SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS
Simultaneous elections(One Nation One Election) in India refer to the idea of holding the Lok Sabha (parliamentary) and state legislative assembly elections across the country at the same time, rather than the current system of staggered elections where polls are held at different times for different states and union territories. This concept has been a topic of discussion and debate in Indian politics for several years.
Key characteristics related to simultaneous elections in India:
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Current Election System: India follows a federal system of government, which means that elections are held separately for the Lok Sabha (federal parliament) and state legislative assemblies. Furthermore, the terms of different state assemblies can vary, leading to elections happening at different times across the country.
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Arguments in Favor:
- Cost and Resource Efficiency: Conducting elections at different times is expensive and requires significant resources. Simultaneous elections could save time and money.
- Stability and Governance: Proponents argue that simultaneous elections can provide more political stability and allow governments to focus on governance instead of frequent election campaigning.
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Challenges and Concerns:
- Constitutional Hurdles: Implementing simultaneous elections would require constitutional amendments, as the terms of state assemblies cannot be easily synchronized with the Lok Sabha.
- Logistical Challenges: Organizing simultaneous elections for a country as vast and diverse as India is a complex logistical challenge.
- Impact on Regional Parties: Smaller regional parties are concerned that simultaneous elections might undermine their ability to campaign effectively.
Components of an EVM:
- Control Unit: This is the main unit of the EVM. It is operated by a polling officer and manages the authentication of voters.
- Balloting Unit: This unit is where voters cast their votes. It is connected to the control unit and displays the list of candidates and their respective symbols
- When a voter casts their vote by pressing the button next to their chosen candidate's name, the EVM records the vote electronically.
- EVMs are designed to ensure secrecy and prevent double voting.
- After the election, the data stored in the EVMs is used to tally the votes
- EVMs are designed with multiple layers of security to prevent tampering or hacking.
- They use a one-time programmable (OTP) chip to store voting data securely.
- Before and after elections, EVMs are subject to rigorous testing and sealing to ensure their integrity
- Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machines are used during election process to verify that the vote polled by a voter goes to the correct candidate.
- VVPATs are a second line of verification and are particularly useful in the time when allegations around Electronic Voting Machines’ tampering crop up.
- Parties have been making regular demands for VVPATs to be used during elections after alleging EVMs may not be completely secure and tamper proof.
VVPAT system gives instant feedback to the voter showing that the vote polled has in fact been allotted against the candidate chosen. - After a voter presses the button on the EVM against the chosen candidate, the VVPAT prints a slip containing name of the candidate and the election symbol and drops it automatically into a sealed box. The machines give the chance for the voter to verify their vote.
- The machine is placed in a glass case in a way that only the voter can see it. The slip is displayed to the voter for seven seconds after which the VVPAT machine cuts it and drops in into the storage box with a beep. The machines can be accessed, though, by the polling officials and not by the voter.
For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was used for the first time by the Election Commission of India in (UPSC CSE 2019)
A. North Paravur Assembly Constituency
B. Kerala Noksen Assembly Constituency
C. Nagaland Mapusa Assembly Constituency, Goa
D. Nambol Assembly Constituency, Manipur
Answer (B)
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GIG ECONOMY
Subject | Formal Labor Market | Informal Labor Market |
Regulation | Regulated by government laws and policies | Not regulated by formal labor laws |
Job Security | Generally offers job security | Often lacks job security |
Benefits | Provides benefits like health insurance and retirement plans | Rarely provides benefits |
Legal Protections | Employees have legal protections and must adhere to standards | Workers lack legal protections |
Income | Regular and predictable income | Irregular and uncertain income |
Employment Contracts | Jobs usually involve formal contracts | Work is often done without formal contracts |
Examples | Corporate jobs, government positions | Freelance work, informal vendors, day labourers |
- Maintaining the impressive growth rates of recent years into the medium to long term, while expanding the consumption base, will be difficult given that a significant portion of the country's workforce remains stuck in low-productivity jobs.
- Recent government surveys indicate that the number of informal businesses in the country has increased from 57.6 million in 2010-11 to 63.4 million in 2015-16, and further to 65 million in 2022-23
- If the economy were generating more productive employment opportunities, both the number of informal firms and the workforce within them would be significantly decreasing.
- Combining the 110 million workers in non-farm informal businesses with the approximately 230 million engaged in agriculture accounts for almost two-thirds of the labor force still employed in low-productivity jobs in less efficient sectors—sectors that now contribute an even smaller share of the total economic value added than before.
- This is in addition to those informally employed in construction and the formal parts of the economy.
- In the absence of low or semi-skilled job opportunities in the more productive formal manufacturing sector, and without the necessary education to enter more skilled formal employment in both manufacturing and high-end services, their only alternatives are precarious forms of employment in the gig economy.”
- The issue of job scarcity has long been a part of India's development narrative, not limited to the current administration.
- However, recent changes include the youth bulge, increasing labor force participation rate—particularly among women driven into the workforce by financial distress—the declining share of value added by the informal sector, and the growing capital intensity in production sectors that contribute more to value addition and are labor-intensive by nature
- The consequences of failing to create a sufficient number of more productive jobs, and the resulting deepening labor market duality, are likely to be manifested in various ways, including reduced social mobility and high-income inequality.
- As others have noted, this will determine whether the country follows the path of East Asia or takes the route of Latin America
- The proliferation of smartphones and the internet has facilitated the growth of digital platforms that connect gig workers with customers. Apps and websites have made it easier to find and offer short-term jobs
- India has a large youth population that is tech-savvy and open to flexible work arrangements. The gig economy offers opportunities that appeal to the younger generation seeking autonomy and varied work experiences
- The formal sector has not been able to generate enough jobs to match the growing labor force. As a result, many individuals turn to gig work for income, as it often requires lower barriers to entry compared to traditional employment
- Financial distress and the need for supplementary income have pushed more people towards gig work. This includes individuals who may already have a job but need additional income to meet their financial needs
- The gig economy offers flexibility in work hours and the choice of assignments, which attracts individuals who prefer non-traditional work arrangements over the constraints of full-time employment.
- Companies are increasingly outsourcing tasks to freelancers to reduce costs associated with full-time employees, such as benefits and office space. This shift towards a more flexible workforce model has contributed to the growth of gig work
- The ability to work remotely has opened up international opportunities for gig workers. Indian freelancers can now find work with companies around the world, broadening their employment prospects
- The regulatory framework in India is still catching up with the gig economy, providing a more lenient environment for gig platforms and workers compared to the heavily regulated formal sector
- The gig economy allows workers to leverage diverse skill sets and explore multiple career paths simultaneously. This appeals to individuals looking to diversify their professional experience
- There is growing consumer demand for services that gig workers provide, such as food delivery, ride-hailing, home services, and freelance professional services. This demand fuels the expansion of gig opportunities
Advantages | Disadvantages |
Workers can choose their own hours and work location | Gig workers often face uncertain income and job stability. |
Diverse Opportunities | No Employment Benefits |
Access to a variety of job types and industries | Absence of benefits like health insurance, retirement plans, and paid leave |
Increased Income Potential | Income Variability |
Potential to earn more by taking multiple gigs or high-paying tasks | Earnings can be unpredictable and inconsistent. |
Opportunity to develop and diversify skill sets. | Many gig workers are not protected by labor laws and regulations |
Easier entry into the workforce without extensive qualifications. | Limited opportunities for career advancement and long-term growth |
Greater control over the type of work undertaken and methods of working | Flexibility can lead to overworking and blurred boundaries between work and personal life |
Ability to work for international clients and companies | Gig workers may miss out on the social aspects and support networks found in traditional workplaces |
Companies can save on costs related to full-time employees (benefits, office space, etc.). | Potential for gig workers to be underpaid and overworked without proper oversight |
Can quickly adapt to changing market demands and consumer needs | Limited access to training and professional development resources |
- Gig workers often face unpredictable and inconsistent income, making financial planning difficult
- Gig workers typically do not receive traditional employment benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, paid leave, and unemployment benefits
- The temporary and project-based nature of gig work means that workers lack job security and can be easily terminated
- There is often a lack of clear legal frameworks to protect gig workers, leading to issues with worker rights, minimum wage enforcement, and job classifications.
- The flexibility of gig work can lead to overworking and difficulty in maintaining a work-life balance, as the lines between personal and professional time can become blurred.
- Gig workers can be vulnerable to exploitation, including low pay, long hours, and lack of proper working conditions, without sufficient oversight and protection
- Gig workers may miss out on the social interactions and support networks that come with traditional workplaces, leading to feelings of isolation and lack of community
- There are limited opportunities for career advancement, professional development, and skill enhancement in the gig economy
- Gig workers often lack access to training and development programs that can help them improve their skills and advance their careers
- Gig workers are usually responsible for managing their own taxes, which can be complex and burdensome without proper knowledge and resources
- Reliance on digital platforms and technology can pose challenges, including the need for constant internet access and the risk of being affected by platform changes or technical issues
- Without formal workplace regulations, gig workers may face unsafe working conditions and lack proper health and safety protections
For Prelims: Gig Economy
For Mains: GS III- Gig Economy and Associated Problems around
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FOREIGN CONTRIBUTION REGULATION ACT (FCRA)
1. Context
2. Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
- The law sought to regulate foreign donations to individuals and associations so that they functioned "in a manner consistent with the values of a sovereign democratic republic".
- Foreign funding in India is regulated under the FCRA act. Individuals are permitted to accept foreign contributions without the permission of MHA. However, the monetary limit for acceptance of such foreign contributions shall be less than Rs. 25,000.
- It is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The FCRA was enacted during the Emergency in 1976 amid apprehensions that foreign powers were interfering in India's affairs by pumping money into the country through independent organizations. These concerns were, in fact, even older- they had been expressed in Parliament as early as 1969.
3. Provisions of the Act
- The FCRA requires every person or NGO wishing to receive foreign donations to be registered under the act, to open a bank account for the receipt of foreign funds in the statute Bank of India, Delhi, and to utilize those funds only for which they have been received, and as stipulated in the act.
- They are also required to file annual returns, and they must not transfer the funds to another NGO.
- The Act prohibits the receipt of foreign funds by candidates for elections, journalists or newspapers and media broadcast companies, judges and government servants, members of the legislature and political parties or their office-bearers, and organizations of a political nature.
4. Key Highlights of the 2020 Amendment
- It bars public servants from receiving foreign contributions. It prohibits the transfer of foreign contributions to any other person.
- Aadhar number is mandatory for all office bearers, directors, or key functionaries of a person receiving foreign contributions, as an identification document.
- The foreign contribution must be received only in an account designated by the bank as an FCRA account in such branches of the State Bank of India, New Delhi.
- No funds other than foreign contributions should be received or deposited in this account.
- It allowed the government to restrict the usage of unutilized foreign contributions. This may be done if, based on an inquiry the government believes that such a person has contravened provisions of the FCRA.
- While NGOs earlier could use up to 50 percent of funds for administrative use, the new amendment restricted this use to 20 percent.
5. Registration under FCRA
- NGOs that want to receive foreign funds must apply online in a prescribed format with the required documentation. FCRA registrations are granted to individuals or associations that have definite cultural, economic, educational, religious, and social programs.
- Following the application, the MHA makes inquiries through the Intelligence Bureau into the antecedents of the applicant and accordingly processes the application. The MHA is required to approve or reject the application within 90 days-failing which is expected to inform the NGO of the reasons for the same.
- Once granted, FCRA registration is valid for five years. NGOs are expected to apply for renewal within six months of the date of expiry of registration. In case of failure to apply for renewal, the registration is deemed to have expired.
6. Cancellation of Approval
The government reserves the right to cancel the FCRA registration of any NGO if it finds it to violate the Act. Registration can be cancelled for a range of reasons including, if "in the opinion of the Central Government, the public interest must cancel the certificate". Once the registration of an NGO is canceled, it is not eligible for re-registration for three years. All orders of the government can be challenged in the High court.
For Prlims& Mains
For Prelims: FCRA, Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust, NGO, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). For Mains: 1. What is the Foreign contribution regulation act and discuss the new restrictions introduced by the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020. |
Previous Year Questions
1.Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976. (Please refer GS-II Paper, 2015) |
Source: The Indian Express
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA)
1. Context
2. About the National Level Monitoring (NLM) report
- The National Level Monitoring (NLM) report is a study conducted by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) to assess the implementation of various rural development programs in India.
- The report is based on field visits and interviews with stakeholders at the grassroots level.
- The NLM report is an important tool for the government to identify areas where improvement is needed and track rural development programs' progress.
- The report also provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by rural communities and the impact of government interventions.
The NLM report typically identifies the following areas:
- The coverage of rural development programs
- The quality of implementation of rural development programs
- The impact of rural development programs on the lives of rural people
The NLM report also provides recommendations to the government on improving the implementation of rural development programs and making them more effective.
3. The findings of the NLM report
- In 2017-18, the NLM report found that the quality of construction of 87% of the verified works under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was satisfactory. However, the report also found that only 139 out of 301 districts had seven registers maintained satisfactorily.
- In 2018-19, the NLM report found that the job cards, an important document that records entitlements received under MGNREGA, were not regularly updated in many districts. The report also found that there were significant delays in payments to workers.
- In 2019-20, the NLM report found that the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G) program was facing challenges due to a shortage of construction materials and skilled labour. The report also found that there were delays in the processing of applications and the release of funds.
- The NLM report for 2020-21 found that the coverage of rural development programs had improved significantly in recent years. However, the report also found that there was still a need to improve the quality of implementation of these programs.
- The NLM report for 2021-22 found that the impact of rural development programs on the lives of rural people had been positive overall. However, the report also found that there were still some disparities in the impact of these programs across different regions and social groups.
4. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a social welfare program that guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The Act was enacted by the Government of India in 2005 and came into force on February 2, 2006.
4.1. Mandate and Goals
- The mandate of MGNREGA is to provide employment and ensure food security for rural households.
- The scheme also aims to strengthen natural resource management, create durable assets, improve rural infrastructure, and promote social equity.
- The goals of MGNREGA are to Reduce rural poverty, Increase employment opportunities, Improve food security, Create durable assets, Improve rural infrastructure and Promote social equity.
4.2. Core Objectives
- The primary goal of MGNREGA is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
- The program aims to reduce poverty and distress by offering employment opportunities, especially during seasons of agricultural unemployment.
- MGNREGA encourages the creation of productive and durable assets such as water conservation structures, rural infrastructure, and land development. These assets not only improve rural livelihoods but also contribute to sustainable development.
- The Act promotes gender equality by ensuring that at least one-third of the beneficiaries are women and that their participation in the workforce is actively encouraged.
4.3. Key Stakeholders
- Rural households are the primary beneficiaries and participants in the MGNREGA scheme.
- Gram Panchayats play a pivotal role in implementing the program at the grassroots level. They are responsible for planning, execution, and monitoring of MGNREGA projects within their jurisdiction.
- The central government provides the funds and sets the broad guidelines, while the state governments are responsible for the program's effective implementation.
- The DPC is responsible for the overall coordination and monitoring of MGNREGA activities within a district.
- Rural labourers, both skilled and unskilled, participate in MGNREGA projects and directly benefit from the program.
4.4. Role of Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat
- The Gram Sabha is the village assembly consisting of all registered voters in a village. Its role in MGNREGA includes discussing and approving the annual development plan, ensuring transparency in project selection, and conducting social audits to monitor program implementation.
- The Gram Panchayat is responsible for planning, approving, executing, and monitoring MGNREGA projects within its jurisdiction. It also maintains records of employment provided, ensures timely wage payments, and conducts social audits. The Panchayat is accountable for the effective utilization of MGNREGA funds.
4.5. Issues with MGNREGA
- Delayed wage payments to labourers have been a persistent issue, affecting the livelihoods of beneficiaries.
- There have been cases of corruption and leakages in the implementation of MGNREGA projects, leading to suboptimal outcomes.
- Administrative inefficiencies, complex procedures, and bureaucratic hurdles have hampered program delivery.
- Some argue that the quality and effectiveness of assets created under MGNREGA projects have been variable and not always aligned with the intended goals.
- Not all eligible rural households are provided 100 days of guaranteed employment, which can limit the program's impact.
- Adequate budget allocation to meet the program's demands and inflation-adjusted wages remains a concern.
5. Conclusion
MGNREGA has made a positive impact on the lives of rural people, particularly in terms of employment opportunities and the creation of durable assets. It remains a crucial tool in India's efforts to promote rural development, reduce poverty, and achieve social equity. Addressing the identified issues will be critical in ensuring the continued success and effectiveness of the program in the years to come.
For Prelims: MGNREGA, National Level Monitoring (NLM) report, Ministry of Rural Development, rural development, Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G),
For Mains:
1. Evaluate the importance of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in the context of rural development and food security in India. How does MGNREGA contribute to sustainable development and rural infrastructure improvement? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
Prelims
1. Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”? (UPSC 2011) (a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households Answer: D 2. The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following? (UPSC 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: A 3. Which of the following grants/grant direct credit assistance to rural households? (UPSC 2013)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: C 4. How does the National Rural Livelihood Mission seek to improve livelihood options of rural poor? (UPSC 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B 5. Under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), the ratio of the cost of unit assistance to be shared between the Central and State Governments is: (MP Patwari 2017) A. 60:40 in plain areas and 90:10 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
B. 70:30 in plain areas and 80:20 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
C. 50:50 in plain areas and 70:30 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
D. 75:25 in Plain areas and 85:15 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
Answer: A
Mains
1. The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment (UPSC 2013)
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ROLE OF GOVERNOR IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
1. Context
2. Highlights of the two Bills
- The Bills passed in Tamil Nadu stress that "every appointment of the Vice Chancellor shall be made by the Government from out of a panel of three names recommended by a search-cum-selection committee.
- Currently, the Governor, in his capacity as the Chancellor of the state universities, has the power to pick a VC from the shortlisted names.
- The Bills also seek to empower the state governments to have the final word on the removal of VCs, if needed.
- Removal will be carried out based on inquiries by a retired High Court Judge or a bureaucrat who served at least as a Chief Secretary, according to one of the Bills.
3. Such Bills passed by other states in recent times
- In December 2021, the Maharashtra Assembly passed a bill amending the Maharashtra Public Universities Act, 2016.
- Under the Original Act, the Maharashtra government had no say in the appointment of VCs. If the changes take effect, the Government will be given two names to choose from by the state government.
- In 2019, the West Bengal government took away the governor's authority in appointing VCs to state universities.
- It has also hinted at removing the Governor as the Chancellor of the Universities.
- In Gujarat, only the chief minister has the power to appoint a VC since 1949.
- The Gujarat University Act, of 1949 states that the vice-chancellor shall be appointed by the state government from amongst three persons recommended by a (search-cum-selection) committee.
- However, last month the Supreme Court set aside the VC appointment of Gujrat's SP University by the state government.
4. What is at the root of the differences?
- In West Bengal, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, the elected government has repeatedly accused the Governors of acting at the behest of the Centre on various subjects, including education.
- The regulations, which differ from state to state, are often open to interpretation and disputes are routine.
- In fact, the Tamil Nadu Bills make a case for giving the state government the upper hand in the VC appointment process by citing the examples of Gujarat and Telangana.
- It is considered that in line with the aforesaid (Gujarat, Telangana) state university laws, the Government of Tamil Nadu should be empowered to appoint the Vice-chancellors of the state universities, both bills state.
- In Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Rajasthan, state laws underline the need for concurrence between the state and the Governor. The terms " Concurrence " or " Consultation" are absent from state legislation in most cases.
5. Role of the University Grants Commission (UGC)
- Although Education comes under the Concurrent list, entry 66 of the Uion list- Coordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific and technical institution- gives the center substantial authority over higher education.
- According to the UGC regulations, 2018 the Visitor/ Chancellor mostly the governor in state-shall appoints the VC out of the panel of names recommended by search-cum selection committees.
- Higher education institutions, particularly those that get UGC funds, are mandated to follow its regulations.
- These are usually followed without friction in the case of central universities but are sometimes resisted by the states in the case of state universities.
6. Supreme Court Observation
- In March 2022, while setting aside the appointment of the Vice-chancellor of Gujarat's SP University by the state government, the supreme court made some key observations.
- The court said any appointment as a vice chancellor contrary to the provisions of the UGC Regulation can be said to violate the statutory provisions, warranting a writ of quo warranto.
- It is said every subordinate legislation of the UGC, in this case, the one minimum standards on appointments, flows from the parent UGC Act, 1956.
- In case of any conflict between state legislation and central legislation, central legislation shall prevail by applying the rule/principle of repugnancy as enunciated in Article 254 of the constitution as the subject 'education' is in the concurrent list of the seventh schedule of the constitution.
- Under Article 254, if any legislation enacted by the state legislature is repugnant to the legislation enacted by the Parliament, then the state legislation will be declared void, and the legislation enacted by the Parliament will prevail over the former.
For Prelims: Governor, Vice Chancellor, UGC Act, 1956, University Grants Commission (UGC), High Court, Supreme Court, Article 254, Concurrence, Consultation, Quo warranto, Subordinate Legislation, and the Theory of Repugnancy.
For Mains: 1. "Tamil Nadu Assembly passed two Bills that seek to transfer the Governor’s power in appointing Vice-Chancellors of 13 state universities to the state government" In the light of the statement discuss the role of the Governor in public universities. (250 Words).
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Previous year Questions1. With reference to the Legislative Assembly of a State in India, consider the following statements: ( UPSC 2019)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only Answer: C 2. Consider the following statements: ( UPSC 2018)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only Answer: C
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INDIAN SPACE MISSIONS
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) achieved a significant milestone with the successful launch of the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission
- The PSLV C60 rocket, carrying two small satellites named SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), along with 24 other payloads, was launched from the first launchpad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, at 10 p.m
- Approximately 15 minutes post-launch, the two satellites, each weighing around 220 kg, were deployed into a 475-km circular orbit as planned
- The satellites have been accurately placed into the designated orbit, and their solar panels have been successfully deployed. The SpaDeX satellites are now aligned one behind the other, and over the coming days, the inter-satellite distance will expand by about 20 km, setting the stage for the rendezvous and docking procedures to commence
- The SpaDeX mission is a demonstration of advanced technologies required for spacecraft rendezvous, docking, and undocking—capabilities mastered by only a select group of spacefaring nations. This technology is crucial for future endeavors such as sending Indian astronauts to the moon, returning samples from the lunar surface, and establishing an Indian space station
- ISRO also highlighted that the PSLV’s precision would be instrumental in imparting a slight relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft during separation from the launch vehicle
- This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to gradually create a 10-20 km separation from the Chaser within a day. At this distance, the propulsion system of the Target spacecraft will regulate the relative velocity to facilitate further operations
- Aditya L1: Following the success of its lunar mission, India launched its solar science mission, Aditya-L1, on September 2, 2023. The initial launch phase, facilitated by ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), was the simplest part of the mission. On January 6, 2024, the spacecraft executed several maneuvers to reach an orbit around the first Earth-Sun Lagrange point (L1). By July 2, 2024, Aditya-L1 completed its first orbit around L1 and, in collaboration with ground-based observatories and lunar orbit spacecraft, studied a solar storm in May 2024.
- Gaganyaan TV-D1: As part of the ‘Gaganyaan’ human spaceflight program, ISRO conducted its first abort mission using a modified L-40 Vikas engine to build the Test Vehicle (TV). The test took place on October 21, 2023, and successfully demonstrated the Crew Escape System (CES)'s ability to detach from the TV, transport the crew module to safety, and decelerate before landing in the Bay of Bengal. The crew module was subsequently recovered by the Indian Navy's INS Shakthi.
- XPoSat: ISRO marked the beginning of 2024 with the launch of the X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) on January 1. This satellite aims to study the polarization of radiation from various celestial bodies and is only the second such observatory in space, following NASA's Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IPEX), launched in 2021. The onboard instruments, named XSPECT and POLIX, started operations on January 5 and January 10, respectively.
- INSAT-3DS: The meteorological satellite INSAT-3DS was launched by ISRO on February 17 using a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). This mission was crucial for demonstrating the GSLV's reliability before the upcoming NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, set to launch in early 2025. This GSLV model had previously successfully launched the NVS-01 satellite in 2023.
- RLV-TD: Using a scaled-down version of the Reusable Launch Vehicle named Pushpak, ISRO carried out two landing experiments—LEX-02 and LEX-03—on March 22 and June 7 at its Aeronautical Testing Range in Challakere, Karnataka. These experiments simulated landing conditions by dropping the Pushpak vehicle from a Chinook helicopter: LEX-02 tested along its planned landing path, while LEX-03 deviated 500 meters to the side. These successful tests have paved the way for the ‘Orbital Return Flight Experiment’.
- SSLV: On August 16, ISRO conducted the third and final development flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), successfully placing the EOS-08 and SR-0 Demosat satellites into orbit. With two consecutive successful test flights, ISRO concluded the SSLV’s development phase and approved its transfer to the industry. The EOS-08 satellite carried three payloads: one for infrared earth observation, one to test global satellite navigation system reflections for earth observation, and an ultraviolet dosimeter and alarm system intended for use in the Gaganyaan crew module
- The primary goal is to demonstrate ISRO’s capability to send humans into low Earth orbit and bring them back safely
- Ensuring the safety of the crew is paramount, which includes a robust Crew Escape System (CES) for emergency situations
- The mission will advance India’s expertise in space technology, including life support systems, crew modules, and mission control operations
- The spacecraft will house up to three astronauts and is designed to support life in space, including a heat shield to protect the crew during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere
- The mission will use a GSLV Mk III rocket, a heavy-lift launch vehicle capable of carrying the crew module into space
- The selected astronauts are undergoing rigorous training, including survival training, spacewalking, and other mission-specific preparations, both in India and abroad
- ISRO is collaborating with international agencies like NASA and the Russian space agency for training and technology exchange
One of ISRO's recent key priorities has been training its astronaut candidates, known as Gaganyatris, for space missions.
On February 27, Prime Minister Modi announced the names of the candidates: Wing Commander Shubhanshu Shukla, along with Group Captains Prashanth Nair, Ajit Krishnan, and Angad Pratap.
Earlier this month, Shukla and Nair traveled to the United States for advanced training in preparation for a flight to the International Space Station (ISS). Shukla is expected to be the primary astronaut for this mission, with Nair serving as his backup. The mission will be conducted by the private company Axiom Space, with support from NASA and using SpaceX's launch vehicle and crew capsule. This flight is planned for 2025.
ISRO has also scheduled at least four additional abort tests using its Test Vehicle before the first crewed flight. The initial uncrewed Gaganyaan mission is anticipated to take place in late 2024
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- The NGLV is expected to have a significantly higher payload capacity than its predecessors. It will be capable of carrying heavier payloads to a variety of orbits, including low Earth orbit (LEO), geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), and beyond.
- It aims to carry payloads of approximately 10-20 tons to LEO and 4-10 tons to GTO, making it suitable for a wide range of missions
- One of the critical features of the NGLV is its potential for reusability. ISRO is focusing on developing reusable components, such as the first stage booster, to reduce launch costs and improve turnaround times.
- This aligns with global trends where reusable rockets, like SpaceX’s Falcon 9, have demonstrated significant cost savings and operational efficiency
- The NGLV will feature a modular design, allowing it to be customized for different types of missions. This flexibility will enable the vehicle to support a variety of payloads, including satellites, space probes, and human missions.
- The modularity also simplifies the integration of new technologies and upgrades, ensuring the NGLV remains relevant for future needs
- ISRO plans to equip the NGLV with advanced propulsion systems, potentially using a combination of cryogenic, semi-cryogenic, and solid rocket engines.
- This approach will enhance efficiency and reliability, providing greater thrust and reducing the environmental impact of launches
- The NGLV will incorporate the latest advancements in avionics, guidance systems, and materials science to improve reliability and safety
- NSIL manages and coordinates the launch of commercial satellites using ISRO’s launch vehicles, such as the PSLV, GSLV, and the upcoming Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).
- The company offers launch services to domestic and international customers, focusing on small and medium-sized satellite deployments
- NSIL is involved in manufacturing, assembling, and delivering satellites to various customers. It leverages ISRO’s expertise and infrastructure to produce satellites for different applications, including communication, earth observation, and navigation
- The company provides satellite-based services, including transponder leasing, satellite communication, and broadband services. These services cater to various sectors, including telecommunications, broadcasting, and disaster management
- NSIL facilitates the transfer of ISRO-developed technologies to Indian industries, promoting indigenous development of space technology.
- The company offers technical consultancy and support services to help industries and organizations develop space-related capabilities.
- NSIL promotes the use of space-based applications, such as remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS), for agriculture, forestry, urban planning, and environmental monitoring
Missions
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- IN-SPACe is designed to open up the Indian space sector to private companies, startups, and academia, enabling them to participate in space missions, satellite launches, and the development of space-related technologies.
- It encourages private investment in space infrastructure and services, aiming to build a robust space ecosystem in India.
- The agency acts as a regulatory authority, providing necessary approvals and authorizations for private entities to undertake space activities. This includes satellite launches, building and operating ground stations, and providing satellite-based services.
- IN-SPACe ensures compliance with national and international space laws, safety standards, and protocols.
- IN-SPACe serves as a bridge between ISRO and private industry, facilitating access to ISRO’s facilities, expertise, and infrastructure. This includes access to testing facilities, launch pads, and technical support.
- The agency promotes collaborative projects, joint missions, and technology development initiatives between ISRO and private players
- IN-SPACe works to simplify the regulatory framework and reduce entry barriers for private companies. It aims to create a conducive environment for private sector growth by streamlining procedures and providing clear guidelines for space activities
- IN-SPACe is responsible for granting licenses and authorizations for various space-related activities, including satellite launches, ground station operations, and space-based services
For Prelims: PSLV, GSLV, GSLV Mk-III, SSLV
For Mains: GS III- Science & Technology- Satellite Applications, Challenges and Solutions
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four- staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 only
Answer: A
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