GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD
- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have altered DNA to change their properties
- Genetically modified crops can improve yield, build resistances to pests, frost or drought, or add nutrients
- Crops can also be modified to reduce carbon emissions and boost the sustainability of food production
- While widespread, GM crop production uses only about 10% of the land non-GM crop production uses.
- GM is nothing more than a breeding technique, much like crossing that we’ve been doing for thousands of years. But it’s more sophisticated, so we can make very precise changes, very rapidly
- GMOs were first introduced in the US in 1994, with modified tomato plants that ripened more slowly to prolong their shelf life
- Since then, a wide range of crops, such as soybeans, wheat and rice have been approved for agricultural use, along with GM bacteria grown to produce large amounts of protein
- Scientists in India have also developed strains of Sub-1 rice, which are much more resistant to flooding
- Flooding is a major issue in rice-growing regions of northern India and Bangladesh, set to become worse as the climate crises develops, and now 6 million farmers in the region are using Sub-1 rice to safeguard their crops against inundation
- Golden rice, on the other hand, is a GM strain modified to contain vitamin A, designed to combat the shortage of dietary vitamin A in parts of Asia and Africa
- Many people find the idea of GM foods hard to swallow — a 2020 opinion poll found 50% of people in 20 surveyed countries perceived GM foods as unsafe
- When GM crops were first developed 30 years ago, uncertainty and concerns about safety were shared by scientists, but things are different now
- Scientists say that "GM food is completely safe to eat, and 30 years of information showing it’s not dangerous for the environment"
- There are concerns big corporate interests from companies like Monsanto, which promote more pesticides and monocultures and wrong forms of agriculture and seeds sold to farmers and expensive prices
- GM agriculture is moving on from the Monsanto big-dog corporate model
- GM products are increasingly focused on social and public enterprise and the industry is looking at more local solutions that help smallholder farmers in developing countries
- Regulation and licensing are a huge part of this. Many, including Replanet, strongly advocate for open-source seeds and GM technologies
- You can develop GMOs without patents developed by humanitarian public organizations
- It’s about creating a licensing landscape that empowers local farmers to adapt to the demands of sustainable agriculture, but quickly enough to meet rising populations and climate change
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For Prelims: Bt Cotton, Bt Cotton
For Mains: 1. Genetically modified food remains controversial, especially in Europe, but for some experts, it is the best science-based method for a sustainable global food system amidst biodiversity loss and a rising population. Discuss (250 Words)
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UNIYALA KERALENSIS
- Uniyala keralensis is a newly identified shrub species from Kerala, India, belonging to the Asteraceae family. It grows between 1 to 3 meters in height and features light purple florets.
- This species is closely related to Uniyala comorinensis and Uniyala salviifolia but is distinguished by its consistently shrubby form, larger lanceolate leaves with serrulate margins, longer petioles, fewer lateral veins with distinct secondary and tertiary veins on the underside, many-flowered capitula with longer and narrowly lanceolate-falcate outer phyllaries and oblanceolate inner phyllaries, and smaller 3-4-ribbed achenes with sparse hairs near the apex.
- Flowering and fruiting occur from August to April. It is found in the western slopes of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve at altitudes of 700-1,400 meters.
- The population consists of around 5,000 plants in four subpopulations over 250 square kilometers. It is classified as Data Deficient under IUCN Red List Criteria (2024)
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is a comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. It uses a set of quantitative criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of species and categorize them into different threat levels. These criteria are designed to be applicable to all species (except microorganisms) across all regions of the world.
The IUCN Red List criteria are based on factors such as population size, rate of decline, geographic range, and fragmentation of populations.
Based on the above criteria, species are classified into the following categories:
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Extinct (EX): No remaining individuals exist.
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Extinct in the Wild (EW): Survives only in captivity or cultivation.
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Critically Endangered (CR): Extremely high risk of extinction.
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Endangered (EN): Very high risk of extinction.
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Vulnerable (VU): High risk of extinction.
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Near Threatened (NT): Close to qualifying for a threatened category.
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Least Concern (LC): Widespread and abundant.
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Data Deficient (DD): Insufficient data to assess risk.
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Not Evaluated (NE): Not yet assessed
Biodiversity:
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Flora: The reserve is home to a wide variety of plant species, including many endemic and medicinal plants. It is part of one of the world's richest centers of plant diversity.
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Fauna: The region supports diverse wildlife, including tigers, elephants, leopards, Nilgiri tahrs, and lion-tailed macaques. It is also a haven for birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
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Endemism: The Western Ghats, including ABR, is known for its high level of endemic species (species found nowhere else in the world)
UNESCO Recognition:
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Declared a Biosphere Reserve in 2001.
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Included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2016
Biodiversity Hotspot:
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The Western Ghats, including ABR, is one of the eight hottest hotspots of biodiversity in the world.
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The reserve plays a critical role in conserving the unique flora and fauna of the region
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For Prelims: UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme, Eco-sensitive Zone (ESZ)
For Mains:
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MADHAV NATIONAL PARK (TIGER RESERVE)
- Throughout history, tigers were widespread across India; however, their population began to decline sharply in the early 20th century due to rampant hunting, poaching, and the large-scale exploitation of forests for timber, particularly during the colonial era.
- Estimates from 1964 suggest that around 40,000 tigers may have existed in India at the beginning of the 20th century.
- By the 1960s, their numbers had plummeted to between 2,000 and 4,000, primarily due to indiscriminate hunting, the widespread issuance of gun licenses after 1947, increased accessibility to forests, extensive deforestation for various purposes, and the rise of commercial enterprises such as “Shikar Companies” and the fur trade.
- Concerned about the alarming decline, naturalists raised the issue, prompting the Indian Board for Wild Life (IBWL), the predecessor of the National Board for Wild Life, to recommend a complete ban on the export of wild cat skins, including those of tigers, during a meeting in New Delhi in July 1969.
- That same year, the 10th Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), held in Delhi, classified the tiger as an endangered species in its "Red Data Book" and passed a resolution advocating for a ban on tiger hunting.
- As tiger numbers dwindled further, reaching approximately 1,863, then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi appointed an 11-member Task Force to investigate the issue and develop a strategy for tiger conservation in India.
- In August 1972, the Task Force proposed designating eight tiger habitats across the country under a new initiative, later named Project Tiger.
- Officially launched on April 1, 1973, at Corbett Tiger Reserve, Project Tiger initially included nine reserves: Corbett (formerly in Uttar Pradesh, now in Uttarakhand), Palamau (formerly in Bihar, now in Jharkhand), Simlipal (Odisha), Sundarbans (West Bengal), Manas (Assam), Ranthambore (Rajasthan), Kanha (Madhya Pradesh), Melghat (Maharashtra), and Bandipur (Karnataka). These reserves were selected to represent the diverse tiger habitats across India.
Since 2006, Project Tiger has been replaced by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), which mandates that each tiger reserve be managed according to a site-specific management plan. Project Tiger played a crucial role in establishing a structured approach to the scientific management of protected areas in India. It introduced key concepts such as the designation of core and buffer zones, implementation of protective measures, habitat enhancement, systematic field data collection on changes in flora and fauna, wildlife population estimation, and other essential conservation aspects.
The guidelines also introduced Tiger Conservation Plans (TCPs) to ensure:
- Protection and targeted habitat management for sustaining viable populations of tigers, their prey, and co-predators.
- Ecologically sustainable land use within tiger reserves and the surrounding areas, particularly those connecting different protected zones, while considering the livelihood needs of local communities.
Recognizing the challenges posed by small reserves surrounded by human settlements, the NTCA guidelines focus on establishing source populations within reserves while maintaining corridors that connect these habitats to others. Source areas are those where tiger populations are growing, whereas sink areas experience declining numbers and require periodic reintroduction of individuals to maintain a stable population.
The process of designating a tiger reserve begins when the State Government submits a proposal to the Central Government. Upon evaluation, the NTCA reviews and recommends the proposal to the State, which then officially notifies the area as a tiger reserve
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Funding of Tiger reserve
As per Project Tiger guidelines, the Central Government provides 60% of the funding for conservation efforts, while the remaining 40% is covered by the respective State Government. However, for Northeastern and Himalayan states, the Centre funds 90% of the expenses. These conservation efforts include anti-poaching measures, habitat restoration, water resource development, and mitigation of human-wildlife conflicts. Additionally, the guidelines emphasize creating inviolate spaces for tigers and relocating villages from critical tiger habitats by offering improved rehabilitation packages. Furthermore, the initiative assists states in resolving the rights of displaced communities, rehabilitating traditional hunting tribes residing in and around tiger reserves, and conducting independent assessments to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of tiger conservation programs |
4. The significance of Madhav National Park important
- Covering an estimated 165.32 sq km, Madhav National Park in Madhya Pradesh was initially designated as a National Park in 1956 under the MP National Parks Act, 1955. Today, the Madhav National Park and Tiger Reserve has expanded to a core area of 355 sq km, with a buffer zone of 4-6 sq km. The park did not have a resident tiger population until 2023, when a male tiger and two females were relocated. Since then, the population has grown to seven tigers.
- Importantly, the Madhav Tiger Reserve serves as a key corridor connecting to the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan. It is also linked to Kuno National Park, which currently houses a population of captive cheetahs. Experts suggest that competition for prey species, such as deer, could lead to intricate ecological interactions between these predators.
- Madhya Pradesh is home to several renowned tiger reserves, including Kanha, Panna, and Bandhavgarh, and currently has the highest tiger population in India (785 tigers) due to effective conservation measures. However, the Kuno-Madhav forest division in the northern part of the state has historically received less attention.
- With Kuno gaining prominence as a cheetah reserve, a more integrated management approach is anticipated to oversee both cheetah and tiger populations, enhancing the region’s long-term wildlife conservation efforts.
- Additionally, there are ongoing plans to relocate Asiatic lions from Gir (Gujarat) to Kuno National Park, following Supreme Court approval. However, in March 2023, the government informed the Court that the coexistence of lions and cheetahs in Kuno could lead to territorial conflicts and requested additional time to reassess the relocation.
- If lions are introduced, it could attract greater funding from both national and international conservation bodies, further boosting the park’s wildlife conservation initiatives
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For Prelims: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Dandeli Wildlife Reserve, Western Ghats, Kali River, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Project Tiger, Karnataka Tourism Policy, flora, fauna
For Mains:
1. Discuss the challenges and potential solutions for balancing tourism development with wildlife conservation in protected areas. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The term ‘M-STRIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (UPSC 2017) (a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna (b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves (c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System (d) Security of National Highways
2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014) 1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, of 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
3. Which one of the following is the well-publicized wildlife campaign in the world launched in 1973? (BPSC 2023) A. Sunderbans B. Project Project C. Tiger Lion Project D. More than one of the above E. None of the above
4. Which one of the following tiger reserves of India has ‘Bhoorsingh the Barasingha’ as its official mascot? (UPSC CAPF 2017)
A. Nameri tiger reserve
B. Ranthambhore tiger reserve
C. Panna tiger reserve
D. Kanha tiger reserve
5. From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?(UPSC CSE 2017)
(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (b) Nallamala Forest (c) Nagarhole National Park (d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
6. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which of the following states? (SSC CHSL2021)
A. Kerala B. Karnataka C. Jharkhand D. Sikkim
7. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? (upsc 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
8. According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law? (UPSC 2017)
1. Gharial
2. Indian wild ass
3. Wild buffalo
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
9. With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government.
2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside.
3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 and 2 B. 2 only C.1 and 3 D. 3 only
10. In the field of tourism, which one of the following Indian States is described as 'One State Many Worlds'? (CDS GK 2020)
A. Assam B. West Bengal C. Karnataka D. Rajasthan
Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-D, 5-A, 6-B, 7-C, 8-D, 9-A, 10-C
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AUTOMATED PERMANENT ACADEMIC ACCOUNT REGISTRY (APAAR)
- The Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) is a system designed to implement the ‘One Nation, One Student ID’ initiative. It serves as a digital repository for students' academic records, ensuring smooth transitions between institutions for further education.
- The APAAR ID, which is linked to Aadhaar, is securely stored in DigiLocker and provides standardized data on students’ marksheets and institutional affiliations.
- This system is intended to streamline the verification and processing of academic transcripts across educational institutions.
- APAAR IDs are generated through the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+), a platform that maintains academic data on schools, teachers, and students at the regional level.
- As a key component of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, APAAR aims to enhance data collection for informed policymaking.
- To achieve widespread implementation, the Education Ministry has urged schools affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) to ensure complete registration of students under this system
3. Is APAAR Mandatory?
- According to an official document on the APAAR ID website, obtaining the ID is not mandatory. However, this is not explicitly stated in CBSE circulars or government-issued FAQ pages.
- Instead, the government has emphasized the advantages of APAAR, such as maintaining a permanent academic record for school transfers, entrance exams, admissions, job applications, and skill development.
- While no legal requirement enforces its adoption, CBSE and certain states, including Uttar Pradesh, have encouraged schools to ensure that all students receive an APAAR ID. Many parents are not clearly informed that participation in the program is voluntary.
- The Union government reaffirmed in December 2024, in response to a parliamentary inquiry, that APAAR remains optional
- The origins of the APAAR program remain unclear. When the Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF) attempted to obtain policy documents through a Right to Information (RTI) request, the Union government transferred the application over 30 times without providing a definitive response for several months.
- In 2023, the IFF highlighted that the data collected through APAAR extends beyond academic certificates and grades, covering a much broader range of information.
- The organization also raised concerns about the large-scale collection of minors' data without a legal framework, arguing that this could be unconstitutional.
- Teachers have also questioned the necessity of APAAR, pointing out that much of the data it gathers is already compiled through the UDISE+ system, leading to redundancy and additional administrative work in schools.
- Furthermore, the IFF cited Section 9(3) of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, which prohibits tracking, behavioral monitoring, or targeted advertising directed at children.
- They warned that open data-sharing channels and APIs without strict security measures could expose children’s information to third parties for potentially harmful uses.
- Before APAAR is fully implemented, the IFF stressed the need for stronger legal safeguards and cybersecurity measures to protect the sensitive data of minors
| Teachers and schools play a key role in assisting parents with the process of generating an APAAR ID for students. The procedure begins with schools verifying a student’s demographic information, including their name and date of birth. Parents must then complete a consent form, after which the school conducts an additional authentication step before issuing the APAAR ID. However, some parents have reported discrepancies between names in school records and identity documents. According to an official document, in such cases, users are required to correct the inaccurate details and resubmit their request to generate the APAAR ID |
Parents have the option to formally request that schools exclude their children from the APAAR ID registration process. The Software Freedom Law Centre (SFLC) has made a template available on its website, which parents can customize and submit to their child’s school to opt out of the program.
However, recent developments have increased pressure on both parents and school authorities to ensure APAAR registration. In Uttar Pradesh, for example, officials have raised concerns over discrepancies between APAAR registration numbers and school enrollment data, despite the program being voluntary. Some madrasas have even faced the threat of de-recognition for not initiating the process. A digital rights advocate noted that, so far, parents have been able to successfully opt out by providing the necessary documentation to schools, reaffirming that APAAR registration is not mandatory
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For Prelims: NEP 2020, National Curriculum Framework, Sustainable Development Goals, University Grants Commission, Kothari Commission, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the key provisions and objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. How does it aim to transform the Indian education system, and what are its implications for inclusive development? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2018)
1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the State Council of Teacher Education concerned.
2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
3. In India, more than 90% of teacher education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only
Answer: B
2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2016)
1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome'.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
3. The objective(s) of Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyaan is/are: (UKSSSC Forest Guard 2021)
A. To provide quality based education to all children from 14 to 18 years
B. Universal standstill till the year 2020
C. To provide residential school for the students of remote areas
D. All of the above
Answer: D
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UNESCO'S WORLD HERITAGE SITES
UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, plays a crucial role in the protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage worldwide. Its key mission is to recognize and safeguard sites of exceptional value to humanity. This effort is guided by the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, an international agreement adopted in 1972.
A World Heritage Site is designated based on its "outstanding universal value", meaning it holds exceptional cultural or natural significance that transcends national borders and is of collective importance for present and future generations. These sites are classified into three categories: cultural heritage, natural heritage, and mixed heritage (both cultural and natural).
- Cultural heritage sites are recognized for their historical, artistic, or scientific value, including monuments, groups of buildings, and locations shaped by human interaction with nature. Examples include the Taj Mahal, the Statue of Liberty, and the Sydney Opera House.
- Natural heritage sites are acknowledged for their scientific, conservation, or aesthetic significance, such as the Sundarbans National Park and Victoria Falls.
Currently, the World Heritage List includes 1,223 sites, categorized into 952 cultural, 231 natural, and 40 mixed properties across 168 nations. As of October 2024, 196 countries have ratified the World Heritage Convention.
The World Heritage concept is universal, as UNESCO states that these sites "belong to all people, regardless of the country in which they are located."
3. Criterion for Selecting World heritage Sites
The UNESCO World Heritage Committee convenes at least once annually, typically in June or July, to review and decide on the inclusion, removal, or modification of sites on the World Heritage List. The Committee consists of 21 members, selected from the 196 States Parties that have ratified the 1972 World Heritage Convention.
Selection Criteria
To be designated as a World Heritage Site, a location must demonstrate outstanding universal value and satisfy at least one of ten specific selection criteria. These criteria, outlined in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, are periodically updated to reflect the evolving understanding of heritage conservation.
Until 2004, sites were chosen based on six cultural and four natural criteria. However, following a revision of the Operational Guidelines, a unified set of ten criteria is now used:
- Masterpiece of Human Creativity: Represents an extraordinary achievement of human creative genius.
- Cultural Exchange: Showcases a significant interchange of human values across time or within a specific cultural area through architecture, technology, arts, urban planning, or landscape design.
- Cultural Testimony: Bears unique or exceptional evidence of a cultural tradition or a civilization, whether living or extinct.
- Historical Significance: Serves as an outstanding example of architectural, technological, or landscape development that illustrates a key stage in human history.
- Traditional Settlement and Land Use: Exemplifies a traditional human settlement, land use, or sea use, especially one that is vulnerable to irreversible change.
- Association with Events or Traditions: Holds a direct connection to significant events, traditions, beliefs, or artistic and literary works of outstanding universal importance.
- Natural Beauty and Aesthetic Value: Features extraordinary natural phenomena or landscapes of exceptional beauty.
- Earth’s History and Geological Significance: Represents major stages of Earth's history, including records of life, ongoing geological processes, and distinctive landform development.
- Ecological and Biological Evolution: Demonstrates significant ecological and biological processes that contribute to the evolution of ecosystems and biodiversity.
- Conservation of Biodiversity: Contains critical natural habitats essential for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity, including threatened species of exceptional scientific or conservation value
4. India's World heritage sites
India became a signatory to the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), commonly known as the World Heritage Convention, in 1977. Currently, 43 sites from India have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, comprising 35 cultural sites, 7 natural sites, and 1 mixed site. Additionally, 62 sites are included in UNESCO’s Tentative List.
UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites in India
- Taj Mahal (1983)
- Agra Fort (1983)
- Ajanta Caves (1983)
- Ellora Caves (1983)
- Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
- Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)
- Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
- Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
- Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
- Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
- Elephanta Caves (1987)
- Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004)
- Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
- Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
- Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)
- Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi (1993)
- Mountain Railways of India (1999, 2005, 2008)
- Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)
- Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
- Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004)
- Red Fort Complex (2007)
- The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010)
- Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)
- Rani-ki-Vav (The Queen’s Stepwell), Gujarat (2014)
- Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara, Bihar (2016)
- The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier – A Contribution to the Modern Movement (2016)
- Historic City of Ahmedabad (2017)
- Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai (2018)
- Jaipur City, Rajasthan (2019)
- Dholavira: A Harappan City (2021)
- Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana (2021)
- Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas (2023)
- Santiniketan (2023)
- Moidams – The Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty (2024)
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As per the operational guidelines of the World Heritage Convention, a Tentative List serves as an inventory of sites that a country deems worthy of World Heritage status. Once a property is added to UNESCO’s Tentative List, the respective nation must prepare a nomination dossier, which is then reviewed by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. In India, the Indian National Commission for Co-operation with UNESCO (INCCU) and the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) play a crucial role in this process. For the first time, India hosted the 46th World Heritage Committee Meeting in July 2024 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. The event was organized by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) under the Ministry of Culture. The logo for the event was inspired by the World Heritage Site of Hampi, and its tagline, "सह नौ यशः" (translated as "May Our Glory Grow"), was drawn from the ancient Sanskrit text, the Taittiriya Upanishad—reflecting a vision of shared prosperity and growth |
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For Prelims: Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), World Heritage Site
For Mains: GS I - Art & Culture
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Previous Year Questions
1.Recently, which one of the following was included in the UNESCO’s World Heritage list? ( UPSC CSE 2009) (a) Dilwara Temple (b) Kalka-Shimla Railway (c) Bhiterkanika Mangrove Area (d) Visakhapatnam to Araku valley railway line Answer (b) |
WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2025
The rankings are primarily based on data from the Gallup World Poll, which surveys people in over 140 countries. The core metric is the Cantril Ladder question, where respondents rate their current lives on a scale from 0 (worst possible life) to 10 (best possible life). The national happiness ranking is the average of these self-assessed life evaluations over a three-year period (e.g., the 2025 report uses data from 2022–2024).
To explain variations in these scores, the report correlates them with six key variables:
- GDP per capita: Economic prosperity as a measure of income and living standards.
- Social support: The perception of having someone to count on in times of need.
- Healthy life expectancy: Years of life expected in good health.
- Freedom to make life choices: The sense of autonomy individuals feel.
- Generosity: Measured by donations or acts of kindness, often self-reported.
- Perceptions of corruption: Trust in institutions and absence of corruption
The 2025 report, released on March 20, 2025, ranks 147 countries. Here are some highlights based on available data:
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- Finland (7.736) – Eighth consecutive year at #1, driven by strong social support and trust.
- Denmark (consistent Nordic strength).
- Iceland.
- Sweden.
- Netherlands.
- Costa Rica (first-time top 10, strong social networks).
- Norway.
- Israel.
- Luxembourg.
- Mexico (first-time top 10, high optimism).
- Notable Rankings:
- United States: 24th (lowest ever, down from 23rd in 2024), attributed to declining social trust and youth happiness.
- United Kingdom: 23rd (lowest since 2017).
- India: 118th (lower than neighbors like Nepal and Pakistan, linked to mental health challenges).
- Afghanistan: 147th (least happy, reflecting conflict and instability)
- These countries have strong, diversified economies with high GDP per capita (e.g., Norway: ~$106,000, Denmark: ~$68,000, PPP-adjusted, 2025 IMF estimates).
- Wealth from natural resources (e.g., Norway’s oil) and innovation-driven industries (e.g., Sweden’s tech sector) is redistributed effectively.
- Low income inequality (Gini coefficients around 0.25–0.28) ensures prosperity is widely shared, unlike in countries with similar GDP but higher disparities (e.g., U.S., Gini ~0.41)
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Nordic nations
The Nordic countries are a group of nations in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic, known for their shared historical, cultural, and geographical ties. The term "Nordic" comes from "Norden," meaning "the North" in Scandinavian languages, reflecting their location in the northern part of Europe
The Nordic countries are typically defined as five sovereign nations that share linguistic roots (Germanic languages), a history of Viking influence, and a modern commitment to social democracy. They are:
Additionally, three autonomous territories are often included in the broader "Nordic region" due to their political and cultural ties to these nations:
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international Significance
For Mains: General Studies II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources
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SOLAR FLARES (KERNEL)
- The Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) aboard the Aditya-L1 mission identified the ‘kernel’ of a solar flare while observing an X6.3-class solar flare on February 22, 2024—one of the most powerful categories of solar eruptions. What makes this discovery significant is that SUIT detected brightening within the near-ultraviolet wavelength range (200-400 nm).
- According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the current solar activity and the number of sunspots indicate that the solar cycle might be approaching its peak, although official confirmation is still pending.
- Scientists suggest that the solar maximum provides the most favorable opportunity for launching and studying the Sun.
- Consequently, there has been an increase in solar observation missions. Experts in solar physics recognize that if this opportunity is missed, the next period of heightened solar activity will not occur until 2035-2036.
- The Sun’s magnetic field, similar to that of a bar magnet, consists of north and south poles created by the movement of electrically charged particles within it. Approximately every 11 years, the magnetic field undergoes a complete reversal, with the poles switching positions. This phenomenon is referred to as the solar cycle
- The solar cycle influences the Sun’s surface activity. The Sun experiences its highest level of activity when the magnetic field flips, a phase known as the solar maximum.
- During this period, there is an increase in the frequency and intensity of radiation and particle bursts emitted into space. Following the flip, the Sun gradually becomes less active, reaching the solar minimum before a new cycle begins
- The occurrence of sunspots—small, dark, and cooler regions with intensified magnetic fields—is at its highest during the solar maximum and at its lowest during the solar minimum. Scientists monitor the solar cycle by counting the number of sunspots
- Throughout the solar cycle, both solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) become more frequent. Solar flares release vast amounts of radiation and energetic particles due to the sudden discharge of magnetic energy stored within the Sun’s complex magnetic field. CMEs, on the other hand, involve the ejection of substantial amounts of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun
- These solar events can significantly influence space weather and Earth's geospace. Potential consequences include disruptions in radio communications, interference with satellite operations, effects on power grids, and increased risks for astronauts and airline passengers
- India’s first dedicated solar mission, Aditya-L1, was launched on September 2, 2023, with the goal of enhancing our understanding of the Sun’s radiation, heat, particle emissions, and magnetic fields and their effects on Earth.
- The mission carries seven scientific instruments, including two key payloads: the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VLEC) and the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
- The European Space Agency (ESA) launched the Proba-3 mission on December 5, 2024, using ISRO’s PSLV-C59 rocket. This mission marks the first-ever demonstration of “precision formation flying,” where two satellites will maintain a coordinated formation in space.
- The two satellites—Occulter Spacecraft (200 kg) and Coronagraph Spacecraft (340 kg)—will simulate a natural solar eclipse by positioning themselves in Earth’s orbit in such a way that one satellite casts a shadow onto the other
- NASA's PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) mission was launched on March 11, 2025. According to NASA, this mission consists of four small, suitcase-sized satellites designed to collectively observe the Sun and its surrounding environment.
- Together, these satellites will create a continuous field of view to study the region where the Sun’s outer atmosphere (corona) transitions into the solar wind, the continuous stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun
The Lagrange Point 1 (L1), located about 1.5 million km from Earth (1% of the Earth-Sun distance), is a gravitationally stable spot where the pull of the Sun and Earth balance. A halo orbit around L1 allows Aditya-L1 to:
- Continuously view the Sun without interruptions from eclipses or occultations.
- Provide an early warning system for solar storms, offering about an hour’s lead time before they reach Earth.
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For Prelims: Proba-3, (PUNCH) mission, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
For Mains: GS III - Science & technology
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Previous Year Questions
1.If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC CSE 2022) 1. GPS and navigation systems could fail. 2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions. 3. Power grids could be damaged. 4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. 5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. 6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. 7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only (b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only (c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Answer (c) A major solar storm or solar flare can have several impacts on Earth, primarily due to the intense bursts of radiation and charged particles interacting with the Earth's magnetosphere. Possible effects:
Incorrect options: |
INTERNATIONAL DAY OF FOREST 2025
- The International Day of Forests (IDF) is observed annually on March 21 to raise awareness about the importance of forests and their role in sustaining life on Earth.
- Established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 21, 2012, through Resolution 67/200, it encourages global efforts to protect and manage forests sustainably.
- The day aligns with the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, symbolizing renewal and growth, though its significance is universal
- As per the United Nations website, the International Day of Forests (IDF) is dedicated to celebrating and promoting awareness about the significance of all types of forests. On this occasion, countries are encouraged to engage in local, national, and international initiatives, including activities such as tree-planting drives.
- The United Nations Forum on Forests and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in collaboration with governments, the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, and other relevant organizations, lead the observance of this day. The event was first celebrated in 2012
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Forests play a crucial role in replenishing drinking water sources and function as natural filtration systems. Their root networks absorb excess nutrients and pollutants from rainwater runoff before it reaches underground aquifers, ensuring safe and clean water for consumption.
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These same root systems help prevent landslides by stabilizing soil, mitigate flooding after heavy rainfall by aiding water absorption, and, in the case of mangrove forests, serve as natural coastal barriers that reduce the impact of storm surges.
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One of the most vital functions of forests is supporting food security. They provide direct sources of sustenance, such as fruits and wild animals, while also aiding agriculture by protecting pollinators and supplying water.
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Forests directly support the livelihoods of approximately 1.6 billion people by providing timber, fuel, food, employment, and shelter. Around 300 million individuals reside within forested areas. In India, to safeguard the rights of forest-dependent communities, the government enacted the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA).
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Forests are home to more than 80% of terrestrial biodiversity, including 80% of amphibians and 75% of bird species. Tropical rainforests, in particular, harbor over half of the world's vertebrate species.
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Alongside oceans and soil, forests serve as the planet’s largest carbon sinks, storing vast amounts of climate-warming gases primarily produced by burning fossil fuels.
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Forests also contribute to cloud formation, which helps reflect sunlight back into space. Additionally, they act as natural air conditioners by releasing moisture into the atmosphere through evaporation, helping to regulate temperatures
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In December 2024, the Ministry of Environment released the 18th edition of the State of Forest Report (ISFR-2023). Published every two years, the ISFR assesses forest cover across the country using satellite imagery.
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Between 2021 and 2023, India's net forest cover expanded by 156.41 sq km, bringing the total forested area to 21.76% of the country's geographical land—an increase of just 0.05% compared to the 2021 assessment. With this growth, the total forest cover now stands at 7,15,342.61 sq km.
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From 2003 to 2013, forest cover increased by 0.61 percentage points, rising from 20.62% to 21.23%. Over the subsequent decade, growth slowed, with only a 0.53 percentage point rise, reaching 21.76% in 2023.
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Among states, Chhattisgarh recorded the highest increase in forest and tree cover (683.62 sq km), followed by Uttar Pradesh (559.19 sq km), Odisha (558.57 sq km), and Rajasthan (394.46 sq km). Conversely, Madhya Pradesh experienced the largest decline (612.41 sq km), followed by Karnataka (459.36 sq km), Ladakh (159.26 sq km), and Nagaland (125.22 sq km).
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For the first time, a forest cover assessment of the Western Ghats was conducted. Findings revealed that the eco-sensitive zone designated by the central government has lost 58.22 sq km of forest cover since 2013.
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The country's mangrove forests have seen a reduction of 7.43 sq km since 2021. As of now, India’s total mangrove cover stands at 4,991.68 sq km, representing 0.15% of the nation's total land area
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For Prelims: Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, Forest (Conservation) Act Amendment (FCAA), State Expert Committee, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
For Mains:
1. The Forest (Conservation) Act Amendment (FCAA) 2023 has raised concerns about the potential weakening of protection for unclassed forests. Discuss the potential ecological and legal consequences of the FCAA, and suggest measures to ensure the sustainable management of these forests. (250 words)
2. “Forests are the lungs of our planet.” Discuss the importance of unclassed forests for India's ecological security and suggest a multi-pronged approach for their sustainable management. (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which of the following statements about tropical rainforests are correct? (UPSC CAPF 2021)
1. The soils of tropical rainforests are quite infertile.
2. The vegetation is evergreen, enabling photosynthesis to take place year around.
3. They have been described as 'deserts covered by trees'.
4. They are the most productive land-based ecosystem.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 2 and 4 only B. 1, 3, and 4 only C. 1, 2, and 3 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
2. "If rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function as its kidneys." Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? (UPSC 2022)
A. The water cycle in wetlands involves surface runoff, subsoil percolation, and evaporation.
B. Algae form the nutrient base upon which fish, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, reptiles, and mammals thrive.
C. Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining sedimentation balance and soil stabilization.
D. Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients.
3. If the tropical rainforest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to the tropical deciduous forest. This is because (UPSC 2011)
A. The soil of rain forest is deficient in nutrients.
B. propagules of the trees in the rainforest have poor viability.
C. The rainforest species are slow-growing.
D. exotic species invades the fertile soil of rain forest.
4. Consider the following States:
1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Himachal Pradesh
3. Mizoram
In which of the above States do 'Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests' occur? (UPSC 2015)
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
5. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2 B. Only 2, 3 and 4 C. Only 1, 2 and 3 D. Only 1, 2 and 4
6. With reference to the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014)
1. It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
2. It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education, and public awareness.
3. It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
7. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels.
2. People's participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
8. Consider the following States: (UPSC 2019)
1. Chhattisgarh
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. Maharashtra
4. Odisha
With reference to the State mentioned above, in terms of the percentage of forest cover to the total area of the State, which one of the following is the correct ascending order?
A. 2-3-1-4 B. 2-3-4-1 C. 3-2-4-1 D. 3-2-1-4
9. At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006? (UPSC 2021) (a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 10. A particular State in India has the following characteristics: (UPSC 2012) 1. It is located on the same latitude which passes through northern Rajasthan.
2. It has over 80% of its area under forest cover.
3. Over 12% of forest cover constitutes the Protected Area Network in this State.
Which one among the following States has all the above characteristics? (a) Arunachal Pradesh (b) Assam (c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Uttarakhand 11. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.
2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.
3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.
Which of the statement given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
12. The Indian Forest Act 1927 was enacted after repealing which of the following Indian forest acts? (SSC CGL 2021)
A. Indian Forest Act, 1922
B. Indian Forest Act, 1878
C. Indian Forest Act, 1865
D. Indian Forest Act, 1882
13. In which year Forest Conservation Act was passed? (UPTET 2019)
A. 1986 B. 1990 C. 1980 D. 1988
Answer: 1-D, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C, 5-D, 6-C, 7-A, 8-C, 9-D, 10-A, 11-B, 12-B, 13-C
Mains1. What are the consequences of Illegal mining? Discuss the Ministry of Environment and Forests’ concept of GO AND NO GO zones for coal mining sector. (UPSC 2013)
2. Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. (UPSC 2020)
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