrative practices can be complex and time-consuming.
• The environmental sustainability of IMEC infrastructure projects, such as port development and transportation networks, must be carefully assessed to minimize adverse ecological impacts and promote sustainable development.

 

5. The Way Forward

The IMEC holds immense potential to transform regional trade dynamics, foster economic growth, and enhance connectivity across India, the Middle East, and Europe. Continued political commitment, institutional cooperation, and investment mobilization are essential for realizing the vision of a vibrant and integrated economic corridor spanning three continents.

 

 

For Prelims: India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor, Belt and Road Initiative, Red Sea, Cape of Good Hope For Mains:  1. Discuss the significance of the Red Sea route for global trade, and analyze how the ongoing Red Sea crisis is impacting international supply chains. (250 Words) 2.  Discuss the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs), international financial institutions, and sovereign wealth funds in financing the infrastructure development required for the IMEC. (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 1. It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. 2. It is an initiative to support Low Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only            (b) 2 only      (c) Both 1 and 2          (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: C   2. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (UPSC 2020)  A. Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey B. Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand C. Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam D. Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea   Answer: A   3. Read the statements (A) and (R) and choose the correct option. (CTET 2022)  Assertion (A): The Roman empire carried out trades with South India.  Reason (R): Roman gold coins have been found in South India. A. Both (A) and (R) are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. B. Both (A) and (R) are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A. C. (A) is true, but (R) is false. D. (A) is false but (R) is true.   Answer: A   4. Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire? (ACC 122 CGAT 2020)  A. Tiberius     B. Mark Antony        C. William Shakespeare     D. Augustus   Answer: D   5. Comprehension (SSC CGL Tier 2 2020)  Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. The Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory that included most of Europe as we know it today and a large part of the Fertile Crescent and North Africa. The Roman Empire embraced a wealth of local cultures and languages; that women had a stronger legal position then than they do in many countries today; but also that much of the economy was run on slave labour, denying freedom to substantial numbers of persons. From the fifth century onwards, the empire fell apart in the west but remained intact and exceptionally prosperous in its eastern half. Roman historians have a rich collection of sources to go on, which we can broadly divide into three groups: (a) texts, (b) documents and (c) material remains. Textual sources include letters, speeches, sermons, laws, and histories of the period written by contemporaries. These were usually called ‘Annals’ because the narrative was constructed on a year-by-year basis. Documentary sources include mainly inscriptions and papyri. Inscriptions were usually cut on stone, so a large number survive, in both Greek and Latin. The ‘papyrus’ was a reed-like plant that grew along the banks of the Nile in Egypt and was processed to produce sheets of writing material that was very widely used in everyday life. Thousands of contracts, accounts, letters and official documents survive ‘on papyrus’ and have been published by scholars who are called ‘papyrologists’. Material remains include a very wide assortment of items that mainly archaeologists discover (for example, through excavation and field survey), for example, buildings, monuments and other kinds of structures, pottery, coins, mosaics, even entire landscapes. Each of these sources can only tell us just so much about the past, and combining them can be a fruitful exercise, but how well this is done depends on the historian’s skill!    Which of these statements is NOT true? A. Archaeologists make discoveries through excavations. B. Inscriptions were carved in Greek and Latin C. The Roman empire flourished longer in the west. D. Texts, documents and material remains were the main sources for the historians   Answer: C   6. In the first century AD, which among the following was not a major item of Indian exports to Rome? (CDS GK  2018)  A. Pepper        B. Spikenard           C. Tortoiseshell         D. Nutmeg   Answer: D   7. Pepper was as valued in Roman Empire that as it was called (CTET  2013) A. Black magic        B. Black charm         C. Black stone       D. Black gold   Answer: D   8. In the middle of the first century BC, under ________, a high-born military commander, the ‘Roman Empire’ was extended to present-day Britain and Germany. (SSC JE CE 2017) A. Alexander       B. Julius Caesar        C. Xerxes     D. Caligula   Answer: B   9. Comprehension Direction: Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives. The Silk Road was a network of trade routes which connected the East and West, and was central to the economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century. The Silk Road primarily refers to the land routes connecting East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe. The Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in silk carried out along its length, beginning in the Han dynasty in China. The Silk Road trade played a significant role in the development of the civilizations of China, Korea, Japan, the Indian subcontinent, Iran, Europe, the Horn of Africa and Arabia, opening long-distance political and economic relations between the civilizations. Though silk was the major trade item exported from China, many other goods and ideas were exchanged, including religions (especially Buddhism), syncretic philosophies, sciences, and technologies like paper and gunpowder. So, in addition to economic trade, the Silk Road was a route for cultural trade among the civilizations along its network. Diseases, most notably plague, also spread along the Silk Road. Some remnants of what was probably Chinese silk dating from 1070 BCE have been found in Ancient Egypt. The Great Oasis cities of Central Asia played a crucial role in the effective functioning of the Silk Road trade. The originating source seems sufficiently reliable, but silk degrades very rapidly, so it cannot be verified whether it was cultivated silk (which almost certainly came from China) or a type of wild silk, which might have come from the Mediterranean or Middle East. Archeological sites such as the Berel burial ground in Kazakhstan, confirmed that the nomadic Arimaspians were not only breeding horses for trade but also great craftsmen able to propagate exquisite art pieces along the Silk Road.   According to the passage, The Silk Road primarily refers to the land routes connecting to one another. Which routes were not linked by it? (DSSSB Junior Stenographer 2021)  A. East Asia with Southern Europe B. East Asia with South Asia C. South America and South Africa D. East Asia with Persia   Answer: C   10. The term “Silk Route” in the ancient period refers to (CTET 2022) A. the travelling route of traders from China to other countries carrying silk. B. Sea routes connecting countries in which silk traders sold their products. C. roads connecting all the countries in which mulberry plants were cultivated. D. road and sea routes in which silk products were traded.   Answer: A   11. Who started the ‘Silk-route’ (Marg) for Indians? (UKPSC RO/ARO 2016)  A. Kanishka      B. Harshwardhan      C. Ashok       D. Fahien   Answer: A   12. With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well-known as (UPSC 2023) A. capital cities  B. ports  C. centres of iron-and-steel    D.  making shrines of Jain Tirthankaras Answer: B   13. Two thousand years ago, a trader narrates that he has been to Gaza, Petra and Apologos. Which of the following trade routes has he travelled through? (CTET 2022) A. Route controlled by Roman emperors B. Route under the rulers of Persia C. Route controlled by Kushanas D. Route under the rulers of China   Answer: A   14. Red sea is an example of: (UPPSC Civil Service 2017) A. Volcanic valley B.  Eroded valley      C.  Axial trough      D. U-shaped valley   Answer: C   15. In which Indian state was the ancient sea port 'Muziris' located? (UP Police SI 2017) A. Kerala    B. Gujarat      C. Karnataka      D. Tamil Nadu   Answer: A   16. Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2011) 1. It was predominantly a secular civilization and the religious element, though present, did not dominate the scene. 2. During this period, cotton was used for manufacturing textiles in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only       B.  2 only           C.  Both 1 and 2         D. Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: C

 

Source: The Hindu

 

 

LIGHTNING

1. Context

The death toll due to lightning strikes and hailstorms in Bihar climbed to 61 in the last 24 hours, officials said on Friday. While 39 people died due to hailstorms and rain-related incidents, 22 died due to lightning strikes

2. What is lightning and how does it occur?

• Lightning is an electrical discharge that occurs when there is an imbalance between the storm clouds and the earth or even within the clouds.
• Scientists believe that for lightning to occur, positive and negative charges must separate within a cloud.
• This happens, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), when the water droplets in the bottom part of the cloud are moved upwards, where the much colder atmosphere freezes them into small ice crystals. 
• As these small ice crystals continue to go up, they gain more mass and eventually become so heavy that they start to fall down to earth.
• This causes a system in which ice crystals going down collides with the water vapors coming up, leading to the accumulation of positive charges on the top of the cloud and negative changes gathering at the base, while the atmosphere between them in the cloud acts as an insulator.
• When the positive and negative charges grow large enough, their strength overpowers the insulating properties of the properties.
• As a result, the two kinds of changes meet with each other and produce lightning.
• Although most of the lightning takes place within the clouds, sometimes it is directed towards Earth also. With the base of the cloud becoming negatively charged, positive charges start accumulating on tall objects, like trees, poles, and buildings.

3. Why is it a matter of concern?

• Data from the National Crime Records Bureau show that since 2005, lightning has been responsible for at least 2,000 fatalities annually.
• Rural areas account for more than 90% of lightning-related fatalities,
• It is not considered a natural calamity, thus unlike in the case of floods or earthquakes, the afflicted people are not entitled to government compensation.

4. Where are the lightning hotspots around the world?

• It has been discovered by scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama that lightning strikes the tropics more than 100 million times a year.
• Asia, South America, North America, Australia, and Africa are the other continents having the highest concentration of lightning hotspots.
• According to experts, lightning strikes are expected to rise by 25-50% as a result of climate change.

5. Findings of the latest study

• The researchers analyzed 5,858 selected lightning-ignited fires based on satellite images of US wildfires between 1992 and 2018 and found that approximately 90 percent of them might have been started by "hot lightning" strikes.
• Also known as long continuing current (LOC), this type of lightning strike can last from around 40 milliseconds to nearly a third of a second.

6. Why Hot lighting has more potential of triggering a wildfire than typical lightning?

• Lightning with continuing currents can transport more energy from cloud to ground than typical lightning. When lightning with continuing currents attaches to ground or vegetation, they produce more Joule heating and higher temperature than typical lightning, increasing the probability of ignition.
• With the help of computer simulations, the researchers also looked at the frequency of "hot lightning" strikes and observed that as the atmosphere warms, there might be an increase of 41 percent in the incidents of LCC strikes by 2090.
• This means that the rate of such lightning flashes could jump from three strikes per second globally to four strikes per second. Meanwhile, the frequency of all cloud-to-ground strikes might increase to nearly eight flashes per second, a 28 percent jump.
• According to the study, the areas that might witness a significant increase in wildfires triggered by the LCC strikes are Southeast Asia, South America, Africa, Australia, North, America, and Europe.
• The researchers predicted this after accounting for changes in precipitation, humidity, and temperature.
• However, many northern polar regions might see a decrease in wildfires as rainfall is projected to increase while "hot lightning " rates remain constant.

7. Government initiatives to tackle this problem

• Lightning Alert System provides a location-specific forecast of thunder, lightning, strong winds, high winds, and hailstorms occurrences for up to 48 hours.
• The Common Alert Protocol (CAP) system has been released by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to alert citizens to imminent thunderstorms and lightning.
• From the INSAT-3DR satellite, which uploads data every 15 minutes, ISRO provides information about convective clouds.
• A GPS notification from the Damini App, which was created by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and Earth System Science organization, alerts users when lightning is nearby and is between 20 to 40 kilometers away.

8. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is an American Scientific and regulatory agency within the United States Department of Commerce that forecasts weather monitors oceanic and atmospheric conditions, chart the seas, conducts deep sea exploration, and manages fishing and protection of marine mammals and endangered species.

NOAA provides services to its customers and information pertaining to the state of the oceans and the atmosphere, such as weather warnings and forecasts via the National Weather Service.

NOAA’s five fundamental activities are

• Monitoring and observing Earth systems with instruments and data collection networks.
• Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of data.
• Assessing and predicting the changes in these systems over time.
• Engaging, advising, and informing the public and partner organizations with relevant information.
• Custodianship of environmental resources.

Previous year question

 

1. During a thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the (UPSC 2013) 1. meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky 2. lightning that separates the nimbus clouds 3. violent upward movement of air and water particles Select the correct answer using the codes given below. A.1 only  B.2 and 3  C.1 and 3    D.None of the above produces the thunder Answer : D

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Lightning, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Common Alert Protocol (CAP) system, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), INSAT-3DR satellite, Long continuing current (LOC), and Damini App. For Mains:1. What is lightning and discuss how does it occur and explain why Hot lighting has more potential of triggering a wildfire than typical lightning?

 

 Source: The Indian Express

 

TARIFFS

 

 

1. Context

 

The White House Tuesday announced that a sweeping 104 per cent tariff imports from China has gone into effect, deepening the economic standoff between Washington and Beijing

2. What is a Tariff?

• Most countries are limited by their natural resources and ability to produce certain goods and services.
• They trade with other countries to get what their population needs and demands. However, trade isn't always conducted in an amenable manner between trading partners.
• Policies, geopolitics, competition, and many other factors can make trading partners unhappy. One of the ways governments deal with trading partners they disagree with is through tariffs.
• A tariff is a tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another country to influence it, raise revenues, or protect competitive advantages.

3. Key Take Aways

• Governments impose tariffs to raise revenue, protect domestic industries, or exert political leverage over another country.
• Tariffs often result in unwanted side effects, such as higher consumer prices.
• Tariffs have a long and contentious history, and the debate over whether they represent good or bad policy still rages.

4. History of Tariffs

4.1 Pre Modern Europe

• In pre-modern Europe, a nation's wealth was believed to consist of fixed, tangible assets,  such as gold, silver, land, and other physical resources.
• Trade was seen as a Zero-sum game that resulted in either a clear net loss or a clear net gain of wealth.
• If a country imported more than it exported, a resource, mainly gold, would flow abroad, thereby draining its wealth. Cross-border trade was viewed with suspicion, and countries preferred to acquire colonies with which they could establish exclusive trading relationships rather than trading with each other.
• This system, known as mercantilism, relied heavily on tariffs and even outright bans on trade. The colonizing country, which saw itself as competing with other colonizers, would import raw materials from its colonies, which were generally barred from selling their raw materials elsewhere.
• The colonizing country would convert the materials into manufactured wares, which it would sell back to the colonies. High tariffs and other barriers were implemented to ensure that colonies only purchased manufactured goods from their home countries. 

4.2 Late 19th and early 20th Centuries

• Relatively free trade enjoyed a heyday in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the idea took hold that international commerce had made large-scale wars between nations so expensive and counterproductive that they were obsolete.
• World War I proved that idea wrong, and nationalist approaches to trade, including high tariffs, dominated until the end of World War II.
• From that point on, free trade enjoyed a 50-year resurgence, culminating in the creation in 1995 of the World Trade Organisation  (WTO), which acts as an international forum for settling disputes and laying down ground rules.
• Free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) now known as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and the European Union (EU), also proliferated.

4.3 In the 21st Century

• Skepticism of this model sometimes labeled neoliberalism by critics who tie it to 19th-century liberal arguments in favor of free trade grew, however, and Britain in 2016 voted to leave the European Union.
• That same year Donald Trump won the U.S. presidential election on a platform that included a call for tariffs on Chinese and Mexican imports, which he implemented when he took office.
• Critics of tariff-free multilateral trade deals, who come from both ends of the political spectrum, argue that they erode national sovereignty and encourage a race to the bottom regarding wages, worker protections, and product quality and standards.
• Meanwhile, the defenders of such deals counter that tariffs lead to trade wars, hurt consumers, and hamper innovation.

5. Understanding Tariffs

• Tariffs are used to restrict imports. Simply put, they increase the price of goods and services purchased from another country, making them less attractive to domestic consumers.
• A key point to understand is that a tariff affects the exporting country because consumers in the country that imposed the tariff might shy away from imports due to the price increase. However, if the consumer still chooses the imported product, then the tariff has essentially raised the cost to the consumer in another country.

There are two types of tariffs:

• A specific tariff is levied as a fixed fee based on the type of item, such as a $500 tariff on a car.
• An ad-valorem tariff is levied based on the item's value, such as 5% of an import's value.

6. Why Government Imposes Tariffs?

Governments may impose tariffs for several reasons

6.1 Raise Revenues

Tariffs can be used to raise revenues for governments. This kind of tariff is called a revenue tariff and is not designed to restrict imports. For instance, in 2018 and 2019, President Donald Trump and his administration imposed tariffs on many items to rebalance the trade deficit. In the fiscal year 2019, customs duties received were $18 billion. In FY 2020, duties received were $21 billion.

6.2 Protect Domestic Industries

Governments can use tariffs to benefit particular industries, often doing so to protect companies and jobs. For example, in May 2022, President Joe Biden proposed a 25% ad valorem tariff on steel articles from all countries except Canada, Mexico, and the United Kingdom (the U.K. has a quota of an aggregate of 500,000 metric tons it can trade with the U.S.). This proclamation reopens the trade of specific items with the U.K. while taking measures to protect domestic U.S. steel manufacturing and production jobs.

6.3 Protect Domestic Consumers

By making foreign-produced goods more expensive, tariffs can make domestically-produced alternatives seem more attractive. Some products made in countries with fewer regulations can harm consumers, such as a product coated in lead-based paint. Tariffs can make these products so expensive that consumers won't buy them.

6.4 Protect National Interests

Tariffs can also be used as an extension of foreign policy as their imposition on a trading partner's main exports may be used to exert economic leverage. For example, when Russia invaded Ukraine, much of the world protested by boycotting Russian goods or imposing sanctions. In April 2022, President Joe Biden suspended normal trade with Russia. In June, he raised the tariff on Russian imports not prohibited by the April suspension to 35%.

7. Advantages of Tariffs

• Produce revenues: As discussed, tariffs provide a government a chance to bring in more money. This can relieve some of the tax burdens felt by a county's citizens and help the government to reduce deficits.
• Open negotiations: Tariffs can be used by countries to open negotiations for trade or other issues. Each side can use tariffs to help them create economic policies and talk with trade partners.
• Support a nation's goals: One of the most popular uses for tariffs is to use them to ensure domestic products receive preference within a country to support businesses and the economy.
• Make a market predictable: Tariffs can help stabilize a market and make prices predictable.

8. Disadvantages of Tariffs

• Create issues between governments: Many nations use tariffs to punish or discourage actions they disapprove of. Unfortunately, doing this can create tensions between two countries and lead to more problems.
• Initiate trade wars: A typical response for a country with tariffs imposed on it is to respond similarly, creating a trade war in which neither country benefits from the other.

For Prelims: Tariffs, Zero-sum game, Cross-border trade, World Trade Organisation  (WTO), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), and the European Union (EU). For Mains: 1. What is a Tariff and explain why government imposes tariffs. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with Tariffs. (250 Words).

Source: Investopedia