NET ZERO
Net zero is critical in the fight against climate change for several reasons:
Limiting global warming:
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that reaching net zero by mid-century is crucial to limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. This goal is essential to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and mass extinctions.
- By balancing emissions and removals, we prevent the further accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, stabilizing the climate system and preventing further damage.
Environmental benefits:
- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions also leads to cleaner air, benefiting public health and reducing respiratory illnesses.
- Limiting warming protects ecosystems and the biodiversity they support, preserving vital natural resources and services.
- By lowering carbon dioxide levels, net zero helps mitigate ocean acidification, which is harmful to marine life and ecosystems.
Economic and social benefits:
- The transition to net zero creates opportunities for new technologies, industries, and jobs, driving economic growth and innovation.
- Reducing reliance on fossil fuels enhances energy security and independence from volatile global markets.
- Climate change poses a serious threat to human health. Achieving net zero reduces these risks and promotes healthier communities.
Global cooperation:
- Net zero is a global challenge requiring international collaboration and cooperation. Achieving this goal requires all nations to contribute and share best practices.
- We have a moral obligation to future generations to protect the planet and ensure a sustainable future. Net zero is an essential step in this direction
- Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power is crucial. This involves increasing renewable energy capacity and enhancing energy efficiency
- Encouraging the use of electric vehicles, heat pumps, and other clean technologies can reduce emissions in transportation, heating, and cooling sectors
- Improving energy efficiency in buildings, industries, and appliances can significantly reduce energy consumption and emissions
- Implementing technologies that capture carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes and power generation, followed by storing or utilizing it, can help offset emissions
- Protecting and restoring forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems can capture and store carbon dioxide naturally, contributing to offsetting emissions
- Encouraging industries to adopt cleaner production methods, such as low-carbon cement production or sustainable agricultural practices, can reduce emissions
- Implementing policies like carbon pricing, emissions regulations, and incentives for renewable energy can drive the transition to net zero
- Investing in research and development of new technologies, materials, and processes that produce fewer emissions is crucial for long-term sustainability
- Encouraging individuals and communities to adopt sustainable practices like reducing meat consumption, using public transportation, and embracing energy-efficient habits contributes to emissions reduction
| Subject | Net Zero | Carbon Neutral |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Achieving a balance between emissions produced and removed from the atmosphere, ideally resulting in no net emissions. | Offsetting or balancing the emissions released with an equivalent amount of emissions removed or avoided elsewhere. |
| Focus | Focuses on achieving a balance of overall greenhouse gas emissions, not necessarily zero emissions for all activities. | Primarily focuses on balancing carbon dioxide emissions, often through offsets or carbon credits. |
| Scope | Includes all greenhouse gases, not just carbon dioxide, aiming to balance the overall emissions footprint. | Primarily centered on carbon dioxide emissions, sometimes excluding other greenhouse gases. |
| Time frame | Doesn't necessarily imply immediate zero emissions but aims to balance emissions over time, potentially allowing some emissions with equivalent removal. | Allows for ongoing emissions if they are compensated by an equivalent amount of carbon removal or offsetting. |
| Strategies | Involves reducing emissions as much as possible and offsetting remaining emissions through various methods like carbon capture, afforestation, etc. | Focuses on offsetting carbon emissions through projects that remove or prevent an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere. |
| Target | Generally considered a more ambitious goal as it aims to ultimately eliminate or balance all greenhouse gas emissions. | May be perceived as a less ambitious goal since it primarily targets carbon emissions and allows for offsetting rather than complete elimination. |
ARTICLE 356
1. Context
2. Article 356
- Article 356 of the Constitution of India gives the President of India power to suspend state government and impose President's rule of any state in the country "if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on by the provisions of the Constitution.
- It is also known as a "State Emergency" or "Constitutional Emergency".
- Upon the imposition of this rule, there would be no council of Ministers.
- The state will fall under the direct control of the Union government, and the Governor will continue to head the proceedings, representing the President of India.
3. Parliamentary approval and Duration
- A proclamation imposing President's Rule must be approved by both the House of Parliament within two months from the date of its issue.
- The approval takes place through a simple majority in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.
- Initially valid for six months, the President's Rule can be extended for a maximum period of three years with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.
4. Report of the Governor
- Under Article 356, President's Rule is imposed if the President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor of the state or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on by the provisions of the Constitution.
- A proclamation of the President's Rule may be revoked by the President at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation does not require parliamentary approval.
5. Origins of Article 356
- Article 356 was inspired by section 93 of the Government of India Act, of 1935. This provided that if a Governor of a province was satisfied that a situation had arisen in which the government of the province cannot be carried on by the provisions of the said Act, he could assume to himself all or any of the powers of the government and discharge those functions in his discretion.
- The Governor, could not encroach upon the powers of the high court. For the British, this provision allowed for a 'controlled democracy'-while providing some autonomy to provincial governments, section 93 allowed the British authorities to exercise ultimate power when they deemed necessary.
6. How was the provision used as a political weapon in independent India?
- During the decades of Congress's dominance at the Centre, Article 356 was used against governments of the Left and regional parties in the states.
- Until 1959, Jawaharlal Nehru's government had used the article six times, including to dislodge the first-ever elected communist government in the world, in Kerela in 1959.
- In the 1960s, it was used 11 times. After Indira came to power in 1966, Article 356 was used seven times between 1967 and 1969 alone.
- The 1970s were more politically turbulent. Between 1970 and 1974, President's Rule was imposed 19 times.
- Post Emergency, the Janata party government used it in 1977 to summarily dismiss nine congress-state governments. When Indira returned to power in 1980, her government too imposed president's Rule in nine states.
- In 1992-93, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao dismissed three BJP governments in the wake of the demolition of Babri Masjid, besides Kalyan Singh's government in UP.
7. Article 356 and its Safeguards
- The 1994 Supreme Court (S.R.Bommai case) majority decision, in essence, overturned a long tradition that the use of Article 356 was not subject to review by courts, a doctrine articulated in a landmark 1997 case, State of Rajasthan Vs Union of India.
- The Bommai case verdict laid down the conditions under which state governments may be dismissed, and the mechanisms for that process.
- In the S.R. Bommai case, a nine-member bench of the supreme court construed the scope of Article 356, which also allows the imposition of the President's Rule in the states, with stringent conditions.
- These included ascertaining whether objective conditions exist which render it impossible to carry out governance in the state where the proclamation has been made and the process has to be approved by both Houses of Parliament before consideration for Judicial review.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Article 356, State Emergency, President, Parliament, Government of India Act, of 1935, Lok sabha, Rajya Sabha, S.R.Bommai case and section 93 of the Government of India Act, of 1935.
For Mains:
1.Explain how Article 356 is used as a political weapon in independent India and discuss its safeguards.
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WILDFIRES
1. Context
2. About Wildfires
- Wildfires, also referred to as bushfires, vegetation fires, or forest fires, epitomize the uncontrolled and non-prescribed combustion of plants within natural environments like forests, grasslands, brushlands, or tundras.
- These fires, ignited by various factors, consume natural fuels and propagate based on prevailing environmental conditions such as wind patterns and terrain features.
- Three pivotal elements must converge for a wildfire to thrive: Fuel, Oxygen, and a Heat source.
2.1. Origins and Causes
Natural Causes: Many wildfires stem from natural triggers, with lightning strikes being a prominent initiator. These lightning-induced fires often ignite trees, yet the subsequent rainfall tends to douse the flames, minimizing damage. Elevated atmospheric temperatures and aridity, characterized by low humidity levels, create propitious conditions for fire ignition and spread.
Man-made Causes: Human activities constitute a significant driver of forest fires. Fires ignite when a fire source be it an exposed flame, a discarded cigarette or bidi, an electric spark, or any ignition source interacts with inflammable materials. Such anthropogenic incidents can swiftly transform into destructive conflagrations.
2.2. Classification
Surface Fires: wildfires can primarily manifest as surface fires, advancing across the forest floor's surface layer, encompassing senescent leaves, twigs, and parched grass. The propagating flames embrace the surface litter, leading to a rapid spread.
Underground Fires: Underground fires, are characterized by low intensity, smoulder within the organic matter beneath the surface and the forest floor's litter. Often concealed, these fires extend several meters below the ground, challenging detection and control efforts. These covert fires, lingering for months, inflict substantial harm to vegetative cover.
Ground Fires: Ground fires, infiltrating the sub-surface organic fuels, transcend boundaries, involving duff layers beneath forest stands, Arctic tundra, taiga, and organic soils of swamps or bogs. The distinction between underground and ground fires isn't clear-cut, as smouldering underground fires can metamorphose into ground fires. These fires ravage the herbaceous growth on the forest floor alongside decaying organic layers, potentially annihilating vegetation. Ground fires simmer below the surface via smouldering combustion, frequently sparked by surface fires.
Image Source: CNN
2.3. Impact
Wildfires can have a significant impact on ecosystems. They can destroy vegetation, kill wildlife, and pollute the air and water. However, they can also have some positive effects, such as clearing out deadwood and creating new growth opportunities.
2.3.1. Negative impacts of wildfires
2.3.2. Positive Impacts of Wildfires
3. The Historical Significance of Maui and Lahaina
- Maui is a popular tourist destination known for its beautiful beaches and lush rainforests.
- Lahaina was the capital of the Hawaiian kingdom from 1820 to 1845.
- The town is home to many historical landmarks, including the Waiola Church, which was built in 1832.
- The fires have caused extensive damage to Lahaina, including the destruction of many historic buildings.
4. Reasons for the Fires in Hawaii Been So Devastating
5. Measures that can be taken to prevent wildfires
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For Prelims: Wildfires, Hawaii, USA, climate change, soil degradation, vegetation,
For Mains:
1. Explain the causes and factors that contribute to the severity of wildfires. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of wildfires on ecosystems. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Comprehension (SSC CHSL 2020)
Direction: In the following passage some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each blank. Forest fire always (1) ______ by one of two reasons-naturally caused or human-caused. Natural fire is generally (2) ______ by lightning, with a very small percentage (3) ______ by spontaneous combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust and leaves. (4) ______, human-caused fire can happen (5) ______ any number of reasons.
Select the most appropriate option for blank No. 1.
A. takes up B. happens C. causes D. creates
Answer: B
2. Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the lists: (UPSC CAPF 2015)
List - I (Volcano type) List – II (Location)
A. Shield Volcano 1. Indonesia
B. Composite Volcano 2. India
C. Caldera 3. Hawaii
D. Flood Basalt Provinces 4. Phillippines
1. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
2. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
3. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
4. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
Answer: 4
3. Recently, the USA decided to support India's membership in multilateral export control regimes called the "Australia Group" and the "Wassenaar Arrangement". What is the difference between them? (UPSC 2011)
1. The Australia Group is an informal arrangement which aims to allow exporting countries to minimize the risk of assisting chemical and biological weapons proliferation, whereas the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group under the OECD holding identical objectives.
2. The Australia Group comprises predominantly of Asian, African and North American countries, whereas the member countries of Wassenaar Arrangement are predominantly from the European Union and American continents.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
4. In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following? (UPSC 2014)
1. Terrace cultivation
2. Deforestation
3. Tropical climate
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
5. The vegetation of savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees, but extensive areas have no trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some conditions. Which of the following are such conditions? (UPSC 2021)
1. Burrowing animals and termites
2. Fire
3. Grazing herbivores
4. Seasonal rainfall
5. Soil properties
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 2 B. 4 and 5 C, 2, 3 and 4 D. 1, 3 and 5
Answer: C
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EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
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The European Parliament (EP) represents the citizens of EU member states. Its main roles include negotiating EU laws with member state governments, which are represented by the European Council.
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The EP also has the authority to approve the EU budget, vote on international agreements, and decide on the enlargement of the bloc. Additionally, it can approve or reject the appointment of the European Commission president — currently Germany’s Ursula von der Leyen — and the commissioners.
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Unlike national parliaments, the EP does not have the right to propose laws; it can only negotiate those proposed by the executive European Commission.
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The EP consists of 720 Members (MEPs) who are elected every five years. These MEPs then elect their president for a term of two and a half years.
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In 21 member states, individuals aged 18 and above can vote.
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Citizens living in another EU country can choose to vote for candidates either from their home country or from their country of residence.
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In some member states, voters can only choose closed lists where they cannot change the order of preferred candidates, while in others, they can select individual candidates in a preferential system.
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All candidates must be EU citizens. Depending on the country, voters may choose from individual candidates or political parties’ delegates. Once elected, politicians from each nation join the European groups in the Parliament based on their political orientations. Elected individuals cannot hold positions in national governments or other political bodies such as the EU Commission
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What are the member countries of the EU?
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden
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1945-1957: Post-War Integration Efforts
- 1945: After the devastation of World War II, European countries seek to ensure lasting peace and economic stability.
- 1951: The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is established by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. This organization aims to integrate the coal and steel industries of member countries, making war between them "materially impossible."
1957: The Treaties of Rome
- 1957: The Treaties of Rome are signed, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). The EEC aims to create a common market and a customs union among its members
960s-1980s: Growth and Challenges
- 1973: The first enlargement of the EEC occurs, with Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joining the Community.
- 1981: Greece becomes a member, followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986.
- 1986: The Single European Act is signed, aiming to create a single market by 1992, ensuring the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people.
1990s: Political and Economic Union
- 1992: The Maastricht Treaty is signed, formally establishing the European Union. The treaty introduces new forms of cooperation between governments, such as a common foreign and security policy, and lays the foundation for economic and monetary union, including the creation of a single currency.
- 1995: Austria, Finland, and Sweden join the EU.
- 1999: The euro is introduced as the single currency for 11 EU countries, with physical currency (banknotes and coins) entering circulation in 2002.
2000s: Major Enlargement and Institutional Reforms
- 2004: The EU undergoes its largest expansion, with ten new countries (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) joining.
- 2007: Bulgaria and Romania join the EU.
- 2009: The Lisbon Treaty comes into force, reforming the EU's institutional structure and increasing its powers in areas such as justice, security, and foreign policy
2010s: Economic Crises and Brexit
- 2010: The eurozone faces a significant debt crisis, prompting reforms and financial support mechanisms to stabilize the economies of member states.
- 2013: Croatia becomes the EU's 28th member state.
- 2016: The United Kingdom votes to leave the EU in a referendum, leading to Brexit.
- 2020: The UK officially leaves the EU on January 31, 2020
- The European Council comprises the heads of state or government of the EU member states, along with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy also participates
- The European Council meets at least four times a year, usually in Brussels, Belgium. Additionally, extraordinary meetings can be convened to address urgent issues
- The European Council sets the EU's general political agenda and provides strategic leadership on key issues facing the EU. While it does not legislate or adopt laws, its decisions and recommendations guide the work of other EU institutions
- The European Council operates on the basis of consensus, with decisions typically reached through discussions and negotiations among its members. However, unanimity is not always required for certain decisions, particularly in areas where EU treaties allow for qualified majority voting
India and the European Union (EU) engage in cooperation across various sectors, reflecting their shared interests and objectives.
Some of the key areas of cooperation between India and the EU include:
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Trade and Investment: Both India and the EU are major trading partners. Efforts are underway to enhance bilateral trade relations through negotiations for a comprehensive free trade agreement known as the EU-India Broad-Based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA). Additionally, initiatives aim to promote investment flows between India and the EU.
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Political Dialogue and Strategic Partnership: India and the EU engage in regular political dialogues to discuss regional and global issues of mutual concern, including security, counter-terrorism, climate change, and sustainable development. They have established a strategic partnership framework to deepen cooperation in these areas.
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Research and Innovation: Collaboration in research and innovation is a growing area of cooperation between India and the EU. Joint research projects, technology partnerships, and academic exchanges are promoted to address common challenges and foster technological innovation.
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Education and Culture: India and the EU cooperate in the fields of education, culture, and people-to-people exchanges. Programs such as Erasmus+ facilitate student and academic mobility between India and EU member states, while cultural events and initiatives promote mutual understanding and appreciation.
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Energy and Climate Change: India and the EU collaborate on energy security, renewable energy, and climate change mitigation efforts. Dialogues and partnerships focus on promoting clean energy technologies, sustainable development, and the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change.
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Security and Counter-Terrorism: Cooperation in security and counter-terrorism is a priority for India and the EU. They exchange information, share best practices, and coordinate efforts to combat terrorism, cyber threats, and other transnational security challenges.
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Migration and Mobility: India and the EU engage in dialogue on migration and mobility issues, including legal migration, visa facilitation, and irregular migration management. Cooperation aims to promote safe, orderly, and regular migration flows while addressing challenges related to migration governance.
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Healthcare and Public Health: Collaboration in healthcare and public health is increasingly important, especially in areas such as pandemic preparedness, disease surveillance, and healthcare infrastructure development. India and the EU work together to strengthen health systems and respond to global health challenges.
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains: GS-II:GS-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
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Previous Year Questions
1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2023)
The ‘Stability and Growth Pact’ of the European Union is a treaty that 1. limits the levels of the budgetary deficit of the countries of the European Union 2. makes the countries of the European Union to share their infrastructure facilitie 3. enables the countries of the European Union to share their technologie How many of the above statements are correct (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Answer (a)
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CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM (CBAM)
1. Context
2. What is a carbon trading platform?
A carbon trading platform, also known as a carbon market or emissions trading platform, is a financial marketplace where organizations and entities can buy and sell carbon credits or emissions allowances. The primary goal of carbon trading platforms is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change by creating economic incentives for entities to reduce their carbon emissions.
Here's how a carbon trading platform typically works:
- Emissions Allowances: Governments or regulatory bodies set an overall cap on the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are allowed within a specific jurisdiction or sector. This cap is typically established to limit emissions and reduce environmental impact.
- Allocation of Allowances: Under the cap-and-trade system, emissions allowances are distributed or allocated to participating entities, often based on historical emissions or other criteria. These allowances represent the right to emit a specific amount of greenhouse gases.
- Buying and Selling: Entities that emit fewer greenhouse gases than their allocated allowances can sell their excess allowances to those who exceed their allocated limits. This creates a market for emissions allowances.
- Carbon Credits: In addition to emissions allowances, carbon trading platforms may also involve the trading of carbon credits. Carbon credits are typically generated by activities that result in emissions reductions or removals, such as reforestation, renewable energy projects, or energy efficiency initiatives. These credits can be sold to entities looking to offset their emissions.
- Price Determination: The price of emissions allowances or carbon credits is determined by supply and demand in the carbon market. As emissions reduction targets become stricter or as entities seek to voluntarily reduce their carbon footprint, the price of carbon credits can fluctuate.
- Compliance and Offset: Some carbon trading platforms are mandatory and designed to help entities comply with government emissions reduction targets or regulations. Others are voluntary and allow organizations to offset their emissions voluntarily.
- Transparency and Verification: To ensure the integrity of the carbon market, transactions are often subject to rigorous monitoring, reporting, and verification processes. Independent third parties may verify emissions reductions and the validity of carbon credits.
- Environmental Benefits: Carbon trading platforms aim to incentivize emissions reductions, promote the transition to cleaner technologies, and fund projects that have positive environmental impacts.
One of the most well-known carbon trading platforms is the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which operates in the European Union and covers various industries, including energy production, manufacturing, and aviation. Other countries and regions have also established their own carbon trading systems to address emissions reduction goals.
Overall, carbon trading platforms play a crucial role in the global effort to combat climate change by putting a price on carbon emissions and encouraging businesses and governments to reduce their environmental impact.
3. What are Carbon Credits?
Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets or emission reduction credits, are a key component of carbon trading and cap-and-trade systems aimed at mitigating climate change. They represent a measurable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions or the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent from the atmosphere. Carbon credits are typically measured in metric tons of CO2 or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) or nitrous oxide (N2O).
Here's how carbon credits work:
- Emission Reduction or Removal: Carbon credits are generated through activities or projects that either reduce greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., by using cleaner energy sources or improving energy efficiency) or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (e.g., through reforestation or afforestation projects).
- Measurement and Verification: The reduction or removal of emissions must be accurately measured and verified according to established standards and methodologies. Independent third-party organizations often perform this verification to ensure the credibility of the carbon credits.
- Issuance: Once the emissions reduction or removal has been verified, carbon credits are issued. Each carbon credit represents one metric ton of CO2 or its equivalent that has been prevented from entering the atmosphere or removed from it.
- Trading and Sale: Carbon credits can be bought and sold on carbon markets or through specialized trading platforms. Entities that have exceeded their emissions limits or wish to voluntarily offset their emissions can purchase these credits to compensate for their own emissions.
- Compliance and Voluntary Markets: Carbon credits serve different purposes in different markets. In compliance markets, entities purchase credits to comply with emissions reduction regulations or obligations set by governments or regulatory bodies. In voluntary markets, organizations and individuals purchase credits as a means of voluntarily offsetting their carbon footprint.
- Environmental Benefits: The purchase of carbon credits helps fund emissions reduction projects and activities that have positive environmental and climate benefits. These may include renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives, afforestation, reforestation, methane capture from landfills, and more.
- Additionality: One key principle in carbon credit generation is "additionality," which means that the emissions reductions or removals achieved by a project must be above and beyond what would have occurred in the absence of the project. This ensures that credits represent real and additional climate action.
- Sustainability and Co-Benefits: Many carbon credit projects are designed not only to reduce emissions but also to provide social, economic, or environmental co-benefits to local communities, such as job creation, biodiversity conservation, or improved air and water quality.
It's important to note that the carbon credit market is subject to various standards and regulations to maintain transparency, integrity, and credibility. Independent organizations and registries play a role in verifying and tracking the issuance and retirement of carbon credits to prevent double counting and ensure that the emissions reductions are genuine.
Carbon credits are a tool for addressing climate change by incentivizing emissions reductions and supporting projects that contribute to a more sustainable and low-carbon future. They are used by governments, businesses, and individuals to take action against climate change and reduce their carbon footprint.
4. Carbon Trading and Carbon Credit
Carbon trading and carbon credits are closely related concepts within the broader framework of climate change mitigation strategies. They are instrumental in addressing the issue of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Here's a detailed explanation of both terms:
Carbon Trading:
- Definition: Carbon trading, also known as emissions trading or cap-and-trade, is a market-based approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It allows entities, such as companies or countries, to buy and sell emissions allowances, effectively putting a price on carbon emissions.
- How It Works: Under a carbon trading system, a regulatory authority or government sets an overall cap on the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions allowed within a specific jurisdiction or sector. This cap is often progressively reduced over time to achieve emissions reduction targets.
- Emissions Allowances: Entities subject to the cap are allocated a certain number of emissions allowances, which represent the right to emit a specific amount of greenhouse gases. These allowances are often distributed based on historical emissions, with the goal of gradually reducing emissions over time.
- Trading of Allowances: Entities that emit less than their allocated allowances can sell their surplus allowances to entities that exceed their limits. This creates a market for emissions allowances, and the price of allowances is determined by supply and demand.
- Compliance and Penalties: Entities are required to surrender a number of allowances equal to their actual emissions at the end of a compliance period. Failure to do so results in penalties. Entities that reduce emissions below their allowances can profit by selling their excess allowances.
- Environmental Goals: Carbon trading aims to achieve emissions reduction goals cost-effectively by allowing entities to find the most efficient ways to reduce emissions, either by reducing emissions directly or by purchasing allowances from others.
- Types of Markets: Carbon trading can occur in both compliance markets, where entities are legally obligated to participate, and voluntary markets, where entities choose to offset their emissions voluntarily.
Carbon Credits:
- Definition: Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets or emission reduction credits, represent a quantified reduction in greenhouse gas emissions or the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent from the atmosphere.
- Generation: Carbon credits are generated through specific activities or projects that reduce emissions or remove carbon from the atmosphere. These activities can include renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives, reforestation, methane capture from landfills, and more.
- Measurement and Verification: To ensure the credibility of carbon credits, the reduction or removal of emissions must be accurately measured and independently verified according to established standards and methodologies.
- Sale and Use: Carbon credits can be bought and sold on carbon markets. Entities that wish to offset their emissions can purchase these credits to compensate for their own emissions, effectively balancing their carbon footprint.
- Environmental Benefits: The purchase of carbon credits helps fund projects that have positive environmental and climate benefits. These projects contribute to emissions reduction, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and more
5. Difference between ‘Net Zero’ and ‘Carbon Neutral’
"Net Zero" and "Carbon Neutral" are related but distinct concepts in the context of addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They both aim to achieve a balance between the amount of greenhouse gases emitted and the amount removed or offset, but they do so in slightly different ways. Here's the difference between the two terms:
| Net Zero | Carbon Neutral |
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Definition: Carbon neutrality, also known as "climate neutrality" or "carbon neutrality," means that an entity (e.g., a company, event, or country) has balanced its carbon emissions with an equivalent amount of carbon emissions reductions or removals, typically within a specific timeframe. |
| Emissions Reduction: Achieving net zero requires a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Organizations, governments, or individuals commit to reducing their emissions as much as possible through various measures, such as transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable practices. | Scope: Carbon neutrality specifically focuses on balancing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. While other greenhouse gases may be considered, the primary emphasis is on achieving neutrality for CO2 emissions. |
| Carbon Removal: To reach net zero, any remaining emissions that cannot be eliminated through reduction measures are offset by activities that remove an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This can include activities like afforestation (planting trees), reforestation, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and investment in carbon removal technologies. | Achievement: Achieving carbon neutrality can be accomplished through a combination of emissions reduction measures (e.g., using renewable energy, improving energy efficiency) and purchasing carbon offsets or credits to compensate for any remaining emissions. |
| Scope: Net zero encompasses all greenhouse gases, not just carbon dioxide (CO2). It accounts for emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and other greenhouse gases as well. | Timeliness: Carbon neutrality can be achieved on an annual basis, and it may not necessarily involve a long-term commitment to zero emissions. |
| Long-Term Goal: Net zero is often seen as a long-term goal, with organizations and countries committing to achieve it by a specific target year, such as 2050. | Application: Carbon neutrality is a term commonly used by businesses, events, and individuals to describe their efforts to reduce and offset carbon emissions. It is a practical approach for organizations looking to take immediate action to reduce their carbon footprint. |
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For Prelims: Carbon credits, carbon neutral, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Net Zero’, ‘Carbon Neutral’, and the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).
For Mains: 1. Explain the concept of the Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT) and its objectives in the context of climate change mitigation. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges associated with its implementation. (250 words)
2. What are the key principles and mechanisms underlying the proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT) policies in various regions? Analyze how CBATs can influence international trade and environmental sustainability. (250 Words).
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which of the following adopted a law on data protection and privacy for its citizens known as ‘General Data Protection Regulation’ in April, 2016 and started implementation of it from 25th May, 2018? (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) Australia Answer: (c) 2.‘Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of negotiations held between India and (UPSC CSE 2017) (a) European Union Answer: (a) |
1. Context
2. What is Kavach System?
- The KAVACH is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system by the Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in collaboration with the Indian industry.
- The South Central Railway facilitated the trials to achieve safety in train operations across Indian Railways. It is a state of heart electronic system with Safety Integrity Level-4 (SIL-4) standards.
- It is meant to protect by preventing trains from passing the signal at Red (which marks danger) and avoiding collision.
- It activates the train’s braking system automatically if the driver fails to control the train as per speed restrictions. In addition, it prevents the collision between two locomotives equipped with functional Kavach systems.
- The system also relays SoS messages during emergencies. An added feature is
the centralized live monitoring of train movements through the Network Monitor System. - ‘Kavach’ is one of the cheapest, SIL4 certified technologies where the probability of error is 1 in 10,000 years.
Source: The Hindu3. The key feature of Kavach
- One of its features is that by continuously refreshing a train's movement information, it can send out triggers when a loco pilot jumps signal, called Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD).
- The devices also continuously relay the signals ahead to the locomotive, making it useful for loco pilots in low visibility, especially during dense fog.
- It includes the key elements from already existing and tried and tested systems like the European Train Protection and Warning System, and the indigenous Anti Collison Device.
- It will also carry features of the high-tech European Train Control System Level-2 in the future.
- The current form of Kavach adheres to the highest level of safety and reliability standard called Safety Integrity Level 4.
4. How does Kavach work on Railway systems?
- The Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), with the help of equipment on board the locomotive and transmission towers at stations connected to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, helps in two way communication between the station master and locopilot to convey any emergency message.
- The instrument panel inside the cabin helps the locopilot know about the signal in advance without visual sighting and the permissible speeds to be maintained.
- If a red signal is jumped and two trains come face to face on the same line, the technology automatically takes over and applies sudden brakes.
- Additionally, the hooter activates by itself when approaching a level crossing which serves as a big boon to locopilots during fog conditions when visibility is low.
5. Kavach deployment strategy
- Kavach implementation is being taken up in a focused manner by the Railway board.
- The priority is the High-Density Routes and the New DelhiMumbai and New DelhiHowrah Sections, as they have higher chances of accidents because the trains run closer to each other.
- The second priority lines are the Highly Used Networks, the third ones are other Passenger High-Density Routes and the final priority is of course to cover all other routes.
- The RDSO has approved three firms -Medha Servo Drives, HBL, and Kernex -for providing Kavach equipment with two more being in the pipeline.
- Glitches about the vulnerability of a vehicle crossing a closed level crossing, stray cattle or boulders on track, radio communication issues in tunnels, and ghat sections have been tackled.
6. Significance of the Kavach System
- The Kavach system will help prevent accidents on rail tracks like collisions of trains.
- Once the system is activated, all trains within a 5-km range will halt to protect trains on adjacent tracks.
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Currently, the loco-pilots or assistant loco-pilots have to look out for caution signs and signals. It will only cost Rs 50 lakh per kilometer to operate in comparison to about Rs 2 crore worldwide.
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It will also include stationary equipment to gather signaling inputs and relay them to a central system to enable seamless communication with the train crew and stations.
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For Prelims: Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, KAVACH System, Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO), Safety Integrity Level-4 (SIL-4) standards, Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD), Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).
For Mains: 1. The Indigenous train collision avoidance system also known as the automatic train protection system or Kavach, is to help the railways to achieve the goal of Zero Accidents. Comment.
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