LINGAYATS AND VOKKALIGAS
- The Lingayats are a dominant community who make up nearly 17% of Karnataka’s six crore population .
- The community can determine the outcome of polls in as many as 90-100 of the state’s 224 Assembly constituencies.
- The Lingayats, classified as a Hindu sub-caste called Veerashaiva Lingayats, are essentially followers of the 12th-century philosopher Saint Basavanna, who started a movement to help sections of society break away from the chains of caste.
- The Veerashaiva Lingayats are an amalgamation of the followers of Basavanna’s teachings and Veerashaivas who follow more traditional Hindu practices.
- The Lingayat community has many sub-sects identified on the basis of the vocations they followed.
- The Yelahankanadu Prabhus were Gowdas or tillers of the Land. They belonged to Gangatgar Vokkalu sect, the ancestors of which were migrants from Morasunadu near Kanjeepuram ,They used to speak Telugu.
- Fourth in succession from Rana Bhairave Gowda, founder of the dynasty of Avanti Nadu Prabhus and great grandson of Jaya Gowda, who established separate dynasty, the famous Yelahanka Nadu Prabhus, Kempe Gowda I ruled for 46 years commencing his reign from 1513
- Jaya Gowda accepted the sovergnity of the Vijayanagar emperor.
- Today the Vokkaliga community embraces within its fold the Morasu Vokkaligas, the Gangadicara Vokkaligas, Reddy Vokkaligas, Kunchitiga Vokkaligas, Hallikaru Vokkaligas and so on.
- Veerashaiva Lingayats have been provided 5% reservation under a special category called 3B.
- A sub-sect called the Panchamasali Lingayats basically agriculturists who account for nearly 70% of Lingayats have now risen in protest seeking reservations under the category 2A, which currently provides 15% reservations to backward castes.
- Vokkaliga community, which is currently in the 3A category, will be moved to a newly-created 2C category with 4% reservation.
- Karnataka currently has 32% quota for OBC, and 17% and 7% quota for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, respectively, taking the total to 56%.
- Lingayats are considered the most populous community in the state, followed by Vokkaligas. The new categories will not affect the existing reservation provided to other communities.
- The increase in reservation from the one granted currently to these communities — 4% for Vokkaligas and 5% for Lingayats via redistribution of the EWS quota will be based on the population of various communities assessed by the Karnataka State Commission for Backward Classes
For Prelims: Lingayats, Vokkaligas, Basava
For Mains:
1.Discuss the role of the National commission for backward classes in the wake of its transformation form a statutory body to a constitutional body
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Previous Year Questions
1.With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements:(UPSC CSE 2016)
1. Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.
2. Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 Only
B. 2 Only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer (C)
2.Consider the following statements about the Lingayats: (UPSC CAPF 2020)
1. They bury their dead.
2. They are great believers in the caste system, especially in the theory of purity and pollution. 3. They are against child marriage and favour widow remarriage.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2
B. 1 Only
C. 2 and 3
D. 1 and 3
Answer (D)
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GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
There are three primary ways to calculate GDP:
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Production Approach (GDP by Production): This approach calculates GDP by adding up the value-added at each stage of production. It involves summing up the value of all final goods and services produced in an economy.
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Income Approach (GDP by Income): This approach calculates GDP by summing up all the incomes earned in an economy, including wages, rents, interests, and profits. The idea is that all the income generated in an economy must ultimately be spent on purchasing goods and services.
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Expenditure Approach (GDP by Expenditure): This approach calculates GDP by summing up all the expenditures made on final goods and services. It includes consumption by households, investments by businesses, government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports).
3. Measuring GDP
GDP can be measured in three different ways:
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Nominal GDP: This is the raw GDP figure without adjusting for inflation. It reflects the total value of goods and services produced at current prices.
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Real GDP: Real GDP adjusts the nominal GDP for inflation, allowing for a more accurate comparison of economic performance over time. It represents the value of goods and services produced using constant prices from a specific base year.
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GDP per capita: This is the GDP divided by the population of a country. It provides a per-person measure of economic output and can be useful for comparing the relative economic well-being of different countries.
The GDP is a useful measure of economic health, but it has some limitations. For example, it does not take into account the distribution of income in an economy. It also does not take into account the quality of goods and services produced.
Despite its limitations, the GDP is a widely used measure of economic health. It is used by economists, policymakers, and businesses to track the performance of an economy and to make decisions about economic policy
4. Gross Value Added (GVA)
Gross Value Added (GVA) is a closely related concept to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is used to measure the economic value generated by various economic activities within a country. GVA represents the value of goods and services produced in an economy minus the value of inputs (such as raw materials and intermediate goods) used in production. It's a way to measure the contribution of each individual sector or industry to the overall economy.
GVA can be calculated using the production approach, similar to one of the methods used to calculate GDP. The formula for calculating GVA is as follows:
GVA = Output Value - Intermediate Consumption
Where:
- Output Value: The total value of goods and services produced by an industry or sector.
- Intermediate Consumption: The value of inputs used in the production process, including raw materials, energy, and other intermediate goods.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) are both important economic indicators used to measure the size and health of an economy, but they focus on slightly different aspects of economic activity and include different factors. Here are the key differences between GDP and GNP:
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Definition and Scope:
- GDP: GDP measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders, regardless of whether the production is done by domestic or foreign entities. It only considers economic activities that take place within the country.
- GNP: GNP measures the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents, whether they are located within the country's borders or abroad. It takes into account the production of residents, both domestically and internationally.
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Foreign Income and Payments:
- GDP: GDP does not consider the income earned by residents of a country from their economic activities abroad, nor does it account for payments made to foreigners working within the country.
- GNP: GNP includes the income earned by a country's residents from their investments and activities abroad, minus the income earned by foreign residents from their investments within the country.
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Net Factor Income from Abroad:
- GDP: GDP does not account for net factor income from abroad, which is the difference between income earned by domestic residents abroad and income earned by foreign residents domestically.
- GNP: GNP includes net factor income from abroad as part of its calculation.
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Foreign Direct Investment:
- GDP: GDP does not directly consider foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into or out of a country.
- GNP: GNP considers the impact of FDI on the income of a country's residents, both from investments made within the country and from investments made by residents abroad.
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Measurement Approach:
- GDP: GDP can be calculated using three different approaches: production, income, and expenditure approaches.
- GNP: GNP is primarily calculated using the income approach, as it focuses on the income earned by residents from their economic activities.
For Prelims: GDP, GVA, FDI, GNP
For Mains: 1.Discuss the recent trends and challenges in India's GDP growth
2.Examine the role of the service sector in India's GDP growth
3.Compare and contrast the growth trajectories of India's GDP and GNP
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Previous Year Questions
1.With reference to Indian economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE, 2015)
1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade. 2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (b)
2.A decrease in tax to GDP ratio of a country indicates which of the following? (UPSC CSE, 2015) 1. Slowing economic growth rate 2. Less equitable distribution of national income Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (a)
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme: Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC CSE GS3, 2020) Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC CSE GS3, 2021) |
INFLATION
- It is the rise in prices of goods and services within a particular economy wherein consumers' purchasing power decreases, and the value of the cash holdings erodes.
- In India, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) measures inflation.
- Some causes that lead to inflation are demand increases, reduction in supply, demand-supply gap, excess circulation of money, increase in input costs, devaluation of the currency, and rise in wages, among others.
3. How is Food Inflation measured in India?
Food inflation in India is measured using various indices and indicators. The primary indices used to measure food inflation in India include the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Both indices provide insights into the overall price movements of goods and services, including food items, but they differ in terms of their coverage and methodology.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- The CPI is a key indicator used by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to monitor inflation, including food inflation.
- The CPI measures the average change over time in the prices paid by urban and rural consumers for a basket of goods and services, including food items, housing, clothing, transportation, and more.
- Within the CPI, food and beverages form a significant component, and food inflation is specifically derived from the changes in food prices within the CPI basket.
- The CPI is released monthly by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
- The WPI is another important index that tracks price changes at the wholesale level for a selected group of commodities, including food products, manufactured goods, fuel, and more.
- The WPI measures price changes from the perspective of producers and wholesalers, providing insights into inflationary pressures in the production and distribution stages.
- Food articles, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and edible oils, are included in the WPI basket for monitoring food inflation.
- The WPI is released weekly by the Office of Economic Adviser under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
In addition to these indices, other indicators such as the Food Sub-Index within the CPI and specific price indices for essential food items (like vegetables, pulses, and cereals) are also used to gauge food inflation more accurately. The RBI closely monitors food inflation trends as part of its monetary policy framework to make informed decisions regarding interest rates and economic stability. Overall, the combination of CPI, WPI, and specific food-related indices provides a comprehensive assessment of food inflation in India.
4. Headline and Core Inflation
Inflation is a key economic indicator that measures the rate at which prices of goods and services rise over time. In India, two important measures of inflation are headline inflation and core inflation.
- Headline Inflation: Headline inflation refers to the overall rate of inflation in an economy, taking into account the price changes across all goods and services included in the consumer basket. It reflects the broad-based movement in prices, including food, fuel, housing, transportation, and other essential and non-essential items. Headline inflation is typically measured using indices such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Fluctuations in headline inflation can be influenced by various factors, including changes in global commodity prices, government policies, supply chain disruptions, and demand-side pressures.
- Core Inflation: Core inflation, on the other hand, excludes volatile items such as food and energy from the basket of goods used to calculate inflation. By excluding these volatile components, core inflation provides a more stable measure of underlying inflationary trends in the economy. Core inflation is often considered a better gauge of long-term inflationary pressures and helps policymakers in making informed decisions regarding monetary policy. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), for example, closely monitors core inflation to assess the underlying inflationary trends and formulate appropriate monetary policy responses.
Understanding the distinction between headline and core inflation is essential for policymakers, businesses, and consumers alike. While headline inflation provides a comprehensive view of overall price movements, core inflation offers insights into the underlying inflationary pressures, helping to distinguish between temporary fluctuations and sustained inflation trends. By closely monitoring both measures of inflation, policymakers can effectively manage inflationary risks and maintain price stability, contributing to sustainable economic growth and stability.
5. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a crucial institutional framework established by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to formulate and implement monetary policy decisions in India.
Role
- Formulating Monetary Policy: The primary role of the MPC is to formulate and implement monetary policy in India. This includes setting the key policy interest rates, such as the repo rate, reverse repo rate, and marginal standing facility (MSF) rate, to achieve the objectives of price stability and economic growth.
- Targeting Inflation: The MPC's main objective is to maintain price stability, which is primarily achieved by targeting a specific inflation rate. In India, the RBI has adopted a flexible inflation targeting framework, where the MPC aims to keep the Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation within a specified target range over the medium term. Currently, the inflation target is set at 4% with a tolerance band of +/- 2%.
- Evaluating Economic Conditions: The MPC assesses various economic indicators, such as GDP growth, inflation expectations, fiscal policy measures, global economic developments, and financial market conditions, to make informed decisions about monetary policy.
- Communication: The MPC communicates its monetary policy decisions, rationale, and outlook for the economy through periodic press releases, statements, and the publication of meeting minutes. This transparency enhances predictability and credibility in monetary policy.
Composition
- Members: The MPC consists of six members, including three members nominated by the Government of India and three members from the Reserve Bank of India. The Governor of the RBI serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of the MPC.
- Appointment: The members of the MPC are appointed by the Central Government based on their expertise and experience in economics, banking, finance, or related fields. The RBI Governor and Deputy Governor (in charge of monetary policy) are automatic members of the MPC.
- Voting Rights: Each member of the MPC, including the RBI Governor, has one vote in the decision-making process. Decisions are made by a majority vote, with the Governor having the casting vote in case of a tie.
- Terms: Members of the MPC serve fixed terms, typically for four years, with eligibility for reappointment. This ensures continuity and stability in monetary policy formulation.
6. The Way Forward
By implementing the measures and fostering collaborative efforts among policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders, India can effectively manage inflationary pressures, maintain price stability, and promote sustainable economic growth and development.
For Prelims: Inflation, MPC, CPI, WPI, food Inflation, RBI, Headline inflation, Core inflation For Mains:
1. Explain the concept of inflation and its impact on an economy. Discuss the various causes of inflation and the measures that can be taken to control it, with specific reference to India. (250 Words)
2. What are the challenges and opportunities associated with managing inflation in India? Evaluate the effectiveness of recent policy measures in addressing inflationary pressures and maintaining price stability. Suggest strategies for sustainable economic growth while managing inflation risks. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.
2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
2. Concerning the Indian economy, consider the following: (UPSC 2015)
Which of the above is/are component(s) of Monetary Policy? (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 3 and 4
3. An increase in Bank Rate generally indicates: (UPSC 2013) (a) Market rate of interest is likely to fall.
(b) Central bank is no longer making loans to commercial banks.
(c) Central bank is following an easy money policy.
(d) Central bank is following a tight money policy.
4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017) 1. It decides the RBI's benchmark interest rates.
2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only 5. Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Policymakers and media have placed the blame for skyrocketing food prices on a variety of factors, including high fuel prices, bad weather in key food producing countries, and the diversion of land to non-food production. Increased emphasis, however, has been placed on a surge in demand for food from the most populous emerging economics. It seems highly probable that mass consumption in these countries could be well poised to create a food crisis.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: (UPSC 2021)
1. Oil producing countries are one of the reasons for high food prices.
2. If there is a food crisis in the world in the near future, it will be in the emerging economies. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
6. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
7. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
8. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answers: 1-C, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A, 5-D, 6-B, 6-C, 7-B
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LAVENDER CULTIVATION
- Lavender, which thrives in regions with snowy winters and hilly landscapes, blooms and becomes ready for harvest approximately two and a half years after being planted.
- The same lavender plant can continue to produce flowers for 18-20 years without the need for significant amounts of insecticides, pesticides, or other chemicals commonly used in conventional crops such as maize and rice.
- Lavender finds diverse applications in the production of perfumes, soaps, incense sticks (agarbatti), and air fresheners.
- This particular variety of lavender is exceptionally well-suited for cultivation in rainfed temperate regions across India.
- One advantage of selling dried lavender flowers is that consumers are assured of their purity, as they are free from adulteration. Additionally, apart from extracting oil as needed, buyers can utilise them for various other purposes
Temperature:
- Lavender generally prefers temperate climates with moderate temperatures.
- It grows best in regions where the average temperatures range from 60 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit (15 to 30 degrees Celsius) during the growing season.
- Lavender can withstand cold winters, but it requires protection from extreme frost and snowfall, especially during the dormant period.
Soil Conditions:
- Well-drained soil is essential for lavender cultivation to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot.
- Sandy or loamy soils with good drainage and a slightly alkaline pH (around 6.5 to 8.5) are ideal for lavender.
- Soil that is rich in organic matter, such as compost or well-rotted manure, can help promote healthy growth.
- Lavender plants are sensitive to soil moisture levels, so it's crucial to avoid waterlogged or excessively dry conditions.
- Additionally, lavender thrives in soil with good aeration and adequate sunlight exposure
Lavender cultivation in India has gained popularity in recent years, particularly in regions with suitable climatic conditions. While traditionally associated with Mediterranean climates, lavender can be successfully grown in certain parts of India that offer favorable temperatures and soil conditions.
Some key points regarding lavender cultivation in India include:
- Lavender thrives in regions with temperate climates characterized by moderate temperatures and ample sunlight. States like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, parts of Punjab, and certain hilly areas in the Western Ghats provide suitable conditions for lavender cultivation. These regions experience cooler temperatures and well-drained soil, which are conducive to lavender growth
- Lavender prefers well-drained, slightly alkaline soil with good aeration. Sandy or loamy soils are ideal, and soil pH ranging from 6.5 to 8.5 is considered suitable for lavender cultivation. Soil rich in organic matter and minerals can promote healthy growth and enhance oil quality in lavender plants
- Selecting the appropriate lavender varieties adapted to Indian conditions is crucial for successful cultivation. Certain varieties, such as Lavandula angustifolia (English lavender) and Lavandula x intermedia (lavandin), have shown good adaptability to Indian climates
- Proper cultural practices including irrigation, pruning, fertilization, and weed management are essential for lavender cultivation. Adequate spacing between plants, typically around 30 to 60 cm, allows for good airflow and sunlight penetration, reducing the risk of diseases
- Lavender is typically harvested when the flowers are in full bloom, usually during the summer months. Harvesting is done by hand or using machinery, followed by drying the flowers to preserve their quality. Lavender flowers are then processed for various uses, including oil extraction for perfumes, cosmetics, aromatherapy, and culinary purposes
- Lavender cultivation in India offers promising economic opportunities, particularly in the production of essential oils, perfumes, soaps, and other value-added products. The growing demand for natural and organic products has led to increased interest in lavender farming among Indian farmers and entrepreneurs
- According to officials, more than 700 acres of farmland has been brought under lavender cultivation in the area since 2017, and another 100 acres is set to be added.
- The crop was officially introduced in Bhaderwah by the Council Of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, in 2015
- CSIR plans to distribute lavender plants to farmers in parts of Kathua, Rajouri, Poonch, and the Kashmir Valley, besides Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh and the Northeast
- CSIR-IIIM, Jammu, provides lavender growers end-to-end support, from supplying them quality planting material, to training them, helping them with distillation, and providing them market linkages
- There is a sharp decline in the price of lavender oil, now around Rs 2,500-3,000 per litre as opposed to Rs 12,000 a few years ago. The price drop has been attributed to the import of oil from Bulgaria, France and China by buyers elsewhere in India
Floriculture is a branch of horticulture focused on the cultivation and management of flowering and ornamental plants for commercial and decorative purposes. It involves the production of flowers, foliage plants, and ornamental crops that are used for various purposes such as floral arrangements, landscaping, interior decoration, and gift-giving.
Key aspects of floriculture include:
- Floriculture encompasses a wide range of plant species, including cut flowers (such as roses, lilies, carnations, and chrysanthemums), potted plants (such as orchids, gerberas, and poinsettias), bedding plants (such as petunias, marigolds, and impatiens), and foliage plants (such as ferns, palms, and philodendrons). Growers select crops based on market demand, climatic suitability, and production requirements
- Floriculture involves various cultivation practices to ensure optimal growth and development of plants. This includes selecting appropriate growing media, providing adequate irrigation and nutrition, controlling pests and diseases, and implementing proper pruning and training techniques. Greenhouse production is common in floriculture, as it allows growers to control environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity
- Harvesting of flowers and ornamental plants is done at specific stages of maturity to ensure maximum quality and longevity. Post-harvest treatments such as grading, sorting, packaging, and transportation are crucial to preserve the freshness and appearance of the products. Cold storage and refrigeration may also be used to extend the shelf life of cut flowers
- Floriculture products are marketed through various channels, including wholesale markets, retail florists, garden centers, supermarkets, online platforms, and floriculture auctions. The industry caters to diverse market segments, including individual consumers, event planners, wedding decorators, and floral designers
- Floriculture is a significant sector of the agricultural industry with substantial economic importance. It provides employment opportunities for a wide range of stakeholders, including growers, farm workers, florists, distributors, and exporters. The industry also contributes to tourism, beautification of urban areas, and cultural and social events
Aroma Mission
The CSIR-Aroma Mission is a flagship project of CSIR under which Lavender cultivation is being promoted in the temperate regions of J&K.The aim of the project is to increase the income of small and marginal farmers and develop agriculture-based Startups
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For Prelims: Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity
For Mains: Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which one of the following statements about the Indigo Revolt of 1859 is correct? (UPSC CAPF 2017)
A.It broke out at Poona and Ahmadnagar
B.It was directed against moneylenders
C.It was supported by the intelligentsia of Bengal ​
D.It was directed against the petty Zamindars and ex-employees of the planters
Answer (C)
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GLOBAL HEPATITIS REPORT 2024
- In 2022, there were more than 50,000 newly reported cases of Hepatitis B and 140,000 new cases of Hepatitis C in India, resulting in the deaths of approximately 123,000 individuals, according to the report.
- Both infections are transmitted from mother to child during childbirth, through unscreened blood transfusions, contact with infected blood, or sharing needles among drug users. The report emphasizes the importance of vaccination to prevent Hepatitis B, while noting that Hepatitis C is treatable with medication.
- Hepatitis B typically causes acute symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and jaundice for several weeks, sometimes leading to liver failure. However, the main concern is its potential to develop into chronic, lifelong liver disease, particularly problematic when contracted during childhood.
- Chronic infection can lead to liver scarring (cirrhosis) and increase the risk of liver cancer, although there are medications available to slow the progression of the virus in chronic cases.
- Many individuals infected with Hepatitis C do not experience symptoms or are unaware of their infection. Those who do develop symptoms usually notice them between two to 12 weeks after exposure, including jaundice, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and fatigue
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are both viral infections that primarily affect the liver.
Hepatitis B:
- Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids.
- This can occur through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles or syringes, or from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.
- In some cases, hepatitis B can also be transmitted through contact with contaminated objects, such as shared razors or toothbrushes.
- Hepatitis B infection can lead to both acute and chronic forms of the disease. Acute hepatitis B is a short-term illness that typically resolves on its own within a few months, although some individuals may develop chronic hepatitis B, where the infection persists for six months or longer.
- Chronic hepatitis B can lead to serious liver complications over time, including liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
- Prevention of hepatitis B primarily involves vaccination, which is highly effective at preventing infection. Treatment for hepatitis B may involve antiviral medications to control the virus and prevent liver damage, although not everyone with chronic hepatitis B requires treatment.
Hepatitis C:
- Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted through contact with infected blood. This can occur through sharing needles or syringes, receiving contaminated blood transfusions or organ transplants, or from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.
- Hepatitis C can also be transmitted through less common routes, such as sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes. Hepatitis C infection can lead to both acute and chronic forms of the disease.
- Acute hepatitis C is a short-term illness that typically develops within six months of exposure to the virus. Most individuals with acute hepatitis C develop chronic hepatitis C, which can lead to serious liver complications over time, including liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
- Unlike hepatitis B, there is currently no vaccine available for hepatitis C. However, hepatitis C is curable with antiviral medications, and recent advancements in treatment have significantly improved cure rates for the infection.
- Treatment for hepatitis C typically involves a combination of antiviral medications taken over several weeks to months, depending on the specific genotype of the virus and other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing liver damage and complications from hepatitis C infection
- The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) in India is a public health initiative launched by the Government of India to provide free vaccinations to all children across the country. The program aims to protect children from various vaccine-preventable diseases and reduce morbidity and mortality rates associated with these diseases.
- The UIP was launched in 1985 as the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and was later expanded and renamed as the Universal Immunization Program in 2014. The program is implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, in collaboration with state governments and various other stakeholders.
- Under the UIP, a schedule of vaccinations is provided to children from birth up to the age of 16 years. The vaccines provided through the program include those for diseases such as tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, measles, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) among others.
- The program utilizes a network of thousands of immunization centers, including hospitals, health centers, and outreach sites, to deliver vaccines to children. Health workers and community volunteers play a crucial role in administering vaccines, raising awareness about the importance of immunization, and mobilizing communities to participate in vaccination campaigns.
- The UIP has significantly contributed to the reduction of vaccine-preventable diseases and has been credited with saving millions of lives in India. However, efforts are ongoing to strengthen the program further, improve vaccine coverage rates, and introduce new vaccines to protect against emerging threats to public health
For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.
For Mains: GS II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which of the following statements is not correct? (UPSC CSE 2015) (a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV. (b) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine. (c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses are several times more than those infected with HIV. (d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years Answer (b)
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UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIAN STATES
- Goa's unemployment rate stands at nearly 10%, surpassing the national average of 3.17% by more than threefold. It's notable that four of the top five states with high unemployment rates—Goa, Kerala, Haryana, and Punjab—are relatively affluent. In contrast, Maharashtra and Gujarat in western India, both prosperous states, report unemployment rates considerably below the national average.
- Across northern states like Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh, unemployment rates exceed the national average. Similarly, most southern states, except Karnataka, also have higher than average unemployment rates.
- Among the 27 states examined, 12 have unemployment rates lower than the national average. Notably, the low rates in significant states such as Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh contribute to this national average decline.
- However, it's puzzling that except for Maharashtra and Gujarat, states with below-average unemployment rates generally exhibit lower per capita incomes compared to the national average
- The data reveals a downward-sloping trend line, suggesting a negative correlation between the two factors: in states where a significant portion of the workforce is involved in self-employment, the unemployment rate tends to be lower.
- Given that much of self-employment in India is informal, states with a higher prevalence of informal work may find it easier to accommodate job seekers.
- However, it remains uncertain whether this relationship is causal. Does a lack of opportunities in self-employment lead to higher unemployment, or do individuals in states with high unemployment rates simply prefer not to pursue self-employment?
- A considerable portion of informal self-employment stems from agriculture and rural economies.
- Hence, a relevant measure is to analyze the proportion of the workforce engaged in urban sectors.
- A clear positive correlation emerges, indicating that unemployment rates rise in states with higher urbanization levels.
- This elucidates the elevated unemployment levels in highly urbanized states like Goa and Kerala, juxtaposed with lower rates in states such as Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Madhya Pradesh. Urbanized states typically possess smaller agrarian sectors, leading to fewer informal job opportunities compared to rural areas.
- Although informal sectors persist in urban settings, their capacity to absorb job seekers is relatively limited compared to rural agriculture, which often serves as a reserve by absorbing surplus labour
- However, there are exceptions to this pattern. Gujarat and Maharashtra, despite being highly urbanized—where the urban workforce comprises 37% in both states, significantly higher than in states like Uttar Pradesh (17%) and Madhya Pradesh (20%)—exhibit lower unemployment rates.
- Following the release of the ILO-IHD report, much discourse has revolved around the correlation between education levels and unemployment.
- A previous article in this publication dated December 26, 2023, titled 'Are graduates facing unemployment?', also delved into the prevalent issue of unemployment among graduates.
- For instance, Kerala boasts a highly educated workforce, with graduates constituting 30% of the labor force, yet it contends with high unemployment.
- Conversely, Gujarat and Maharashtra have a relatively smaller proportion of graduates in their workforce—approximately 14% and 20% respectively—and consequently experience lower unemployment rates despite their affluence and urbanization.
- Numerous factors may account for this phenomenon.
- It's plausible that graduates lack the necessary skills demanded by the burgeoning modern sector, underscoring the need to enhance educational infrastructure and standards.
- However, this doesn't fully elucidate why graduates have historically grappled with unemployment, even during the nascent stages of the modern sector.
- Another potential explanation lies in aspirational factors. Graduates aspire to secure high-paying jobs commensurate with their skills, rather than settling for informal employment.
- If the modern sector fails to expand adequately to absorb new graduates, it could precipitate unemployment.
- Nonetheless, these aren't the sole drivers of unemployment; state policies also wield significant influence. Nevertheless, this analysis underscores the interconnectedness between structural shifts and unemployment.
- As burgeoning economies evolve, there's a diminishing reliance on agriculture, accompanied by heightened urbanization and educational attainment.
- As India progresses, these factors are anticipated to exert upward pressure on the unemployment rate. Thus, it's imperative for policy initiatives to prioritize employment generation to counteract these trends
For Prelims: Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Employment Rate (ER), Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), and Labour Force.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the significance of the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) as a critical labor market indicator in the context of economic development and policy formulation. (250 words).
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Previous year Question1. In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments, and lay-offs in factories employing workers? (UPSC 2022)
A. Central Statistics Office
B. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
C. Labour Bureau
D. National Technical Manpower Information System
Answer: C
2. Which of the following brings out the 'Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers'? (UPSC 2015)
A. The Reserve Bank of India
B. The Department of Economic Affairs
C. The Labour Bureau
D. The Department of Personnel and Training
Answer: C
3. International Labour Organization's Conventions 138 and 182 are related to (UPSC 2018)
A. Child labour
B. Adaptation of agricultural practices to global climate change
C. Regulation of food prices and food
D. Security
Answer: A
4. Which of the following statements about the employment situation in India according to the periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18 is/are correct? (UPSC CAPF 2020)
1. Construction sector gave employment to nearly one-tenth of the urban male workforce in India.
2. Nearly one-fourth of urban female workers in India were working in the manufacturing sector.
3. One-fourth of rural female workers in India were engaged in the agriculture sector.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 2 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
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ALIEN SPECIES
- Invasive species are often introduced intentionally or unintentionally by humans.
- They can be introduced through trade, transport, travel, or deliberate release for various purposes, such as agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, and pet trade
- Invasive species tend to have characteristics that give them a competitive advantage in the new environment.
- This can include rapid reproduction, lack of natural predators or diseases, and adaptability to different environmental conditions
- Invasive species can disrupt ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources like food, water, and habitat. They may alter nutrient cycling, fire regimes, and other ecosystem processes
- Invasive species are a significant threat to native biodiversity. They can lead to the decline or extinction of native species through predation, competition, or habitat modification.
- Invasive species can also have severe economic impacts. They can damage agricultural crops, forests, fisheries, and infrastructure. Controlling and managing invasive species can be costly
- Some invasive species can pose risks to human health. For example, certain invasive plants may trigger allergies, while invasive mosquitoes can transmit diseases like Zika and West Nile virus
- Invasive species are a global issue, and international cooperation is crucial for addressing the problem.
- Organizations like the Convention on Biological Diversity and regional agreements work to address invasive species at a global level
- Efforts to manage and control invasive species may involve eradication, containment, prevention, and control measures.
- Biological control, chemical control, and physical methods are often used, depending on the species and the context
- Exotic species are species that have been moved from their native range to a new geographic area, often due to human activities.
- They can be introduced through trade, travel, agriculture, aquaculture, horticulture, and other human-mediated means.
- Exotic species may possess characteristics that make them successful in their new environment. These characteristics can include rapid growth, efficient reproduction, lack of natural predators, and the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions.
- Exotic species can have a range of ecological impacts. They may outcompete native species for resources such as food, water, and habitat, leading to declines in native biodiversity.
- Some exotic species can alter ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycling or fire regimes
- Exotic species can also have economic impacts. They may damage agricultural crops, forests, fisheries, and infrastructure, leading to financial losses. Controlling and managing exotic species can be expensive
- Not all exotic species have negative impacts. Some introduced species can provide benefits to the new environment or human society. For example, certain exotic plants may have ornamental value or be used in agriculture
- Managing exotic species typically involves prevention, early detection, and control measures. Strategies may include eradication, containment, biological control (using natural enemies), chemical control, and physical removal methods
Alien Species | Exotic Species |
"Alien Species" is a more global or generic term used in international contexts and by organizations like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to refer to species introduced outside their native range. | "Exotic Species" is sometimes used in more localized or regional contexts and may have slightly different connotations depending on the region. For example, in North America, "exotic" is often used interchangeably with "alien," while in Europe, "exotic" might refer to species introduced from outside the continent. |
"Alien Species" tends to have a more neutral or scientific connotation, emphasizing the fact that the species is not native to the area. | "Exotic Species" can sometimes carry connotations of novelty or unfamiliarity, highlighting the species' exotic or non-native status. This term is often used in horticulture and the pet trade to describe non-native species introduced for decorative or ornamental purposes. |
Previous year Questions
Read the following passage and answer.
Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only. (UPSC CSE CSAT 2018)
Most invasive species are neither terribly successful nor very harmful. Britain's invasive plants are not widespread, not spreading especially quickly, and often less of a nuisance than vigorous natives such as bracken. The arrival of new species almost always increases biological diversity in a region; in many cases, a flood of newcomers drives no native species to extinction. One reason is that invaders tend to colonise disturbed habitats like polluted lakes and post-industrial wasteland, where little else lives. They are nature’s opportunists.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
A.Invasive species should be used to rehabilitate desert areas and wastelands of a country.
B.Laws against the introduction of foreign plants are unnecessary.
C.Sometimes, the campaigns against foreign plants are pointless.
D.Foreign plants should be used to increase the biodiversity of a country
Answer (C)
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