GOODS AND SERVICE TAX (GST)
- The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on the supply of goods and services at each stage of the production and distribution chain. It is a comprehensive indirect tax that aims to replace multiple indirect taxes imposed by the central and state governments in India.
- GST is designed to simplify the tax structure, eliminate the cascading effect of taxes, and create a unified national market. Under the GST system, both goods and services are taxed at multiple rates based on the nature of the product or service. The tax is collected at each stage of the supply chain, and businesses are allowed to claim a credit for the taxes paid on their inputs.
- The GST system in India came into effect on July 1, 2017, replacing a complex tax structure that included central excise duty, service tax, and state-level taxes like VAT (Value Added Tax), among others. The GST Council, consisting of representatives from the central and state governments, is responsible for making decisions on various aspects of GST, including tax rates and rules.
- GST is intended to create a more transparent and efficient tax system, reduce tax evasion, and promote economic growth by fostering a seamless flow of goods and services across the country. It has a significant impact on businesses, as they need to comply with the new tax regulations and maintain detailed records of their transactions for GST filing
3.Goods and Services Tax (GST) and 101st Amendment Act, 2016
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was introduced through the 101st Amendment Act of 2016. This constitutional amendment was a crucial step in the implementation of GST, which aimed to create a unified and comprehensive indirect tax system across the country.
Here are some key points related to the 101st Amendment Act and GST:
- The 101st Amendment Act was enacted to amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax.
- It added a new article, Article 246A, which confers concurrent powers to both the central and state governments to levy and collect GST
- The amendment led to the creation of the GST Council, a constitutional body consisting of representatives from the central and state governments. The council is responsible for making recommendations on GST rates, exemptions, and other related issues
- The amendment introduced a dual GST structure, where both the central government and the state governments have the power to levy and collect GST on the supply of goods and services
- For inter-state transactions, the 101st Amendment Act provides that the central government would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), which would be a sum total of the central and state GST
- The amendment also included a provision for compensating states for any revenue loss they might incur due to the implementation of GST for a period of five years
In India, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) is structured into different tax rates based on the nature of the goods and services. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the GST rates are divided into multiple slabs. It's important to note that tax rates may be subject to changes, and new amendments could have been introduced since then. As of my last update, the GST rates are as follows:
-
Nil Rate:
- Some goods and services are categorized under the nil rate, meaning they attract a 0% GST. This implies that no tax is levied on the supply of these goods or services.
-
5% Rate:
- This is a lower rate, applicable to essential goods such as certain food items, medical supplies, and other basic necessities.
-
12% Rate:
- Goods and services falling in this category attract a 12% GST rate. Items such as mobile phones, processed foods, and certain services fall under this slab.
-
18% Rate:
- A higher rate of 18% is applicable to goods and services such as electronic items, capital goods, and various services.
-
28% Rate:
- The highest GST rate of 28% is applied to luxury items, automobiles, and certain goods and services that are considered non-essential or fall into the luxury category.
-
Compensation Cess:
- In addition to the above rates, some specific goods attract a compensation cess, which is levied to compensate the states for any revenue loss during the transition to GST. This is often applied to items like tobacco and luxury cars.
-
Zero Rate:
- Certain categories of goods and services may be specified as "zero-rated," which means they are effectively taxed at 0%. This is different from the nil rate, as it allows businesses to claim input tax credit on inputs, capital goods, and input services.
-
Exempt Supplies:
- Some goods and services may be exempt from GST altogether. This means that they are not subject to any GST, and businesses cannot claim input tax credit on related inputs
Subject | Central GST (CGST) | State GST (SGST) | Union Territory GST (UTGST) | Integrated GST (IGST) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Levied by | Central Government | Respective State Governments | Union Territory Administrations | Central Government (on inter-state transactions) |
Applicability | On intra-state supplies (within the same state) | On intra-state supplies (within the same state) | On intra-union territory supplies (within the same union territory) | On inter-state supplies (across states or union territories) |
Rate Determination | Determined by the Central Government | Determined by the Respective State Government | Determined by the Union Territory Administration | IGST rate is a sum of CGST and SGST rates |
Revenue Collection | Collected by the Central Government | Collected by the Respective State Government | Collected by the Union Territory Administration | Collected by the Central Government (on inter-state transactions) |
Utilization of Revenue | Shared between Central and State Governments | Retained by the Respective State Government | Retained by the Union Territory Administration | Shared between Central and State Governments |
Purpose | Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover central taxes | Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover state taxes | Applicable in union territories for intra-territory supplies | Applied to regulate and tax inter-state supplies |
Input Tax Credit (ITC) | ITC available for CGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for SGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for UTGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for both CGST and SGST paid on inputs |
Tax Jurisdiction | Applies within a particular state | Applies within a particular state | Applies within a particular union territory | Applies to transactions across states and union territories |
GSTN Portal for Filing Returns | Central GSTN portal | State-specific GSTN portals | UTGSTN portal | Integrated GSTN portal |
- GST replaced multiple indirect taxes levied by the central and state governments, simplifying the tax structure. This streamlined system reduces the complexity of compliance for businesses
- GST eliminates the cascading effect of taxes, where taxes are levied on top of other taxes. With a seamless credit mechanism, businesses can claim input tax credit on the taxes paid on their purchases, leading to a more transparent and efficient system
- GST has facilitated the creation of a common national market by harmonizing tax rates and regulations across states. This has reduced trade barriers and promoted the free flow of goods and services throughout the country
- The GST system has incorporated technology-driven processes, including electronic filing and real-time reporting, making it harder for businesses to evade taxes. This has contributed to increased tax compliance
- The input tax credit mechanism under GST benefits manufacturers, as they can claim credits for taxes paid on raw materials and input services. This has a positive impact on the cost of production and enhances the competitiveness of Indian goods in the international market
- GST brings transparency to the taxation system. The online filing of returns and the availability of transaction-level data make it easier for tax authorities to monitor and track transactions, reducing the scope for corruption
- GST has replaced a complex system of filing multiple tax returns with a more straightforward mechanism. Businesses now need to file fewer returns, reducing the compliance burden
- The implementation of GST has contributed to an improvement in the ease of doing business in India. The unified tax system has made it simpler for businesses to operate across states and has reduced the paperwork and bureaucratic hurdles associated with tax compliance
- GST has led to the harmonization of tax rates across states and union territories, minimizing the tax rate disparities that existed earlier. This creates a more predictable tax environment for businesses
- Despite the intention to simplify the tax structure, the multi-tiered rate system (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%) and the inclusion of cess on certain goods have introduced complexity. The classification of goods and services under different tax slabs can be challenging, leading to disputes and confusion
- The successful implementation of GST relies heavily on technology. Issues such as technical glitches on the GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network) portal, especially during the initial phases, have caused difficulties for businesses in filing returns and complying with regulations
- The compliance requirements for businesses under GST, including multiple returns filing, have been perceived as burdensome. Smaller businesses, in particular, may find it challenging to adapt to the new system and comply with the various provisions
- The transition from the previous tax regime to GST posed challenges, especially for businesses in terms of understanding the new tax structure, reconfiguring accounting systems, and ensuring a smooth transition of credits from the old tax system to the GST system
- The classification of certain goods and services into specific tax slabs has been a source of contention. Ambiguities in classification have led to disputes and litigations, with businesses seeking clarity on the applicable tax rates
- The implementation of GST has increased compliance costs for businesses due to the need for sophisticated IT infrastructure, the hiring of tax professionals, and efforts to ensure accurate reporting and filing
- Challenges related to availing and matching input tax credits have been reported. Timely matching of credits and resolving discrepancies can be cumbersome, leading to concerns about the seamless flow of credit across the supply chain
- The anti-profiteering provisions were introduced to ensure that businesses pass on the benefits of reduced tax rates to consumers. However, the implementation of anti-profiteering measures has been criticized for its complexity and potential for disputes
- The periodic changes in the GST return filing system have created challenges for businesses in adapting their processes. Delays and complexities in return filing can affect working capital management
The GST Council consists of the following members:
- The Union Finance Minister, who is the Chairperson of the Council.
- The Union Minister of State in charge of revenue or any other Minister of State nominated by the Union Government.
- One Minister from each state, nominated by the Governor of that state.
- The Chief Secretary of each state, ex-officio.
- If the President, on the recommendation of the Council, so directs, one representative of each Union territory which has a legislature, to be nominated by the Lieutenant Governor of that Union territory.
- Three to seven members (other than Ministers) to be nominated by the Union Government, of whom at least one member shall be from the field of economics and another from the field of chartered accountancy, legal affairs or public finance
For Prelims: Economic and Social Development and Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
General Studies III: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it |
Previous Year Questions
1.Which of the following are true of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced in India in recent times? (UGC Paper II 2020)
A. It is a destination tax
B. It benefits producing states more
C. It benefits consuming states more
D. It is a progressive taxation
E. It is an umbrella tax to improve ease of doing business
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
A.B, D and E only
B.A, C and D only
C.A, D and E only
D.A, C and E only
Answer (D)
|
SATELLITES AND WEATHER
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said its polar orbiting satellite EOS-06 and geostationary satellite INSAT-3DR had been tracking the Cyclone Dana since October 20.
2. Understanding INSAT 3D Satellite Maps
- To interpret the maps, understanding the color representation is crucial. The clue provided at the bottom right of a 2021 map (Map 1) is 'Night Microphysics.'
- According to a February 2019 paper by IMD scientists, the INSAT 3D satellite utilizes a red-green-blue (RGB) imager, where colors in the images are determined by two factors: solar reflectance and brightness temperature.
- Solar reflectance is the ratio of solar energy reflected by a surface to the incident solar energy. Brightness temperature, on the other hand, involves the relationship between an object's temperature and the brightness of its surface. It differs from our usual understanding of temperature, as it considers how the object emits thermal radiation at different frequencies in various directions.
- The 'day microphysics' data component of INSAT 3D examines solar reflectance at three wavelengths: 0.5 micrometers (visible radiation), 1.6 micrometers (shortwave infrared radiation), and 10.8 micrometers (thermal infrared radiation).
- Detectors onboard the satellite track radiation in these wavelengths from over India.
- The strength of the 0.5 micrometer visible signal determines the amount of green color, the strength of the 1.6 micrometer shortwave infrared signal dictates the amount of red color, and the strength of the 10.8 micrometer thermal infrared signal influences the amount of blue color.
- Through this process, the INSAT 3D computer assigns colors to each point on the image.
3. How Satellites Track Snow with Color Clues?
- The satellite tracks snow by exploiting the distinctive characteristics of its interaction with solar radiation.
- In the paper, it is noted that the color scheme is particularly useful for various applications, including the analysis of different cloud types, initial stages of convection, maturing stages of a thunderstorm, identification of snow areas, and the detection of fires.
- In the visible part of the spectrum, the solar reflectance of both snow and clouds is similar.
- However, snow significantly absorbs radiation at a wavelength of 1.6 micrometers, which corresponds to the shortwave infrared.
- Consequently, when the satellite is monitoring snow, the red component of the color scheme becomes notably weak.
- This phenomenon allows the satellite to distinguish and identify areas covered by snow through the analysis of the weakened red signal in the imagery.
4. INSAT 3D's Night Microphysics Colors
- The determination of colors in the satellite's 'night microphysics' component involves a more complex process.
- In this context, two colors are not determined by a single signal but by evaluating the strength of the difference between two signals.
- The computer calculates the amount of red color based on the disparity between two thermal infrared signals 12 micrometers and 10 micrometers.
- Similarly, the amount of green color varies according to the difference between a thermal infrared signal and a middle infrared signal 10.8 micrometers and 3.9 micrometers, respectively.
- In contrast, the amount of blue color is not derived from a difference but is determined by the strength of a thermal infrared signal with a wavelength of 10.8 micrometers.
- For instance, in Map 3, the data reveals three types of clouds, denoted by temperature differences in kelvin.
- A mature cumulonimbus ("CB") cell, possibly part of a tropical storm, appears over West Bengal, predominantly in red, with its blue component indicating a very cold temperature. North of Delhi, green flecks dominate, suggesting a prevalence of lower clouds.
- Further north, a high and substantial cloud system encompasses both lower and upper clouds.
- By combining day and night microphysics data, atmospheric scientists can discern the presence of moisture droplets with different shapes and temperature differences over time.
- This approach enables tracking the formation, evolution, and dissipation of cyclones and other weather events.
- As an example of the satellite's capabilities, leveraging the ability of INSAT 3D to generate images based on signals of multiple wavelengths, the authors of the 2019 paper propose day and night microphysics data that they believe can indicate an impending thunderstorm within one to three hours.
- Satellites such as INSAT 3D and INSAT 3DR collect weather data using radiometers and atmospheric sounders.
- Radiometers are devices designed to measure different properties of radiation by leveraging its interaction with matter, often in the form of temperature or electrical activity.
- Additionally, both satellites are equipped with atmospheric sounders. These instruments are designed to measure temperature and humidity while studying water vapor at different heights above the ground.
- By combining the measurements from radiometers and sounders, scientists gain insights into various atmospheric characteristics.
- This integrated approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics and conditions within the Earth's atmosphere.
- India currently operates several weather satellites, including Kalpana 1, INSAT 3A, INSAT 3D, and INSAT 3DR. The radiometer on INSAT 3DR is an upgraded version of the Very High-Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) used by Kalpana 1 and INSAT 3A, launched in 2002 and 2003, respectively.
- The Space Application Centre's information on INSAT 3A highlights its three-channel VHRR with 2 km resolution in the visible band and 8 km resolution in the thermal infrared and water vapor bands for meteorological observation. The radiometers on INSAT 3D and INSAT 3DR feature significant improvements in spatial resolution, spectral channels, and functionality compared to their predecessors.
- Over the years, India has continually enhanced its weather monitoring capabilities with each new satellite being an improved version of the previous one. For instance, INSAT 3DR, launched in 2016, had a launch mass of 2,211 kg and carried an upgraded VHRR, a sounder, a data-relay transponder, and a search-and-rescue transponder.
- While Kalpana 1 served India's weather monitoring and warning services for 15 years before being deactivated in September 2017, INSAT 3D and INSAT 3DR are currently active in geostationary orbits at 82 degrees and 74 degrees east longitudes, respectively.
- In February 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation plans to launch the INSAT 3DS meteorological satellite on its GSLV Mk II launch vehicle. The "3DS" designation stands for "3D second repeat," indicating a continued commitment to advancing and repeating the success of the 3D series.
For Prelims: INSAT 3D, INSAT 3DR, GSLV Mk II launch vehicle, weather, Kalpana 1, Indian Space Research Organisation, India Meteorological Department
For Mains:
1. Explain the role of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in managing weather-related issues. (250 Words)
2. Discuss the future plans of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) regarding the launch of INSAT 3DS and its significance. (250 Words)
|
MONEY LAUNDERING
1.Context
2. Money laundering
- Money laundering is the illegal process of making large amounts of money.
- This money is generated by criminal activity but may appear to come from a legitimate source.
- Criminal activities include drug trafficking, terrorist funding, illegal arms sales, smuggling, prostitution rings, insider trading, bribery and computer fraud schemes that produce large profits.
3. Different stages in money laundering
- Placement: The crime money is injected into the formal financial system.
- Layering: Money injected into the system is layered and spread over various transactions and book-keeping tricks to hide the source of origin.
- Integration: Laundered money is withdrawn from the legitimate account to be used for criminal purposes. Now, Money enters the financial system in such a way that the original association with the crime is disassociated. The money now can be used by the offender as legitimate money.
All three sources may not be involved in money laundering. Some stages could be combined or repeated many times. |
4. Different methods of money laundering
- Smurfing (the Criminal breaks up large chunks of cash into multiple small deposits, often spreading them over many different accounts, to avoid detection.)
- Use of currency exchanges
- Mules (Cash smugglers, who sneak large amounts of cash across borders and deposit them in foreign accounts, where money-laundering enforcement is less strict.)
- Investing in commodities such as gems and gold can be moved easily to other jurisdictions.
- Discreetly investing in and selling valuable assets such as real estate, cars and boats
- Gambling and laundering money at casinos
- Counterfeiting
- Using shell companies (inactive companies or corporations that essentially exist on paper only.)
- Hawala transactions
5. National and global efforts to combat money laundering
5.1 National Efforts
The Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976, Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 and Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA), PMLA (Amendment) Act, 2012.
Other than these efforts two important agencies/Units involved are
5.1.1 Financial Intelligence Unit-IND
It is an independent body reporting directly to the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC) headed by the Finance Minister.
5.1.2 Enforcement Directorate (ED)
- It is a law enforcement agency and economic intelligence agency responsible for enforcing economic laws and fighting economic crime in India.
- The main function of the ED is to Investigate offences of money laundering under the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, of 2002 (PMLA).
India is a full-fledged member of the FATF and follows its guidelines. |
5.2 Global efforts
The Vienna Convention, The 1990 Council of Europe Convention, The International Organisation of Securities Commission (IOSCO), The Financial Action Task Force (Which has been set up by the government of the G-7 Countries), IMF, and The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
For Prelims & Mains
For Prelims: Money laundering, Prevention of Money Laundering Act, of 2002, Enforcement Directorate (ED), Financial Intelligence Unit-IND, The Vienna Convention, The 1990 Council of Europe Convention, The International Organisation of Securities Commission (IOSCO), The Financial Action Task Force, IMF, and The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. For Mains:
|
Source: The Indian Express
NATIONAL TESTING AGENCY (NTA)
While students are eager to know if the pattern of the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for undergraduate medical courses will be changed, the National Testing Agency (NTA) says it is awaiting a report of the high-powered expert committee formed on a directive of the Supreme Court to recommend an overhaul of the test process.
- The NTA administers three major undergraduate entrance exams: JEE-Main for engineering, NEET-UG for medical courses, and CUET-UG for admissions to various other undergraduate programs.
- Each year, these exams see participation from over 5 million candidates. In addition, the NTA conducts CUET-PG for postgraduate admissions, UGC-NET, and CSIR UGC-NET. UGC-NET is used to determine eligibility for junior research fellowships, assistant professorships, and PhD admissions in Indian universities and colleges.
- CSIR UGC-NET is accepted for PhD admissions in disciplines such as Chemical Sciences, Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Life Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, and Physical Sciences.
- The NTA also oversees the Common Management Admission Test (CMAT), Hotel Management Joint Entrance Examination, Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test, and entrance exams for institutions like Delhi University, Jawaharlal Nehru University, the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
- This year, the NTA faced criticism for awarding grace marks to 1,563 NEET candidates to compensate for lost time due to examination delays at seven centres.
- This decision was challenged in the Supreme Court, with claims that it inflated scores and resulted in a record 67 candidates sharing the top rank.
- Consequently, the grace marks were withdrawn, and a retest was conducted for these candidates. Additionally, the NEET question paper was reportedly leaked, as discovered by the Bihar Police.
- The UGC-NET exam was cancelled a day after being conducted due to concerns about its integrity, with the Education Ministry confirming that the exam paper had been leaked on the darknet. As a precautionary measure, the CSIR UGC-NET was also postponed
PURCHASING MANAGERS INDEX (PMI)
- PMI is typically calculated through surveys of purchasing managers in various industries. These managers are asked about their perception of different aspects of business activity, including new orders, production levels, employment, supplier deliveries, and inventories.
- PMI is usually reported as a number between 0 and 100.
- A PMI value above 50 generally indicates expansion in the sector, while a value below 50 suggests contraction. The farther the PMI is from 50, the stronger the perceived expansion or contraction.
- PMI is considered a leading indicator because it provides insights into economic conditions before official economic data, such as GDP growth or employment figures, are released. It can be used to anticipate changes in economic activity.
- PMIs are calculated separately for manufacturing and services sectors. A Manufacturing PMI focuses on the manufacturing sector, while a Services PMI provides insights into the services sector. These sector-specific PMIs can give a more detailed view of the economy.
Components: PMI is composed of several components, including:
- New Orders: This component measures the number of new orders received by businesses. An increase in new orders often signals growing demand and economic expansion.
- Production: This component reflects changes in production levels. An increase suggests increased economic activity.
- Employment: The employment component indicates changes in the level of employment within the sector. An increase typically means job growth.
- Supplier Deliveries: This measures the speed at which suppliers can deliver materials. Slower deliveries may indicate supply chain issues or increased demand.
- Inventories: Inventory levels can be an indicator of expected demand. A decrease in inventories might suggest an expectation of rising demand.
- The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) is a significant economic indicator with several important implications and uses
- PMI serves as a barometer of the economic health of a country or region. A PMI above 50 generally indicates economic expansion, while a PMI below 50 suggests contraction.
- This provides a quick and easily understandable snapshot of the direction of economic activity, making it a valuable tool for assessing the overall economic climate.
- PMI is a leading indicator, meaning it often provides insights into economic conditions ahead of other official economic data, such as GDP growth or employment figures. As such, it is used by businesses, investors, and policymakers to anticipate changes in economic activity and make informed decisions
Previous Year Questions
1.What does S & P 500 relate to? (UPSC CSE 2008) (a) Supercomputer Answer: (d) |
BRICS
1. Context
2. BRICS
- The BRICS alliance, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has evolved from an economic consortium to a multifaceted geopolitical force.
- Emerging economies with considerable potential, these countries together form a collective that challenges traditional power dynamics and fosters cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.
3. Formation and Evolution
- BRICS was officially established in 2006, with the objective of fostering economic growth, development, and cooperation among member nations.
- Over time, it has transformed into a platform for addressing a broader spectrum of global challenges, encompassing political, security, and social concerns alongside economic issues.
4. Geopolitical Relevance
- Counterbalance to Western Influence: BRICS serves as a counterweight to the dominance of Western powers. The coalition's diverse representation from different regions empowers non-Western countries to assert their interests on the global stage.
- Global South Unity: BRICS resonates with many countries in the Global South that seek a voice in international affairs. It presents an alternative to the traditional Western-dominated institutions, offering a platform for collaboration and advocacy.
5. Economic Cooperation and Growth
- Economic Powerhouses: Collectively, BRICS nations account for a substantial portion of the world's population and GDP. Their economic potential has led to discussions on reforming global financial institutions to better reflect contemporary realities.
- Intra-BRICS Trade: Trade among BRICS members has grown significantly. Initiatives like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) bolster financial cooperation and stability within the group.
6. Geopolitical Challenges and Opportunities
- Diverse Interests: As BRICS expands and diversifies, differing geopolitical interests may arise, potentially leading to internal divisions. However, this diversity also presents opportunities for creative solutions to global challenges.
- Diplomatic Outreach: BRICS engages with other regional and international organizations, strengthening its influence. The expansion of the group's membership underscores its growing geopolitical relevance.
7. India's Role and Beyond
- India's Diplomacy: India has played an active role within BRICS, emphasizing issues such as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, and climate change. Its strategic partnerships contribute to the coalition's expansion and its influence in shaping its direction.
- Global Impact: BRICS expansion into a broader coalition incorporating West Asian countries like Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE signifies a deliberate shift towards greater global political relevance. This expansion highlights BRICS' adaptability to changing geopolitical dynamics.
8. BRICS New Members Dynamics
- Unanimous Decisions: BRICS decisions require unanimous agreement, reflecting collective decision-making.
- Geopolitical Partnerships: While Russia and China confront West-related challenges, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain significant partnerships with the US and Europe.
- China's Expansion Drive: China spearheads BRICS expansion, prioritizing membership growth.
- Inclusion of Iran: China and Russia's influence is seen in Iran's inclusion, showcasing their collaboration.
- Mediation Efforts: China's role reconciles rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran within the alliance.
- Saudi Arabia's Shift: Saudi Arabia's entry signifies a move towards an independent foreign policy, diverging from the US alliance.
- Global Significance for Russia and Iran: BRICS membership elevates Russia and Iran's global partnerships, challenging Western dominance.
9. Implications for India
- Strategic Role: India played a lead role in drafting BRICS membership criteria, demonstrating its strategic influence within the alliance.
- Expanded Influence: The inclusion of new members who are strategic partners of India enhances its influence within BRICS.
- Geopolitical Balancing: BRICS expansion allows India to navigate between its ties with the West and its position within this non-Western coalition.
- Global Advocacy: With more representation and diverse members, India can push for UN reforms and increased Global South representation.
- Diplomatic Challenges: India might need to exert more effort to assert its influence in an alliance with a wider range of members and potential competing interests.
- Economic Opportunities: Collaboration with economically strong members like China can lead to enhanced trade and investment prospects for India.
For Prelims: BRICS, Global South Unity, Western Influence, New Development Bank (NDB), and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the Implications of BRICS' Expansion for India's Geopolitical Positioning and Influence within the Alliance.
2. Analyze India's Role in Shaping BRICS' Membership Criteria and Its Strategic Significance in the Expanded Coalition.
|
Previous year Questions1. With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014)
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
2. With reference to BRIC countries, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. At present, China's GDP is more than the combined GDP of all three other countries.
2. China's population is more than the combined population of any two other countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
3. The 'Fortaleza Declaration', recently in the news, is related to the affairs of (UPSC 2015)
A. ASEAN
B. BRICS
C. OECD
D. WTO
Answer: B
|
DISABILITY
1. Context
2. How are disabled identified?
- Until the 2011 census, there were questions on seven kinds of disabilities in the questionnaire.
- This list of disabilities was expanded to 21 when the Rights of People with Disabilities were introduced in 2016.
- Accordingly, the 2019 report included questions to identify people with temporary loss of ability as well as neurological and blood disorders in addition.
- The earlier definition included mental retardation and the permanent inability to move, speak, hear, and see.
- Significantly, the revised definition recognizes deformities and injuries of acid attack victims as disabilities, entitling them to various relief measures.
3. What is the Constitutional framework for the disabled in India?
- Article 41 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) states that the State shall make effective provisions for securing the right to work, to education, and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement, within the limits of its economic capacity and development.
- The subject of ‘relief of the disabled and unemployable’ is specified in the state list of the Seventh Schedule of the constitution.
4. Who are disabled and in what way?
- Rural men had the highest prevalence of disability in India, according to the NSO report.
- A higher proportion of men were disabled in India compared with women, and disability was more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.
- The inability to move without assistance was the most common disability. More men experienced locomotor disability than women.
- These numbers were self-reported. In other words, the respondents were asked if they experienced any difficulty in performing tasks like moving, talking, etc.
5. 2011 Census estimates
- The 2011 census estimated that the number of people with disabilities in India is close to 2.68 crores (or 2.2% of the population)- that is more than the entire population of Australia.
- This number was based on the older definition of disability, yet the proportion of disabled people in the population is not different from the 2019 NSO report, which used the expanded definition of disability.
- However, the 2019 edition of disability statistics reported a slightly higher prevalence than those reported in earlier editions of the survey.
- A 2019 study by the Public Health Foundation of India found that the use of the Annual Health Survey's metrics results in a lower prevalence.
6. Why is it important to get the number of disabled people right?
- Like other disadvantaged groups, the disabled in India are entitled to some benefits, ranging from reservations in educational institutes to concessions on railway tickets.
- To claim these benefits, they have to furnish certificates as proof of disability.
- At the macro level, data on the prevalence and type of disability is useful while making allocations for welfare schemes.
-
In the 2021 census, disability will be defined as per the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Or RPwD) Act of 2016.
- The department (of disability affairs) is also in the process of creating a national database of PwDs, which will contain information on those with certificates issued by competent medical authorities.
7. What are the recent initiatives for the Empowerment of the Disabled?
India
- Unique Disability Identification Portal
- Accessible India campaign
- DeenDayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme
- Assistance to Disabled persons for purchase/fitting of Aids and Appliances
- National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities
- Incheon strategy to "Make the Right Real" for persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific.
- United Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disability.
- International Day of Persons with Disabilities
- UN Principles for People with Disabilities
For Prelims & Mains
For Prelims: International Day of Persons with Disabilities, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2011 census, Article 41, Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), Seventh Schedule of the constitution, NSO report and Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Or RPwD) Act of 2016.
For Mains:
1.How far do you think that the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act will facilitate inclusivity and empowerment of persons with disabilities in India? Discuss.
|
PROJECT CHEETAH
1. Context
2. Why was Project Cheetah launched?
- India's cheetah relocation program is perhaps among the most ambitious of its kind in the world.
- The attempt is to, over the next decade, bring in five to 10 animals every year until a self-sustaining population of about 35 is established.
- Unlike, cheetahs in South Africa and Namibia, which live in fenced reserves, India's plan is to have them grown in natural, unfenced, wild conditions.
- At Kuno, only six of the 17 adults are in the wild with the rest lodged in large, specially designed enclosures to help the animals acclimatize to Indian conditions.
- The plan is to release all the animals into the open by the yearend. The animals are radio-collared and tracked 24/7.
3. How do cheetahs die?
- The South African study also documented the causes of mortality, where it could be established, for 293 cheetah deaths.
- It found that holding camps caused 6.5% of cheetah deaths, immobilization/ transit caused 7.5% of deaths, and another 0.7% were caused by tracking devices. This added up to almost 15% so, one in every seven cheetah deaths was attributed to handling and management.
- Predation turned out to be the biggest killer in the study, accounting for 53.2% of cheetah mortality. Lions, leopards, hyenas, and jackals were primarily responsible. Several other wildlife including warthogs, baboons, snakes, elephants, crocodiles, vultures, zebras, and even ostriches killed cheetahs.
- It is well documented that cheetahs suffer very high cub mortality up to 90% in protected areas mainly due to predation. Consequently, nearly 80% of all cheetahs throughout their range in Africa are found living outside of protected parks and reserves.
4. Were these unfortunate cheetah deaths unexpected?
- The Cheetah Project did anticipate high mortality. The criteria for the project’s short-term success was only “50% survival of the introduced cheetah for the first year”. That would be 10 out of 20.
- As a result, the Madhya Pradesh government set a six-month deadline for readying Gandhisagar in the Chambal river valley in Mandsaur and Nimach districts for the cheetahs. There is also talk about moving a few animals from Kuno to the safety of an 80-sq-km fenced area in Rajasthan’s Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve.
- The focus, therefore, is shifting from the project’s stated purpose that of establishing the cheetah in an open landscape as a free-roaming and self-sustaining population occupying thousands of square miles to managing the African imports as a few pocket populations in fenced-in or restricted areas.
5. How successful has Project Cheetah been so far?
- In September 2023, it will be one year since a batch of eight cheetahs from Namibia arrived in India.
- They were followed by 12 others from South Africa in February 2023. The official Cheetah Action Plan, the guiding document behind the project, observes that even half the cheetahs surviving the first year would be “an indicator of success”.
- Independent critics have, however, argued that there are some basic flaws in the project. For one, it is a mistake to have had all 20 cheetahs at Kuno as there is too little space and prey, given that the animal is a courser and needs larger fields of play.
- Some animals should have gone to the Mukundara reserve in Rajasthan. Forest officials in Madhya Pradesh have also admitted that they are stretched.
- However, the officials in the National Tiger Conservation Authority, the nodal agency of the Environment Ministry tasked with coordinating the project, say that Kuno is capable of hosting the first lot of animals and future batches will be sent to other reserves.
- The experience of raising cheetahs in fenced reserves in Africa can’t be replicated in India, say, experts, because India’s cultural values promote coexistence with beasts, and that underpinned the success of tiger, lion, and leopard conservation programs.
For Prelims: Kuno National Park, National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), Project Cheetah, Chambal river valley, and South Africa. |
Previous year Question
1. Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites? (UPSC 2017)
A. Corbett National Park
B. Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary
C. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
D. Sariska National Park
Answer: B
2.Consider the following: (2012)
Which of the above are naturally found in India? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only Answer (b)
Thus, the species that are currently naturally found in India are the Black-necked crane, Flying squirrel, and Snow leopard |