FOOD INFLATION
1. Context
Food inflation eases marginally to 8.4% from 9.04% in November, but some critical items report sharper price rise; inflation of edible oils and fats hit a 33-month high; latest figures put Consumer Price Inflation averaging at 5.63 in the third quarter of 2024-25, just a tad under RBI’s projection of 5.7%
2. Food Price index
The Food Price Index (FPI) is a measure that tracks changes in the prices of a basket of food commodities over time. It is used to monitor food price trends globally and domestically and serves as an important indicator for policymakers, researchers, and businesses to understand market dynamics and food security concerns
The index is a weighted average of the international prices of a basket of food commodities over a base period value. Base period-2014-16
Components: Comprises five key food commodity groups:
- Cereals (e.g., wheat, rice, maize)
- Vegetable Oils
- Dairy Products
- Meat
- Sugar
3. Twin Reasons for Optimism
- Global Food Prices –both the FPI and its two key component indices cereals and vegetable oils, which had exhibited ever higher volatility (soared from a low of 91.1points in May 2020, when Covid lockdowns worldwide triggered a collapse of demand to an all-time high of 159.7 points in March 2022, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, leading to disruptions and collapse of supply.
- The FPI has fallen every single month since March, to 135.7 points in November
- The effects of world prices easing are being felt most clearly in edible oils. India imports 60% of its edible oil.
- Though the Kharif crops have not been good but cotton and soybean were the probable exceptions, high prices and their relative hardiness over, say pulses induced framers to expand acreages under both. Pulses haven't seen much inflation.
4. Why Pulses inflation abated
- Due to huge stocks of chana with government agencies
- The market is being well supplied by imports of masoor from Canada and Australia.
- Since masoor dal can replace arhar to some extent, more so in hotels and canteens, it is putting a lid on the latter’s prices.
5. Boosting Factors of Rabi Crops
- Wheat, mustard, maize chana, and masoor are boosting factors of Rabi Crops.
- Extended monsoon although bad for the harvest-ready Kharif crops has helped recharge aquifers and fill up reservoirs.
- The timely onset of winter and improved fertilizers availability
6. Present Scenario
- Open market prices of all these crops are ruling above MSPs.The need to make up for Kharif losses has added incentives for framers to sow more area this time.
- Most crops, seasonal vegetables included have seemingly escaped the ravages of a third La Nina in a row.
- The weakening rainfall activity since November should also be good for milk
- Waterlogged fields from incessant rains do not allow fodder to grow for animals to graze.
- Farmers have been suffering fodder shortages and increased feed costs, forcing diaries to pay more for milk and pass it on to consumers.
- That should ease somewhat with bumper crops of soybean, groundnut, cotton, and mustard (their oil cakes are protein ingredients in cattle and poultry feed) and also maize (a source of energy).
7. Concerns
- Indian Meteorological Department forecasted above-normal maximum temperatures during the winter season over most parts of northwest India, east and northeast India, and many parts of Central India.
- This is not happy augury either for wheat or mustard.
- Last year wheat was affected by a sudden spike in temperatures from mid-March when the crop had just entered the grain-filling stage.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: MSP, Consumer Price Index, Food Price Index, Kharif crops, Rabi crops, RBI Monetary Policy Committee For Mains:
1. Discuss the significance of the Monetary Policy Committee in maintaining inflation in the country. (250 Words)
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Source –Indian Express
MAHA KUMBH MELA
- The Mahakumbh Mela is one of the largest and most revered religious gatherings in the world, celebrated with deep spiritual fervor by Hindus. Rooted in ancient mythology, this grand event takes place every 12 years at four sacred locations in India: Haridwar, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Ujjain, and Nasik, along the banks of the holy rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati (mythical), Godavari, and Shipra. Each of these cities hosts the Kumbh Mela on a rotating basis, with the Mahakumbh being the grandest of all, celebrated exclusively at Prayagraj
- The origins of the Kumbh Mela are deeply intertwined with Hindu mythology, particularly the legend of the Samudra Manthan or the churning of the ocean by the gods (Devas) and demons (Asuras).
- According to the tale, during this cosmic event, a pot (kumbh) containing the nectar of immortality (amrita) emerged. A fierce battle ensued, and as the gods tried to secure the pot, drops of nectar fell at four locations, sanctifying them forever. These locations are now the sites of the Kumbh Mela
- The Mahakumbh Mela is considered an unparalleled opportunity for spiritual purification. Millions of pilgrims, saints, and seers, often referred to as sadhus or naga sadhus (ascetics), gather to take a ritualistic dip in the holy rivers.
- It is believed that bathing in these sacred waters during the auspicious period washes away sins and grants liberation (moksha). The event also serves as a vibrant showcase of India’s rich cultural, spiritual, and religious traditions
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The Mahakumbh spans over several weeks and follows a strict astrological calendar, with specific dates deemed highly auspicious for bathing. The main highlights include:
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- At its core, the Mahakumbh Mela highlights the Indian ethos of spirituality and the eternal quest for liberation (moksha). The belief in the purifying power of the sacred rivers and the ritual of bathing symbolizes the desire to cleanse one’s soul, transcend worldly attachments, and achieve salvation. This reflects the deep spiritual underpinnings of Indian civilization, where the pursuit of higher consciousness is a fundamental goal
- The Mela’s origins in the legend of the Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean) embody the Indian tradition of weaving mythology into everyday life. This connection to divine stories fosters a sense of continuity with the past and reinforces the sacredness of specific places and practices. It demonstrates how mythology serves as a moral and philosophical guide in Indian civilization
- The Mahakumbh Mela brings together millions of people from diverse backgrounds, castes, and regions, showcasing the inclusivity that is central to Indian society. Regardless of social or economic status, all pilgrims are united by their shared faith and devotion, reflecting the civilization’s emphasis on equality before the divine
- Indian civilization values a harmonious balance between material and spiritual existence. The Mahakumbh Mela provides a platform where people temporarily renounce material comforts, focusing instead on spiritual growth through rituals, prayers, and discourses. This mirrors the Indian ideal of integrating spiritual practices into daily life
- The gathering of saints, scholars, and ascetics at the Mahakumbh Mela represents India’s age-old tradition of intellectual and spiritual discourse. These exchanges of ideas and teachings at the Mela highlight the civilization’s emphasis on the pursuit of knowledge, wisdom, and enlightenment
- The focus on the sacred rivers—Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Godavari, and Shipra—reflects the Indian ethos of reverence for nature. These rivers are seen not just as physical entities but as life-giving forces and symbols of divinity, embodying the civilization’s holistic view of the environment
- The Mela’s continuity over thousands of years showcases the resilience and adaptability of Indian civilization. Despite changing political, social, and economic landscapes, the Mahakumbh Mela remains a thriving tradition, underscoring the civilization’s ability to preserve its core values while embracing change
- In recent decades, the concept of "cultural heritage" has expanded significantly, largely due to initiatives developed by UNESCO. Cultural heritage now encompasses more than just monuments and collections of artifacts.
- It also includes living traditions and expressions passed down from ancestors to future generations, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social customs, rituals, festivals, and knowledge related to nature, the universe, or traditional craftsmanship.
- Despite its fragility, intangible cultural heritage plays a crucial role in preserving cultural diversity amid growing globalization. Gaining an understanding of the intangible cultural heritage of different communities fosters intercultural dialogue and promotes respect for diverse ways of life.
- The value of intangible cultural heritage lies not in the cultural expressions themselves, but in the wealth of knowledge and skills passed on through them from one generation to the next.
- This transfer of knowledge has social and economic significance for both minority and mainstream groups within a country, and it holds importance for both developing and developed nations
India, with its rich and diverse cultural heritage, has an extensive list of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) elements recognized for their importance in preserving the cultural identity of its various communities. These practices and traditions span the country’s vast geography and reflect its cultural diversity. Some prominent examples of ICH from India include:
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Kathakali (Kerala): A classical dance-drama form that integrates dance, music, and acting to tell stories from Hindu mythology. Its elaborate costumes, facial expressions, and dramatic storytelling are distinctive features.
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Ramlila (Across India): A theatrical performance of the life of Lord Rama, based on the Hindu epic Ramayana. This performance tradition is carried out during the festival of Dussehra.
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Yoga (Across India): An ancient practice combining physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and philosophy. It is widely practiced as a means of achieving mental, physical, and spiritual well-being.
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Vedic Chanting (Across India): The recitation of ancient Vedic scriptures in a specific rhythmic and melodic manner. It is an important spiritual practice, especially in Hindu rituals and ceremonies.
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Chhau Dance (Eastern India): A martial arts-based dance form from the regions of Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal. It incorporates acrobatics and masks to depict mythological and historical themes.
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Madhubani Paintings (Bihar): A traditional form of painting known for its intricate patterns, vibrant colors, and depiction of themes from nature, mythology, and social life.
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Kolkata’s Durga Puja (West Bengal): One of the largest and most celebrated festivals in India, Durga Puja involves elaborate rituals, artistic displays, processions, and offerings to the goddess Durga. It is a living tradition that brings communities together.
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Pukka (Madhya Pradesh): A traditional system of medicine and healing practices in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, using indigenous knowledge of plants and herbs for health and well-being.
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Traditional Cuisine (Across India): Culinary traditions, such as the preparation of dishes like biryani, dosa, or khichdi, that carry deep cultural meaning and are unique to various regions and communities.
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Craftsmanship (Across India): Techniques such as handloom weaving, pottery, carpet-making, and embroidery that are integral to India’s craft traditions, passed down through generations.
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Kailash Mansarovar Pilgrimage (Uttarakhand): The spiritual and religious journey to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar, which is central to various belief systems, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
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Wangala Dance (Meghalaya): A traditional dance performed by the Garo tribe to celebrate the harvest, featuring rhythmic drumming and colorful costumes.
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Ghoomar Dance (Rajasthan): A traditional folk dance that is performed by women in swirling movements, often during festivals and celebratory occasions.
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Pukka Dance (Sikkim): A unique traditional dance form from Sikkim that incorporates rich cultural expressions of the region’s diverse communities.
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Sufi Music and Whirling (Across India): The mystical Sufi tradition in India, particularly in places like Delhi, Hyderabad, and Ajmer, involves devotional singing, poetry, and the iconic whirling dance that represents the soul's union with the divine.
- The Mahakumbh, the world’s largest gathering, will take place in Prayagraj this year from January 13 to February 26. It is anticipated that around 40 crore people will take part in this religious event.
- Spanning 4,000 hectares along the riverbank, the Maha Kumbh is expected to draw a crowd of at least 40 crore. The event will be organized with an estimated budget of approximately Rs 6,382 crore, of which over Rs 5,600 crore has already been allocated for the event and related projects. In comparison, the 2012 Maha Kumbh, held during the Samajwadi Party’s tenure, had a budget of Rs 1,152 crore and attracted nearly 12 crore visitors.
- The Ministry of Culture has implemented special cybersecurity measures to protect the large number of devotees attending from around the world. This includes the deployment of 56 cyber experts for patrolling, the establishment of a Maha Kumbh cyber police station to handle online threats, 40 Variable Messaging Displays (VMDs), and a dedicated helpline number.
- To assist with crowd management, monitor crowd density, report incidents, and maintain cleanliness, 2,300 CCTV cameras will be installed at the event site and throughout Prayagraj. Additionally, 99 temporary parking areas, covering 1,850 hectares, will be set up, along with over 1.45 lakh toilets across the mela area.
- One of the primary challenges, aside from managing the crowds, is the water channelization due to delayed rainfall and higher-than-usual Ganga river levels. To address this, IIT Kanpur has been enlisted for crowd control and security planning, while IIT Guwahati experts are focusing on river flow management.
- The state has also requested the railway ministry to increase train services to Prayagraj, especially during the Mauni Amavasya snan when a large number of visitors are expected. A source mentioned that, in 2019, around 500 special trains were used for the Ardh Kumbh, and this number is likely to rise to about 1,000. Nearly 300 trains are expected to operate around the Mauni Amavasya snan period
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.
For Mains: General Studies I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times
General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation
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Previous year Questions 1.With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (2020)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 2.With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 only 3.With reference to India’s culture and tradition, what is ‘Kalaripayattu’? (2014) (a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India (b) It is an ancient style bronze and brass work still found in the southern part of the Coromandel area (c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar (d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India |
RAT HOLE MINING
- Rat-hole mining is a method of coal mining, particularly prevalent in the northeastern state of Meghalaya in India. It involves digging narrow, vertical pits or small horizontal tunnels into the ground to extract coal from thin seams. These pits, often no larger than a single person can fit into, resemble the size of holes used by rats, hence the name "rat-hole mining."
- Miners typically descend into these small pits using ropes, ladders, or makeshift structures. Once underground, they manually extract the coal using basic tools like pickaxes, shovels, and baskets. The extracted coal is then brought to the surface for processing and transportation.
- This form of mining is characterized by its hazardous working conditions, lack of safety measures, and environmental concerns due to the unregulated nature of the operations. Additionally, it often leads to issues such as land degradation, soil erosion, and risks of accidents for the miners involved
- Rat hole mining, commonly seen in Meghalaya, involves extracting coal from narrow, flat layers in the ground. The term "rat hole" specifically describes these tight pits dug into the earth, usually just big enough for one person to enter and collect coal.
- After digging these pits, miners descend using ropes or bamboo ladders to access the coal layers. Using basic tools like pickaxes, shovels, and baskets, they manually extract the coal. Another method within rat-hole mining, known as box-cutting, involves creating rectangular openings ranging from 10 to 100 square meters.
- From these openings, vertical pits are dug, reaching depths of 100 to 400 feet. Once the coal seam is located, small tunnels resembling rat holes are carved horizontally to facilitate coal extraction by the workers
- Rat hole mining poses significant safety and environmental hazards. The mines are typically unregulated, lacking safety measures such as proper ventilation, structural support, or safety gear for the workers.
- Additionally, the mining process can cause land degradation, deforestation, and water pollution.
- This method of mining has faced severe criticism due to its hazardous working conditions, environmental damage, and numerous accidents leading to injuries and fatalities.
- Despite attempts by authorities to regulate or ban such practices, they often persist due to economic factors and the absence of viable alternative livelihoods for the local population
The order was in connection with Meghalaya, where this remained a prevalent procedure for coal mining. The state government then appealed the order in the Supreme Court.
WILDFIRES
1. Context
2. About Wildfires
- Wildfires, also referred to as bushfires, vegetation fires, or forest fires, epitomize the uncontrolled and non-prescribed combustion of plants within natural environments like forests, grasslands, brushlands, or tundras.
- These fires, ignited by various factors, consume natural fuels and propagate based on prevailing environmental conditions such as wind patterns and terrain features.
- Three pivotal elements must converge for a wildfire to thrive: Fuel, Oxygen, and a Heat source.
2.1. Origins and Causes
Natural Causes: Many wildfires stem from natural triggers, with lightning strikes being a prominent initiator. These lightning-induced fires often ignite trees, yet the subsequent rainfall tends to douse the flames, minimizing damage. Elevated atmospheric temperatures and aridity, characterized by low humidity levels, create propitious conditions for fire ignition and spread.
Man-made Causes: Human activities constitute a significant driver of forest fires. Fires ignite when a fire source be it an exposed flame, a discarded cigarette or bidi, an electric spark, or any ignition source interacts with inflammable materials. Such anthropogenic incidents can swiftly transform into destructive conflagrations.
2.2. Classification
Surface Fires: wildfires can primarily manifest as surface fires, advancing across the forest floor's surface layer, encompassing senescent leaves, twigs, and parched grass. The propagating flames embrace the surface litter, leading to a rapid spread.
Underground Fires: Underground fires, are characterized by low intensity, smoulder within the organic matter beneath the surface and the forest floor's litter. Often concealed, these fires extend several meters below the ground, challenging detection and control efforts. These covert fires, lingering for months, inflict substantial harm to vegetative cover.
Ground Fires: Ground fires, infiltrating the sub-surface organic fuels, transcend boundaries, involving duff layers beneath forest stands, Arctic tundra, taiga, and organic soils of swamps or bogs. The distinction between underground and ground fires isn't clear-cut, as smouldering underground fires can metamorphose into ground fires. These fires ravage the herbaceous growth on the forest floor alongside decaying organic layers, potentially annihilating vegetation. Ground fires simmer below the surface via smouldering combustion, frequently sparked by surface fires.
Image Source: CNN
2.3. Impact
Wildfires can have a significant impact on ecosystems. They can destroy vegetation, kill wildlife, and pollute the air and water. However, they can also have some positive effects, such as clearing out deadwood and creating new growth opportunities.
2.3.1. Negative impacts of wildfires
2.3.2. Positive Impacts of Wildfires
3. The Historical Significance of Maui and Lahaina
- Maui is a popular tourist destination known for its beautiful beaches and lush rainforests.
- Lahaina was the capital of the Hawaiian kingdom from 1820 to 1845.
- The town is home to many historical landmarks, including the Waiola Church, which was built in 1832.
- The fires have caused extensive damage to Lahaina, including the destruction of many historic buildings.
4. Reasons for the Fires in Hawaii Been So Devastating
5. Measures that can be taken to prevent wildfires
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For Prelims: Wildfires, Hawaii, USA, climate change, soil degradation, vegetation,
For Mains:
1. Explain the causes and factors that contribute to the severity of wildfires. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of wildfires on ecosystems. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Comprehension (SSC CHSL 2020)
Direction: In the following passage some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each blank. Forest fire always (1) ______ by one of two reasons-naturally caused or human-caused. Natural fire is generally (2) ______ by lightning, with a very small percentage (3) ______ by spontaneous combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust and leaves. (4) ______, human-caused fire can happen (5) ______ any number of reasons.
Select the most appropriate option for blank No. 1.
A. takes up B. happens C. causes D. creates
Answer: B
2. Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the lists: (UPSC CAPF 2015)
List - I (Volcano type) List – II (Location)
A. Shield Volcano 1. Indonesia
B. Composite Volcano 2. India
C. Caldera 3. Hawaii
D. Flood Basalt Provinces 4. Phillippines
1. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
2. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
3. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
4. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
Answer: 4
3. Recently, the USA decided to support India's membership in multilateral export control regimes called the "Australia Group" and the "Wassenaar Arrangement". What is the difference between them? (UPSC 2011)
1. The Australia Group is an informal arrangement which aims to allow exporting countries to minimize the risk of assisting chemical and biological weapons proliferation, whereas the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group under the OECD holding identical objectives.
2. The Australia Group comprises predominantly of Asian, African and North American countries, whereas the member countries of Wassenaar Arrangement are predominantly from the European Union and American continents.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
4. In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following? (UPSC 2014)
1. Terrace cultivation
2. Deforestation
3. Tropical climate
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
5. The vegetation of savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees, but extensive areas have no trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some conditions. Which of the following are such conditions? (UPSC 2021)
1. Burrowing animals and termites
2. Fire
3. Grazing herbivores
4. Seasonal rainfall
5. Soil properties
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 2 B. 4 and 5 C, 2, 3 and 4 D. 1, 3 and 5
Answer: C
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GOVERNORS AND STATES
- The Governor has to act according to the aid and advice of the council of ministers. Constitutionally, the office of the Governor has little discretion to not act on the cabinet’s advice
- Under Article 174, a Governor shall summon the House at a time and place, as she or he thinks fit. Article 174 (2) (a) says a Governor may from “time to time” prorogue the House and 174 (2) (b) allows her or him to dissolve the Legislative Assembly
- Article 163(1) of the Constitution says that “there shall be a council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except in so far as he is by or under this constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.”
- A joint reading of the two provisions leaves the Governor with minimal discretion in summoning the house
- Governor Purohit (Punjab governor) has cited Article 167 of the Constitution, which relates to the duties of the Chief Minister in furnishing information to the Governor. Governor Purohit’s questions to CM Mann on appointments are under this provision
- The provision states that “it shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of each state to communicate to the Governor of the state all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the state and proposals for legislation; to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the state and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and, if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council.”
- However, there are a few instances when the Governor can act independently on summoning the House
- For example, when the chief minister has lost the support of the House and his strength is debatable, then the Governor need not wait for the advice of the council of ministers to hold a floor test
- Procedure as per Article 174 of the Constitution requires the Governor to summon the House. The council of ministers approves the government’s decision of convening the House
- Additionally, Article 175 provides for the right of the Governor to address and send messages to the House
- The Governor may address the Legislative Assembly and may for that purpose require the attendance of members.
- The Governor may send messages to the House, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in the Legislature or otherwise, and a House to which any message is so sent shall with all convenient dispatch consider any matter required by the message to be taken into consideration
- As per Article 176, the Governor has to address the house at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at the commencement of the first session of each year.
- The government has to make a provision regulating the procedure of the House for the allotment of time for discussion of the matters referred to in such address
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Previous Year Questions:
1.Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State? (2014)
Select the correct answer using the code given below. A.1 and 2 only
B.1 and 3 only
C.2, 3 and 4 only
D.1, 2, 3 and 4
Solution ( B)
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NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY (NTCA)
The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body of the Government of India, established in 2005 to oversee the implementation of the Project Tiger initiative and ensure the conservation and protection of tigers and their habitats across the country. The NTCA operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, and its organizational structure includes a Governing Body, a Standing Committee, and a small Secretariat to facilitate day-to-day operations.
Key Objectives
- The primary objective of NTCA is to formulate policies and implement programs for the conservation of tigers, their prey species, and the ecosystems they inhabit.
- NTCA plays a central role in the implementation of Project Tiger, which was launched in 1973 to conserve India's national animal and its habitats.
- NTCA is responsible for monitoring and assessing the status of tigers in India, including conducting tiger censuses, assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures, and collecting data on tiger populations.
- NTCA ensures compliance with the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and other relevant laws to combat wildlife crimes, including poaching and illegal trade of tiger parts.
Key Functions
- NTCA oversees the management of tiger reserves across the country, coordinating with state governments and relevant authorities to ensure effective conservation practices.
- NTCA provides financial and technical support to tiger reserves for habitat management, anti-poaching efforts, community involvement, and other conservation initiatives.
- While the primary focus is on tigers, NTCA also contributes to the conservation of biodiversity within tiger reserves, recognizing the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems.
- NTCA promotes research activities related to tiger conservation and wildlife ecology. It also emphasizes capacity building for forest officials, field staff, and local communities involved in tiger conservation efforts.
Challenges and Initiatives
- NTCA addresses challenges related to human-wildlife conflict by developing strategies for coexistence, compensating affected communities, and implementing mitigation measures.
- Conservation initiatives involve addressing habitat degradation issues, afforestation programs, and sustainable development practices to maintain viable tiger habitats.
- NTCA works on strengthening anti-poaching measures and collaborating with law enforcement agencies to combat illegal wildlife trade and activities threatening tiger populations.
- The Canopy Walk Tourism Project, funded by the Karnataka Tourism Department, was executed in the vicinity of Kuveshi within the Castlerock Wildlife Range, a component of the Dandeli Wildlife Reserve.
- To enhance protection and administration, the jurisdiction over this region has been entrusted to the Director of the Kali Tiger Project.
- Spanning a distance of 240 meters and elevated approximately 30 feet above the ground, the canopy walkway offers a unique experience.
- Opened to the public in 2021, the project aims to promote tourism and environmental appreciation in the area.
- Residents argue that the project violates the 1980 Act by diverting forest land for eco-tourism without being part of the management plan or tiger conservatory plan.
- Karnataka Tourism Policy prohibiting new tourist facilities in wildlife-protected areas, aligning with the Wildlife Protection Act and Supreme Court directives.
- Residents point out that the project contradicts section 38(O)(1)(c) of the Wildlife Protection Act by introducing new tourism infrastructure (except for minor homestay alterations) in and around tiger reserves.
- The constructions allowed by the Court within tiger reserves are limited to those essential for protection or within approved management plans, neither of which applies to the Canopy Walk.
- While the area falls in the approved tourism zone of the Kali Tiger Project plan, details regarding the Canopy Walk and its permissibility for tourism are absent.
- The project, along with the Jungle Safari, has significantly increased tourism pressure in the Castlerock region, exceeding allowed activities like trekking and bird watching.
Dandeli Wildlife Reserve, located in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India, stands as a testament to the region's rich biodiversity and ecological significance. Nestled along the Western Ghats, this sanctuary is renowned for its diverse flora and fauna, pristine landscapes, and the Kali River that meanders through its expanse.
- Geographical Features: Situated in the Western Ghats, Dandeli Wildlife Reserve is part of the larger Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve and spans an area of approximately 834.16 square kilometres. The reserve is traversed by the Kali River, enhancing its ecological diversity and serving as a lifeline for numerous species of flora and fauna.
- Flora: The reserve boasts a lush and varied vegetation cover, including dense deciduous and evergreen forests. The diverse plant life supports a range of wildlife habitats, contributing to the overall ecological balance.
- Fauna: Dandeli Wildlife Reserve is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including elephants, tigers, leopards, black panthers, deer species like sambar and spotted deer, Indian bison, and various species of primates. The sanctuary is a haven for birdwatchers, with over 200 avian species, including the Malabar pied hornbill, great hornbill, Indian grey hornbill, and several species of eagles, making it an ornithologist's paradise.
- Activities: The reserve offers visitors an opportunity to explore its natural beauty through wildlife safaris, providing a chance to observe the resident fauna in their natural habitats. The Kali River also offers thrilling opportunities for river rafting, attracting adventure enthusiasts. Nature trails and trekking routes lead visitors through the heart of the reserve, offering a more immersive experience amid the wilderness.
- Conservation Efforts: Dandeli Wildlife Reserve plays a crucial role in conservation efforts, contributing to the protection of endangered species and maintaining the ecological balance of the Western Ghats. The reserve is part of the Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve, reflecting its commitment to preserving the region's flagship species.
- Challenges and Conservation Initiatives: While the reserve thrives with biodiversity, it faces challenges such as habitat degradation and human-wildlife conflicts. Conservation initiatives, including community involvement, habitat restoration, and sustainable tourism practices, are crucial for addressing these challenges and ensuring the long-term health of the ecosystem.
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For Prelims: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Dandeli Wildlife Reserve, Western Ghats, Kali River, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Project Tiger, Karnataka Tourism Policy, flora, fauna
For Mains:
1. Discuss the challenges and potential solutions for balancing tourism development with wildlife conservation in protected areas. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The term ‘M-STRIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (UPSC 2017) (a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna (b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves (c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System (d) Security of National Highways
2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014) 1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, of 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
3. Which one of the following is the well-publicized wildlife campaign in the world launched in 1973? (BPSC 2023) A. Sunderbans B. Project Project C. Tiger Lion Project D. More than one of the above E. None of the above
4. Which one of the following tiger reserves of India has ‘Bhoorsingh the Barasingha’ as its official mascot? (UPSC CAPF 2017)
A. Nameri tiger reserve
B. Ranthambhore tiger reserve
C. Panna tiger reserve
D. Kanha tiger reserve
5. From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?(UPSC CSE 2017)
(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (b) Nallamala Forest (c) Nagarhole National Park (d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
6. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which of the following states? (SSC CHSL2021)
A. Kerala B. Karnataka C. Jharkhand D. Sikkim
7. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? (upsc 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
8. According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law? (UPSC 2017)
1. Gharial
2. Indian wild ass
3. Wild buffalo
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
9. With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government.
2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside.
3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 and 2 B. 2 only C.1 and 3 D. 3 only
10. In the field of tourism, which one of the following Indian States is described as 'One State Many Worlds'? (CDS GK 2020)
A. Assam B. West Bengal C. Karnataka D. Rajasthan
Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-D, 5-A, 6-B, 7-C, 8-D, 9-A, 10-C
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UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (UGC)
The primary functions of the UGC include:
- Allocating funds to universities and colleges.
- Formulating and implementing academic standards for higher education institutions.
- Monitoring and maintaining the quality of teaching, research, and examinations in universities.
- Providing guidance and coordination among universities and colleges in the country.
- Supporting and promoting innovations and improvements in the education system
University Grants Commission (UGC) Appointment, Tenure, and Eligibility
| Position | Appointment Method | Tenure | Minimum Eligibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chairperson | Appointed by the President of India | 5 years, extendable for another 5 years (subject to review) | Distinguished academician with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in a University system or 10 years in equivalent position at a reputed research/academic administrative organization. * Eminence in higher education. * No connection with the concerned university or its colleges. |
| Member | Appointed by the President of India | 5 years, extendable for another 5 years (subject to review) | Renowned scholar/expert with: * Proven track record in teaching/research/administration in relevant field. * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor/equivalent in a University/College/Institute of national importance. * Demonstrated commitment to higher education development. |
| Vice-Chancellor (University) | Appointed by Executive Council of the University | 5 years, extendable for another 5 years | Distinguished academician with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in a University system or 10 years in equivalent position at a reputed research/academic administrative organization. * Eminence in the sphere of higher education. * No connection with the concerned university or its colleges. |
| Dean (Faculty) or Director (School/Institute) | Appointed by Executive Council of the University/Governing Council of the Institute | 5 years, extendable for another 5 years | Eminent scholar with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in relevant field. * Exceptional research record and contributions to the discipline. * Strong administrative and leadership skills. |
| Professor | Through Selection Committee constituted by the University | Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review | Ph.D. in relevant subject with: * Proven track record of research publications in peer-reviewed journals. * Significant contribution to the discipline. * Experience in research supervision. |
| Associate Professor | Through Selection Committee constituted by the University | Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review | Ph.D. in relevant subject with: * Good academic record and publications. * Minimum 8 years of teaching/research experience in relevant field. |
| Assistant Professor | Through Selection Committee constituted by the University | Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review | Master's degree with at least 55% marks and Ph.D. in relevant/allied/cognate discipline OR Master's degree with NET/SLET/SET qualification. |
The University Grants Commission (UGC) operates under statutory provisions outlined primarily in the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. Here are some of the key statutory provisions governing the UGC:
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University Grants Commission Act, 1956: This is the primary legislation that established the UGC. It defines the roles, functions, powers, and responsibilities of the Commission. It also outlines the composition of the UGC, appointment procedures, and its authority to allocate funds to universities and colleges.
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UGC (Institutions Deemed to be Universities) Regulations, 2016: These regulations provide guidelines for institutions seeking the status of "Deemed to be University." They specify the criteria, application process, and conditions for granting this status.
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UGC (Minimum Standards of Instruction for the Grant of the First Degree through Non-formal/Distance Education) Regulations, 2017: These regulations specify the minimum standards for offering programs through distance education mode, ensuring quality education delivery.
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UGC (Open and Distance Learning) Regulations, 2017: These regulations govern the standards and norms for open and distance learning programs offered by universities and institutions in India.
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UGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Standards in Private Universities) Regulations, 2003: These regulations outline the norms and standards for the establishment and functioning of private universities, ensuring quality education.
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UGC (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal of Sexual Harassment of Women Employees and Students in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2015: These regulations mandate higher educational institutions to establish mechanisms for preventing and addressing sexual harassment.
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UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2012: These regulations aim to promote equity in higher education, focusing on providing opportunities to disadvantaged sections of society.
- UGC allocates funds to universities and colleges for their development, improvement, and maintenance
- Provides financial assistance to encourage and support research activities in various academic disciplines
- UGC establishes and maintains academic standards in higher education to ensure quality across universities and colleges
- Develops frameworks and guidelines for curriculum development in different academic programs
- UGC recognizes universities in India and provides approval for the establishment of new universities
- Monitors the quality of education, teaching, research, and examinations in universities to ensure adherence to set standards
- UGC promotes and supports research activities by providing grants, fellowships, and scholarships to students and faculty members
- Facilitates coordination and cooperation among universities and other higher educational institutions
- Advises the Central and State governments on matters related to higher education policies, regulations, and development
- Provides guidance, assistance, and recommendations to universities for enhancing their academic and research standards
- Conducts assessments and accredits higher education institutions to ensure and improve quality
- Undertakes periodic reviews and assessments to maintain and enhance the quality of education
- Implements programs and initiatives to promote access to higher education for underprivileged and marginalized sections of society
- Develops and revises regulations and guidelines governing various aspects of higher education, such as distance education, deemed universities, private universities, etc
- Collects, analyzes, and maintains data related to higher education for policy formulation and decision-making purposes
- Central Universities: Established by an Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the central government.
- State Universities: Established by state governments within their respective states.
- Deemed Universities: Granted the status of "Deemed to be University" by the University Grants Commission (UGC)
- Many colleges are affiliated with universities and offer undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The degrees awarded by these colleges are conferred by the affiliated university
- Some colleges have been granted autonomy by the University Grants Commission or the respective university. These colleges have the authority to design their curriculum and conduct examinations, and they award degrees on their own
- Certain institutes, like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), and others designated as Institutes of National Importance, have the authority to award degrees
- Institutions like Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and others recognized by the Distance Education Bureau (DEB) offer distance education programs and award degrees
The University Grants Commission (UGC) in India has a rich historical background that traces back to the pre-independence era and has evolved significantly over time:
Pre-Independence Era:
- 1920s-1940s: Before India gained independence, the idea of a body to oversee and promote higher education emerged. The need for such an institution was discussed during the 1920s and 1930s.
Post-Independence Formation:
- 1947: After India gained independence in 1947, discussions intensified regarding the establishment of a commission to oversee higher education and allocate funds to universities and colleges.
- 1950: The UGC was initially set up as an ad-hoc committee to oversee the allocation of grants to universities and colleges.
- 1956: The University Grants Commission Act was passed on December 28, 1956, establishing the UGC as a statutory body. This formalized its role in overseeing and promoting higher education.
Evolution and Functions:
- Early Years: Initially, the UGC focused on disbursing grants and fostering the development of universities and colleges.
- Expanding Role: Over time, the UGC's role expanded to encompass setting academic standards, promoting research, and advising the government on higher education policies.
- Regulatory Functions: It started playing a more regulatory role by formulating guidelines and regulations for various aspects of higher education.
Milestones and Amendments:
- 1960s-1970s: The UGC underwent amendments to accommodate changes in the higher education landscape and to enhance its effectiveness.
- Subsequent Decades: The UGC continued to evolve, adapting to the changing needs of higher education, introducing reforms, and addressing emerging challenges.
