DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 20 MARCH 2024

FOREST FIRES

1. Context

For almost a week, forest fires have been raging in the Coonoor forest range in the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu. On Sunday, the Indian Air Force joined the ongoing firefighting efforts of the state forest department, deploying an Mi-17 V5 helicopter to conduct multiple “Bambi Bucket” operations that dumped some 16,000 litres of water on the fires.

2. What is a forest fire?

A forest fire is an uncontrolled fire occurring in vegetation more than 1.8 meters (6 feet) in height. These fires often reach the proportions of a major conflagration and are sometimes begun by combustion and heat from surface and ground fires.
A big forest fire may crown that is, spread rapidly through the topmost branches of the trees before involving undergrowth or the forest floor.
As a result, violent blowups are common in forest fires, and they may assume the characteristics of a firestorm.
Though forest fire is often seen as harmful, several forests are specifically fire-adapted; the species of plants and animals native to those ecosystems are enhanced by or dependent on the occurrence of fire to persist and reproduce.
Lightning strikes in a dry forest occur naturally, and fire can improve ecosystem health by reducing competition, fertilizing the soil with ash, and decreasing diseases and pests. some plant species even require fire for their seeds to germinate.
In many regions that have historically experienced forest fires, such as forested areas of the western united states, years of fire exclusion and suppression in the 19th and 20th centuries allowed fuels to accumulate, altering the vegetation communities present and leading to more extreme conflagrations when fires do occur.
The use of prescribed fire, in which areas are burned intentionally and under controlled conditions, can restore those ecosystems and promote the conditions that were present historically before the removal of wildfire.

3. Causes of Forest Fires

Natural causes like lightning can set fires on trees which may be spread by wind. Sometimes, High atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favorable circumstances for a fire to start.
Man-made causes are usually the ones that become dangerous. Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette, electric spark, or any source of ignition comes into contact with inflammable material.
Other human-led causes are land clearing and other agricultural activities, maintenance of grasslands for livestock management, extraction of non-wood forest products, industrial development, settlement, hunting, negligence, and arson.

4. Types of forest fires

Surface fire: Spread along the surface litter (leaves, twigs, dry grasses) on the forest floor.
Ground fire: Fires in the subsurface organic fuels, such as duff layers under forest stands, burn underneath and are often ignited by surface fires.
Crown fire: A Crown fire is one in which the crown of trees and shrubs burn, often sustained by surface fire.

5. Forest fires in Odisha

A sudden jump in the incidents of fires across Odisha resulted in a massive loss of flora and fauna in the state's forests.
A prolonged dry spell since October 2022 and the accumulation of inflammable material such as dry leaves are some of the reasons that started these forest fires.
Some of the fires may have also been caused by human-made reasons. The tribal people set fire to forests for shifting cultivation, and collection of mahua flowers and kendu leaves.
Forests are set on fire to cultivate turmeric in the Baliguda forest division in the Kandhamal district.
Regeneration of the forests will be affected due to wildfires. The seeds which are supposed to germinate in the monsoon rain get burnt due to ground fires in the forest areas, affecting the forest growth.
Forest fires result in the loss of timber, fruit-bearing trees, and medicinal plants. They also pose a threat to wildlife and their habitat areas.
The forest department did not learn from the 2021 forest fires when a record 51,968 forest fire incidents occurred in the state. Massive fires had broken out in Similipal National Park in the Mayurbhanj district, which is one of the major biospheres of Asia.

Source: The Logical Indian

6. Mitigation measures by the Government

The incidence of forest fires in the country is on the increase and more area is razed each year.
The major cause of this failure is the slow and gradual approach to the problem.
Both the national focus and the technical resources required for sustaining a systematic forest fire management program are lacking in the country.
Important forest fire management elements like strategic fire centers, coordination among Ministers, funding, human resource development, fire research, fire management, and extension programs are missing.
Taking into consideration the serious nature of the problem, it is necessary to make some major improvements in the forest fire management strategy for the country.
The Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change has prepared a National Master plan for Forest Fire Control. The Forest Survey of India (FSI) monitors the incidence of wildfires.

Previous year Question

1. Consider the following States: (UPSC 2019)

1. Chhattisgarh

2. Madhya Pradesh

3. Maharashtra

4. Odisha

With reference to the State mentioned above, in terms of the percentage of forest cover to the total area of the State, which one of the following is the correct ascending order?

A. 2-3-1-4

B. 2-3-4-1

C. 3-2-4-1

D. 3-2-1-4

Answer: C

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Forest fires, Forest Survey of India (FSI), Surface fire, Ground fire, Crown fire, High atmospheric temperatures, and dryness, Climate Change, Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEFCC),

For Mains: 1. What are various reasons for forest fires? Discuss the consequences of fires and suggest some solutions to prevent them.

Source: Down to Earth

MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT (MCC)

1. Context

The Election Commission of India (ECI) announced on Saturday (March 16) that the country would vote in seven phases in the Lok Sabha elections, from April 19 to June 1 and the results will be announced on June 4. With this, the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) comes into effect.

2.How Election Commission describe MCC?

The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India (ECI) for political parties and candidates during elections.
The MCC is designed to ensure free and fair elections by preventing the misuse of government machinery, maintaining a level playing field for all candidates, and avoiding any activities that could unduly influence voters.
The Election Commission describes the Model Code of Conduct as a set of norms and rules that political parties and candidates must adhere to during the election process.
The MCC comes into effect as soon as the election dates are announced and remains in force until the results are declared.
It includes guidelines on various aspects of electioneering, such as campaigning, speeches, processions, polling day activities, and the content of election manifestos.
The goal is to promote a fair and ethical electoral process, minimizing the chances of corrupt practices and ensuring that the democratic principles are upheld during elections

3.What is the Model Code of Conduct?

The Model Code of Conduct, issued by the Election Commission, serves as a set of guidelines to oversee the conduct of political parties and candidates before elections.
These guidelines encompass various aspects such as speeches, polling day procedures, polling booths, ministerial portfolios, election manifesto content, processions, and overall behavior. The aim is to ensure the integrity of elections.
According to information from the Press Information Bureau, a version of the MCC was initially introduced during the 1960 state assembly elections in Kerala.
It gained widespread adherence in the 1962 elections and has been consistently followed in subsequent general elections. In October 1979, the Election Commission expanded the MCC to include a section regulating the conduct of the 'party in power' to prevent any undue advantage during elections.
The MCC is activated from the announcement of the election schedule until the declaration of results. Consequently, it comes into effect from the present evening and remains applicable until the conclusion of the entire election process.
The MCC comprises eight provisions addressing general conduct, meetings, processions, polling day, polling booths, observers, the party in power, and election manifestos

4.When does the Model Code of Conduct come into effect?

Once the code comes into effect, the governing party, whether at the national or state level, must ensure that its official position is not exploited for campaign purposes.
Consequently, no policies, projects, or schemes should be announced that could sway voting behavior. The party is also prohibited from utilizing public funds for advertising or using official media platforms to publicize achievements with the intention of enhancing electoral prospects.
The guidelines further dictate that ministers should refrain from combining official visits with election-related activities or utilizing official resources for such purposes.
The ruling party is barred from employing government transportation or machinery for campaign activities. Additionally, it is mandated to provide opposition parties with equal access to public spaces like grounds for conducting election meetings, as well as amenities such as helipads, under the same terms and conditions applied to the ruling party.
Any advertisements at the expense of the public treasury in newspapers and other media outlets are considered an offense. The ruling government is also restricted from making ad-hoc appointments in governmental bodies and public enterprises that may unduly influence voters.
The Model Code of Conduct strictly prohibits the use of caste and communal sentiments to attract voters, allowing criticism of political parties or candidates solely based on their track record. Places of worship, including mosques, churches, and temples, are not to be employed for election propaganda.
Practices such as bribery, intimidation, and voter impersonation are explicitly forbidden. Public meetings within the 48-hour period leading up to the poll closing time are also proscribed, known as the "election silence," aiming to provide voters with a campaign-free environment for reflection before casting their votes

5.Is the Model Code of Conduct legally binding?

The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is not a legally binding document in the sense that it is not enforceable by law. It is a set of guidelines and ethical standards issued by election management bodies, such as the Election Commission of India, to ensure fair play and ethical behavior during elections.
The MCC is followed by political parties and candidates on a voluntary basis, and adherence is more a matter of political ethics and a commitment to maintaining the integrity of the electoral process.
While the MCC itself does not have statutory backing, certain aspects of it may be supported by legal provisions. For example, if a political party or candidate violates specific principles outlined in the MCC, they may be subject to legal action under relevant electoral laws. However, the MCC, as a whole, is more of a moral and ethical code that relies on the cooperation and voluntary compliance of political participants.
The Election Commission, as the custodian of the MCC, can take various actions against those who violate its principles.
These actions may include issuing warnings, reprimands, and, in severe cases, canceling candidature or disqualification. The idea behind the MCC is to foster a fair and transparent electoral process and to prevent the misuse of power during election campaigns

6. Way forward

The ECI can issue a notice to a politician or a party for alleged breach of the MCC either on its own or on the basis of a complaint by another party or individual. Once a notice is issued, the person or party must reply in writing — either accepting fault and tendering an unconditional apology or rebutting the allegation. In the latter case, if the person or party is found guilty subsequently, he/it can attract a written censure from the ECI — something that many see as a mere slap on the wrist

For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.

For Mains: General Studies II: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

Source: Indianexpress

ELECTORAL BOND DATA

1. Context

The Election Commission of India released the initial set of data on electoral bonds on March 14, 2024, following the Supreme Court's directive. However, this disclosure only presents a partial view of the transactions occurring between various entities and political parties from April 12, 2019, to January 24, 2024. The Supreme Court has now instructed the State Bank of India (SBI) to ensure full transparency by March 21, 2024, including the disclosure of specific details such as the alphanumeric and serial numbers of the Electoral Bonds purchased and redeemed during this period.

2. About Electoral Bonds

The electoral bonds scheme is a mechanism for political funding introduced by the Indian government in 2017. It allows individuals, organizations, and corporations to make anonymous donations to political parties. Over 12,900 electoral bonds worth Rs 6,534.78 crore were sold in 15 phases between March 2018 and January 2021.

Key Features of Electoral Bonds

Electoral bonds allow donors to make contributions to political parties while maintaining anonymity. The bonds do not carry any information about the donor, ensuring that the identity of the contributor remains undisclosed.
Electoral bonds are available in multiple denominations, including Rs 1,000, Rs 10,000, Rs 1 lakh, Rs 10 lakh, and Rs 1 crore. Donors can purchase bonds in these denominations to contribute to political parties.
The State Bank of India (SBI) is the sole authorized bank for the sale of electoral bonds. Donors can buy these bonds from designated SBI branches.
Donors must fulfil Know Your Customer (KYC) norms while purchasing electoral bonds, which includes providing their personal information to the bank. However, this information is not disclosed to the political party receiving the donation.
Political parties have 15 days to encash the electoral bonds in their verified bank accounts. This ensures that the bonds are promptly converted into funds.
There is no limit on the number of electoral bonds an individual or company can purchase, allowing for substantial contributions.
If a political party does not encash the electoral bonds within the stipulated 15-day period, the SBI deposits these bonds into the Prime Minister's Relief Fund.
A contentious feature of the scheme is that political parties receiving donations through electoral bonds are exempt from disclosing the source of these donations in their mandatory annual contribution reports to the Election Commission of India (EC).

3. The Controversies

The primary point of contention with electoral bonds is the anonymity they offer to donors.
An amendment to the Finance Act 2017 exempts parties from disclosing donations received through these bonds.
This means that voters are unaware of the source and extent of funding for political parties, undermining transparency.
Transparency activists argue that the amendment infringes upon the citizen's 'Right to Know' and further reduces the accountability of the political class.
While the citizens remain uninformed, the government can access donor details from the State Bank of India, rendering only the taxpayers unaware of the source of donations.

4. Importance of Unique Alphanumeric Numbers in Electoral Bonds

The State Bank of India (SBI) has meticulously recorded every detail of 18,871 purchases and 20,421 encashments of electoral bonds between April 2019 and January 2024.
However, the absence of unique alphanumeric numbers poses a significant challenge, as it limits the ability to attribute specific transactions to individual parties or entities.
This limitation results in an estimation of the total amount of electoral bonds purchased by each company or individual, as well as the total amount encashed by political parties, without establishing the precise details of who paid whom and when.
The disclosure of unique alphanumeric numbers is crucial due to the recent ruling by the apex court, which has deemed the entire electoral bond scheme as unconstitutional.
It is imperative to match the substantial sum of ₹12,155.1 crore worth of electoral bonds purchased by corporate groups, companies, and individuals between April 2019 and January 2024 accurately with the ₹12,769.08 crore total worth of electoral bonds encashed by political parties during the same period.
In essence, the public's right to know is paramount. Citizens should have access to information regarding which political party received how much contribution from whom and on which specific date(s).
Without linking the purchasers of electoral bonds with the encashers through unique alphanumeric numbers, any further inquiry or investigation into these "unconstitutional" transactions would be significantly impeded.

5. Information Asymmetry in Electoral Bonds

The recent disclosure revealing that the BJP accounted for more than 47% of the total amount of electoral bonds encashed has sparked controversy and raised questions about information fairness and transparency in political funding.
While the Union Home Minister has tried to deflect attention by pointing out the amounts encashed by other Opposition parties, the issue goes beyond mere numbers.
The total amounts encashed by various political parties, as shown in Table 1, do not provide substantial insights or serve as actionable evidence of corruption or malfeasance.
To truly understand the potential for quid pro quo arrangements or unethical practices, a deeper analysis of granular details such as the amounts, dates of purchase and encashment, and the identities linked to each electoral bond transaction is necessary.
However, the reluctance of the State Bank of India (SBI) to disclose the unique identification numbers of electoral bonds hinders such investigations.
The ruling party's strategy appears to be aimed at stalling any meaningful investigation or legal action related to these transactions until the conclusion of the election campaign.
This strategy takes advantage of the information asymmetry between the ruling party and other political entities.
While the Union Government, as the owner of SBI, has access to the entire electoral bond database, other political parties and the electorate remain in the dark about detailed transactional information. This information imbalance unfairly benefits the ruling party during electoral processes.
This situation echoes other instances of data suppression, such as the non-disclosure of politically sensitive data from the caste census conducted during Census 2011.
The BJP's alleged utilization of such data for electoral advantage while denying access to the Opposition and citizens underscores the misuse of power through withholding public information and data.
Addressing these concerns requires a commitment to transparency and fairness in political funding and information disclosure.
Preventing the abuse of power through information asymmetry and data suppression is crucial to upholding democratic principles and ensuring a level playing field for all political actors and citizens.

6. Preliminary Analysis of Electoral Bond Data: Potential Malfeasance and Conflict of Interest

The recently disclosed data regarding electoral bond transactions from April 2019 to January 2024 raises serious concerns and warrants a preliminary analysis. The companies and corporate groups that have collectively purchased electoral bonds exceeding ₹100 crore and individuals whose bond purchases surpass ₹5 crore. Several key observations emerge from this analysis:

(a) A significant portion of electoral bonds has been purchased by companies and corporate groups currently under investigation by central agencies like the Enforcement Directorate (ED), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), and Income Tax (IT) Department. 19 such entities have collectively invested ₹4,787.3 crore, constituting over 39% of the total amount. This raises suspicion regarding the source and purpose of these substantial contributions.

(b) Noteworthy entities such as Future Gaming, Megha Engineering, M K Jalan group, Vedanta Group, and Haldia Energy Limited (Sanjiv Goenka Group). If a substantial portion of electoral bonds purchased by these entities under investigation is linked to the party in power, particularly the BJP, it could indicate serious conflict of interest issues and potential quid pro quo arrangements.

(c) The largest individual purchasers of electoral bonds are often heads of corporate groups or their employees. This suggests an attempt by corporate entities to obscure their identities by using individual frontmen or making multiple small donations. Such practices raise suspicions of bribery, money laundering, and other forms of quid pro quo, such as influencing project contracts or policy decisions in exchange for political donations.

As the ruling party and the primary beneficiary of electoral bond redemptions, the BJP faces significant scrutiny regarding these transactions. The Modi government's delays in disclosing data and withholding unique alphanumeric numbers of electoral bonds during election campaigns raise questions about accountability and transparency in political funding.

7. The Way Forward

Addressing the issues requires a collective effort from the government, judiciary, and civil society to ensure transparency and fairness in political funding. This will strengthen India's democratic processes and prevent potential misuse of political donations.

For Prelims: Electoral Bonds, Supreme Court

For Mains:

1. Examine the controversies surrounding electoral bonds, including the anonymity of donors and the exemption of political parties from disclosing donation sources. How does this impact democratic principles and accountability? (250 Words)

Previous Year Questions

1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)

1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.

2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections.

3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only

2. With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following? (UPSC CSE 2019)
(a) The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law.
(b) The Supreme Court of India is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws made by the Parliament.
(c) In the event of a grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare a Financial Emergency without the counsel from the Cabinet.
(d) State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of the Union Legislature.

3. Consider the following statements : (UPSC 2021)

1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.

2. In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.

3. As per the- existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 3

4. Consider the following statements about Electoral Bond Scheme 2018: (RPSC RAS Prelims 2018)

(A) The aim of this scheme is to bring about transparency in the funding process of political parties.

(B) Only the political parties recognized by the Election Commission which secured not less than one per cent of the votes polled in the last general election to the House of People or the Legislative Assembly of the State shall be eligible to receive the Electoral Bonds.

(D) The Electoral Bond deposited by an eligible political party in its account shall be credited on the same day.

Which of the above statements are correct?

1. Only (A) and (B)

2. (A), (B), (C) and (D)

3. Only (B), (C) and (D)

4. Only (A), (C) and (D)

5. With reference to the PM CARES Fund, consider the following statements: (AFCAT 27 2022)

I. The amount collected by it directly goes to the Consolidated Fund of India.

II. It can avail donations from the foreign contribution and donations to fund can also avail 100% tax exemption.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A. I only B. II only C. Both I and II D. Neither I nor II

6. The Prime Minister's National Relief Fund is operated by which one of the following bodies? (CDS 2019)

A. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO)

B. The National Disaster Management Authority

C. The Ministry of Finance

D. The National Development Council (NDC)

Answers: 1-D, 2-B, 3- B, 4-2, 5-B, 6-A

Mains

1. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (UPSC 2018)

2. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. ( UPSC 2022)

Source: The Hindu

GLOBAL GENDER GAP

1. Context

Financial inclusion is essential for a nation’s sustained development and growth. Its importance in building a sustainable and inclusive future is evident from the significance attached to financial inclusion in the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Financial inclusion is seen as an enabler of eight out of the 17 SDGs

2. What is the Global Gender Gap?

The Global Gender Gap refers to the measurement of gender-based disparities across various aspects of life, including but not limited to economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, political empowerment, and health and survival. It is commonly assessed and reported by the World Economic Forum (WEF) through its annual Global Gender Gap Report.

The Global Gender Gap Index ranks countries based on their progress towards gender parity. It measures the gap between women and men across four key areas:

Economic Participation and Opportunity: This includes indicators such as labor force participation, wage equality for similar work, and the ratio of women to men in leadership positions and skilled roles.
Educational Attainment: This assesses the gap in access to and completion of education between women and men at all levels, from primary to tertiary education.
Health and Survival: This measures differences in life expectancy and sex ratio at birth, reflecting disparities in health outcomes between women and men.
Political Empowerment: This evaluates the gap in political representation and participation between women and men, including the ratio of women to men in decision-making positions and parliamentary representation.

The Global Gender Gap Report serves as a tool to assess progress and identify areas where interventions are needed to address gender disparities. It highlights both achievements and challenges in achieving gender equality globally and provides policymakers, businesses, and civil society organizations with data-driven insights to inform their efforts toward gender equality and women's empowerment

3.What explains the gender pay gap?

The gender pay gap refers to the difference in average earnings between men and women in the workforce. Several factors contribute to the gender pay gap, including:

Occupational Segregation: Women are often concentrated in lower-paying industries and occupations compared to men. This occupational segregation is influenced by various factors, including social norms, discrimination, and differences in educational and career choices.
Unequal Pay for Equal Work: Even within the same occupation and industry, women may earn less than men for performing similar roles. This can be due to factors such as discrimination in hiring, promotion, and compensation decisions, as well as negotiation disparities.
Motherhood Penalty: Women who become mothers often experience a reduction in earnings compared to women without children and men with children. This can be attributed to factors such as career interruptions, decreased work hours, and bias against working mothers in the workplace.
Lack of Representation in Leadership Positions: Women are underrepresented in senior leadership roles and executive positions, which typically come with higher salaries and bonuses. This lack of representation contributes to the gender pay gap at the highest levels of organizations.
Unpaid Care Work: Women are more likely to take on a disproportionate share of unpaid care work, such as childcare and eldercare responsibilities. This can limit their ability to work full-time or pursue higher-paying career opportunities.
Gender Stereotypes and Bias: Societal stereotypes and biases about gender roles and capabilities can influence hiring, promotion, and compensation decisions, leading to disparities in pay between men and women

4. Global Gender Gap Report 2023-What are the Key Findings?

The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines the gender pay gap as the disparity between the average wages of all women and all men in the labor market, regardless of whether they receive monthly salaries, hourly wages, or daily pay rates. It clarifies that this gap differs from the concept of "equal pay for equal work," which stipulates that individuals with the same qualifications and performing identical tasks should receive equivalent compensation.
Moreover, there isn't a universally accepted method for calculating this discrepancy. For instance, while Pew Research found in 2012 that women earned 84% of men's earnings in the United States, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a figure of 81 cents to the dollar shortly before that.
Several factors contribute to this gap. Firstly, women's lower participation in paid employment compared to men, influenced by societal perceptions of gender roles, is a significant factor, as indicated by the labor force participation rate.
The ILO states that globally, women's labor force participation rate stands at just under 47%, while for men, it is 72%. In India, according to the 2011 Census, only 25.51% of women participate in the workforce, compared to 53.26% of men.
Secondly, the types of occupations women enter upon joining the workforce play a role. According to the ILO's Women in Business and Management report, women are underrepresented in managerial and leadership positions, especially at higher levels. Additionally, when women do hold managerial roles, they tend to be concentrated in support functions such as human resources and financial administration, which typically offer lower salaries compared to more strategic roles occupied by men.
A survey conducted by Georgetown University in 2013 revealed that the top 10 highest-paying professions, predominantly in engineering and computer science, were dominated by men, whereas the 10 lowest-paying professions, primarily in fields like arts and education, were dominated by women.
Furthermore, in 73 countries (based on 2018 data), women outnumber men as part-time workers. The ILO suggests that women's opportunities for full-time employment may be constrained compared to men's, leading them to opt for part-time work, which often comes with fewer benefits and lower remuneration over time.
Institutional and socio-economic factors also contribute significantly to the gender pay gap, including the perception that men should be the primary breadwinners, unequal investments in women's education, and safety concerns during commute and in the workplace

5. How is the gender pay gap calculated?

The gender pay gap is typically calculated by comparing the average earnings of all women to the average earnings of all men within a specific workforce or labor market. Here's a basic outline of the calculation:

Collect Data: Gather data on earnings for both men and women within the chosen population, whether it's a particular company, industry, region, or country. This data can be obtained from payroll records, government databases, surveys, or other sources.
Calculate Average Earnings: Determine the average earnings for men and women separately by summing up the total earnings of each group and dividing by the number of individuals in that group.
Calculate the Gap: Subtract the average earnings of women from the average earnings of men to find the absolute difference.

Gap = Average Earnings of Men - Average Earnings of Women
Express the Gap as a Percentage: To express the gap as a percentage, divide the absolute difference by the average earnings of men and then multiply by 100.

Percentage Gap = (Gap / Average Earnings of Men) * 100

This percentage represents the gender pay gap, indicating the difference in average earnings between men and women as a proportion of men's average earnings

6.The Global Gender Gap Index and Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Subject	Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI)	Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Measurement	Measures gender-based disparities across four key areas: Economic participation and opportunity, Educational attainment, Health and survival, Political empowerment.	Measures gender inequality in three dimensions: Reproductive health, Empowerment, Labor market participation.
Focus	Focuses on gender disparities and gender parity in various aspects of life, including economic, educational, health, and political participation.	Focuses specifically on gender inequality, highlighting disparities in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
Components	Includes economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, political empowerment.	Includes maternal mortality ratio, adolescent birth rate, women in parliament, educational attainment, labor force participation.
Data Sources	Relies on data collected by the World Economic Forum (WEF) through its annual Global Gender Gap Report.	Utilizes data from various sources, including United Nations agencies and other international organizations.
Ranking Method	Ranks countries based on their progress towards gender parity in each component and overall.	Ranks countries based on a composite index that combines indicators from the three dimensions of reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
Scope	Covers a broad range of gender disparities and focuses on the gender gap within each country.	Specifically targets gender inequality and highlights countries where women face significant barriers to equal rights and opportunities.
Policy Implications	Provides policymakers with insights into areas where interventions are needed to address gender disparities and promote gender equality.	Helps policymakers identify areas where targeted interventions are required to address gender inequality and improve women's rights and opportunities.
Global Rankings	Provides a global ranking of countries based on their performance in closing the gender gap.	Provides a global ranking of countries based on their level of gender inequality, highlighting countries with the highest levels of disparity.
Publication Frequency	Published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF).	Published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

7. Way forward

One notable study conducted by the World Economic Forum (WEF) as part of its Global Gender Gap Report has consistently highlighted the gender wage disparity in India. The report typically provides an estimate of the gender wage gap based on the ratio of female to male earned income. In the most recent report available to me, India's gender wage gap was significant, with women earning substantially less than men. However, it's essential to note that this data may have changed since then, as gender wage gap figures can fluctuate over time due to various economic and social factors

For Prelims: Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc

For Mains:

General Studies I: Social empowerment

• General Studies II: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

• General Studies II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources

Previous Year Questions

1.Which of the following gives 'Global Gender Gap Index' ranking to the countries of the world? (UPSC CSE 2017)

A.World Economic Forum

B.UN Human Rights Council

C.UN Women

D.World Health Organization

Answer (A)

Source: Indianexpress

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST)

1. Context

The average global sea surface temperature (SST) the temperature of the water at the ocean surface for February 2024 stood at 21.06 degree Celsius, the highest ever in a dataset that goes back to 1979, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) said on March 5. The previous record of 20.98 degree Celsius was set in August 2023.

2. About sea surface temperature

Sea surface temperature (SST) refers to the temperature of the water at the ocean's surface. The exact definition of "surface" can vary depending on the measurement method, but it typically ranges from 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) to 20 meters (70 feet) below the sea surface. It's important to note that this is just the top layer of the ocean, and temperatures can vary significantly at deeper depths.

3. The Surface temperature of the sea water

The surface temperature of seawater refers to the temperature of the water at or near the ocean's surface. It is an essential parameter in oceanography, climate studies, marine ecology, and weather forecasting.

Measurement: Surface temperature can be measured using various methods such as:

Satellite Sensors: Infrared sensors on satellites can measure the temperature of large areas of the ocean's surface remotely.
Buoys and Ships: Instruments deployed on buoys or ships can directly measure the temperature of seawater at specific locations.

Variability: Surface water temperature varies spatially and temporally due to factors such as:

Latitude: Generally, water near the equator tends to be warmer than water near the poles due to solar radiation distribution.
Seasons: Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally, with warmer temperatures in summer and cooler temperatures in winter.
Ocean Currents: Ocean currents can transport warm or cold water over long distances, affecting local water temperatures.

Importance

Climate and Weather: Surface water temperature influences weather patterns, such as the formation of storms and the distribution of precipitation.
Ocean Circulation: Temperature gradients drive ocean currents, which play a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate and redistributing heat around the globe.
Marine Life: Surface temperature affects marine ecosystems, influencing the distribution and behavior of marine species, including fish, corals, and plankton.

Applications

Climate Research: Studying changes in sea surface temperature helps scientists understand climate variability and long-term climate trends.
Fisheries Management: Monitoring water temperature is important for managing fisheries, as it impacts fish migration patterns and breeding habitats.
Hurricane Prediction: Warmer sea surface temperatures can fuel the intensity of tropical storms and hurricanes, making SST data valuable for predicting and monitoring these events.

4. The reasons for the oceans getting warmer

The oceans are getting warmer primarily due to human-induced climate change and natural variability.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and deforestation, release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, leading to global warming. About 93% of the excess heat from greenhouse gases is absorbed by the oceans, making them warmer over time.
The increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere not only warms the air but also contributes to ocean warming. When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts to form carbonic acid, leading to ocean acidification. Warmer oceans and acidification can have profound impacts on marine ecosystems, including coral reefs and marine life.
As water warms, it expands. This process, known as thermal expansion, contributes to rising sea levels globally. Warmer oceans expand and take up more space, leading to coastal flooding and erosion in vulnerable regions.
Global warming causes the melting of glaciers, ice caps, and polar ice sheets. The meltwater from these ice sources flows into the oceans, contributing to sea-level rise. The loss of reflective ice cover also amplifies warming as exposed ocean surfaces absorb more solar radiation.
Warming can disrupt ocean circulation patterns, such as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Changes in circulation can affect regional climates and impact marine ecosystems, including fisheries and ocean currents.
While human activities are the primary drivers of recent warming trends, natural factors like volcanic eruptions, solar variability, and natural climate cycles (e.g., El Niño and La Niña) can also influence ocean temperatures on shorter timescales.
Observations and climate models consistently show a long-term warming trend in ocean temperatures, with the upper ocean layers warming more rapidly than deeper layers. This warming trend is a clear signal of anthropogenic climate change.

5. Rising sea surface temperatures a cause of worry

Rising sea surface temperatures (SST) are a cause of worry due to their significant impacts on various aspects of the Earth's climate system, marine ecosystems, and coastal communities.

Impact on Marine Ecosystems

Coral Bleaching: Warmer SSTs can lead to coral bleaching, where corals expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues due to stress. Bleached corals are more vulnerable to disease and mortality, leading to the degradation of coral reefs, which are vital marine ecosystems.
Species Distribution: Changes in SST can alter the distribution and migration patterns of marine species, affecting fisheries, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning.
Ocean Acidification: Higher SST can exacerbate ocean acidification, which is caused by increased CO2 absorption by seawater. Acidification negatively impacts marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells, such as shellfish and some plankton species.

Warmer SST contributes to thermal expansion of seawater, causing sea levels to rise. This expansion, combined with melting ice from glaciers and ice caps, contributes to coastal flooding, erosion, and increased vulnerability of coastal communities to storm surges and high tides.
Elevated SSTs can fuel the intensity of tropical storms, hurricanes, and cyclones. Warmer oceans provide more energy and moisture to these weather systems, leading to stronger winds, heavier rainfall, and increased storm surge heights, posing risks to coastal areas.
Changes in SST can affect ocean circulation patterns, such as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Disruptions in ocean circulation can alter regional climates, ocean currents, and heat distribution, with potential consequences for global climate patterns.
Marine ecosystems provide essential services such as food resources, climate regulation, coastal protection, and cultural value. Rising SSTs can disrupt these services, impacting livelihoods, biodiversity, and the resilience of coastal communities.
Warming SSTs can trigger feedback mechanisms that amplify climate change. For example, melting Arctic sea ice due to warmer temperatures reduces the Earth's albedo (reflectivity), leading to more solar radiation absorption by the ocean, further warming SSTs, and contributing to a positive feedback loop.
Changes in SSTs are interconnected with broader climate changes, including shifts in precipitation patterns, ocean-atmosphere interactions (e.g., El Niño and La Niña events), and regional climate variability, which can have cascading effects on ecosystems and human societies worldwide.

6. The Way Forward

Addressing rising SSTs requires a multi-pronged approach that integrates mitigation strategies to combat climate change, adaptation measures to protect coastal communities, and robust scientific research to guide effective action. By fostering international cooperation, promoting public awareness, and implementing evidence-based solutions, we can work towards a more sustainable future for our planet and its oceans.

For Prelims: Sea surface temperature, Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Change, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

For Mains:

1. Discuss the significance of sea surface temperature (SST) in understanding climate variability and long-term climate trends. How does SST influence weather patterns and ocean circulation? (250 Words)

2. Discuss the importance of international cooperation in addressing global climate challenges related to ocean warming and rising sea levels. Evaluate the role of global agreements such as the Paris Agreement in promoting climate action and sustainability. (250 Words)

Previous Year Questions

1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)

1. "The Climate Group" is an international non-profit organization that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them.

2. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative "EP100".

3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.

4. Some Indian companies are members of EP100.

5. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the "Under2 Coalition".

Which of the statements given above is correct?

A. 1, 2, 4 and 5

B. 1, 3, and 4 only

C. 2, 3, and 5 only

D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Answer: B

Source: The Hindu

CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACT (CAA)

1. Context

The Supreme Court on Tuesday agreed to consider the question of staying the operation of the rules notified under the Citizenship (Amendment) Act or CAA on April 9, days before the first phase of the Lok Sabha election, even as the government refused to make a statement that it would not grant fast-tracked citizenship to non-Muslim migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan during the pendency of the case

2. About the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019

The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of 2019 is a controversial piece of legislation enacted by the Government of India on December 12, 2019. The act amends the Citizenship Act of 1955 to provide a pathway to Indian citizenship for certain religious minorities from neighbouring countries.

Key features of the Citizenship Amendment Act include

Eligibility Criteria: The CAA grants eligibility for Indian citizenship to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian migrants who arrived in India from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan on or before December 31, 2014, and have faced religious persecution on their home countries.
Exclusion of Muslims: Notably, the CAA excludes Muslims from its purview, leading to criticisms of religious discrimination and accusations of violating the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
Criticism and Protests: The Citizenship Amendment Act sparked widespread protests across India, with critics arguing that the act undermines the secular fabric of the nation and discriminates against Muslims. Protesters also raised concerns about the potential marginalisation of Muslim communities and the exclusionary nature of the legislation.
Support from Government: The government defended the Citizenship Amendment Act, asserting that it aims to provide refuge and protection to persecuted religious minorities from neighbouring countries. The government argued that the act does not infringe upon the rights of Indian Muslims and is in line with the country's secular ethos.
Legal Challenges: Several petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the Citizenship Amendment Act were filed in the Supreme Court of India. The court has heard arguments from both sides and is expected to deliver its judgment on the matter.

3. The current status of the Citizenship Amendment Act, of 2019

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) on March 11 notified the Citizenship Amendment Rules, 2024 that would enable the implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) passed by the Parliament in 2019.
Though the legislation facilitates citizenship to undocumented people belonging to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Parsi, Christian and Jain communities from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, the rules state that the applicants will have to provide six types of documents and specify “date of entry” in India.

4. The concerns associated with the Citizenship Amendment Act, of 2019

The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of 2019 has sparked various concerns and criticisms, both domestically within India and internationally.

One of the primary concerns regarding the CAA is its exclusion of Muslims from the list of religious minorities eligible for citizenship under the act. Critics argue that this selective approach based on religion goes against the secular principles enshrined in India's constitution and promotes religious discrimination.
The CAA's focus on granting citizenship based on religious identity raises concerns about the secular nature of India's democracy. Critics argue that the act undermines the inclusive and pluralistic ethos of the country by favouring specific religious communities.
Opponents of the CAA fear that the act, coupled with other proposed policies like the National Register of Citizens (NRC) and National Population Register (NPR), could have implications for the demographic composition of India. They raise concerns about the marginalisation and exclusion of certain communities, particularly Muslims, and the potential for statelessness among vulnerable populations.
The constitutionality of the Citizenship Amendment Act has been challenged in the Supreme Court of India. Critics argue that the act violates the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, including the right to equality and non-discrimination.
The implementation of the CAA has led to social and political polarization within India. The act has become a contentious issue, leading to protests, debates, and divisions along religious and ideological lines.
The CAA has also attracted international attention and scrutiny, with concerns raised by human rights organizations and foreign governments regarding religious freedom, minority rights, and the potential impact on vulnerable communities.

5. The Indian ideas and rules of citizenship in the Constitution before the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019

Before the enactment of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in 2019, the principles and rules of citizenship in India were primarily governed by the Constitution of India, which came into effect on January 26, 1950. The Constitution lays down the framework for citizenship and enshrines certain fundamental rights and principles related to citizenship.

Citizenship by Birth: According to Article 5 of the Indian Constitution, any person born in India on or after January 26, 1950, but before July 1, 1987, was automatically considered a citizen of India by birth, regardless of the nationality of their parents.
Citizenship by Descent: Individuals born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, but before July 1, 1987, were eligible for Indian citizenship if either of their parents was a citizen of India at the time of their birth.
Citizenship by Registration: The Constitution provides provisions for certain categories of persons to acquire Indian citizenship through registration. This includes persons of Indian origin who have resided in India for a specified period and meet other criteria prescribed by law.
Citizenship by Naturalization: Foreigners who have resided in India for a specified period and fulfilled other conditions prescribed by law were eligible to apply for Indian citizenship through naturalization.
Citizenship by Incorporation of Territory: Any territory that became part of India through accession or merger automatically conferred Indian citizenship on its inhabitants as per the provisions of the Constitution.
Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees certain fundamental rights to all citizens of India, regardless of their religion, ethnicity, or place of birth. These rights include the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, and the right to life and personal liberty.
Citizenship Act, 1955: This act, enacted based on the Constitution's provisions, outlined ways to acquire Indian citizenship. Here are the main routes:
- Birth: Being born in India (with some limitations) granted citizenship.
- Descent: Children born to Indian parents abroad could become citizens.
- Registration: People of Indian origin residing in India for seven years could register.
- Naturalization: Foreigners meeting specific residency requirements could apply for naturalization.

The Indian Constitution before the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of 2019 outlined principles of citizenship that were based on inclusivity, equality, and non-discrimination, with provisions for acquiring citizenship through birth, descent, registration, naturalization, and territorial incorporation. The CAA introduced amendments to these principles, particularly regarding eligibility for citizenship based on religious identity.

6. Section 6A of the Citizenship Act

Section 6A is a special provision inserted into the Indian Citizenship Act, 1955, in 1985, as part of the Assam Accord. It deals with the citizenship of people who migrated to Assam from Bangladesh:

It applies to people who entered Assam on or after January 1, 1966, but before March 25, 1971.
It grants citizenship to these people if they can prove that they were "ordinarily resident" in Assam on March 24, 1971.
People who claim citizenship under Section 6A must apply to a Foreigners Tribunal. The Tribunal will then decide whether or not to grant them citizenship based on the evidence they provide.

7. What does NRC mean?

NRC stands for the National Register of Citizens. It is a register maintained by the Government of India containing names and certain relevant information for the identification of Indian citizens in the state of Assam.
The purpose of the NRC is to create a list of genuine Indian citizens residing in Assam and identify individuals who are not legal residents of the state.
The NRC process in Assam has its origins in the Assam Accord of 1985, which aimed to address the issue of illegal immigration from Bangladesh and determine the citizenship status of individuals living in Assam.
The NRC process requires individuals to provide documentary evidence to prove their citizenship based on criteria set by the government.
The NRC process involves extensive documentation and verification to establish citizenship status, and it has been a contentious issue due to its impact on individuals' rights and concerns about exclusion and discrimination.
The implementation of the NRC in Assam has led to debates, legal challenges, and social tensions regarding citizenship and immigration issues in India.

8. What is NPR?

NPR stands for the National Population Register. It is a register of usual residents of India, which includes both citizens and non-citizens who have resided in a local area for at least six months or intend to stay for the next six months or more.
The NPR is prepared at the local, sub-district, district, state, and national levels under the provisions of the Citizenship Act, 1955, and the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.
The main purpose of the NPR is to create a comprehensive identity database of residents in India. It collects demographic and biometric information to establish the identity of individuals and households.
The data collected in the NPR includes details such as name, age, gender, marital status, occupation, educational qualification, address, and other relevant information.
The NPR process involves house-to-house enumeration and collection of data by government officials or designated enumerators. The data collected is used for various purposes, including government planning, policy formulation, and social welfare schemes.
It's important to note that the NPR is distinct from the National Register of Citizens (NRC). While the NPR focuses on creating a comprehensive database of residents, the NRC specifically deals with determining the citizenship status of individuals, particularly in the state of Assam, based on documentary evidence.
The NPR has been a topic of discussion and debate in India, with concerns raised about privacy, data security, and potential misuse of information.

9. The difference between the NRC, NPR and CAA

Term	Description	Purpose	Focus
NRC (National Register of Citizens)	Register of Indian citizens in Assam	Identify legal residents and non-citizens	Citizenship status in Assam
NPR (National Population Register)	Register of usual residents (citizens and non-citizens)	Create a comprehensive identity database	Residents of India for planning purposes
CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act)	Law providing path to citizenship for religious minorities	Grant citizenship based on religion and persecution	Specific religious minorities facing persecution

10. Is NPR connected to NRC?

The NPR (National Population Register) is connected to the NRC (National Register of Citizens) in the sense that the data collected during the NPR exercise can be used as a basis for the NRC verification process, especially in the context of Assam.

Data Collection: The NPR involves collecting demographic and biometric information about residents of India, including both citizens and non-citizens who have lived in a local area for at least six months or intend to stay for the next six months or more. This data includes details such as name, age, gender, address, marital status, educational qualification, occupation, etc.
Verification: The data collected during the NPR process can be used as a basis for verifying citizenship during the NRC process, particularly in Assam. In Assam, the NRC process requires individuals to provide documentary evidence to prove their citizenship based on certain criteria. The data from NPR can be cross-referenced during this verification process.
Identification: The NPR data can help identify individuals who are considered genuine Indian citizens and those who may be considered doubtful citizens or non-citizens. This identification is crucial for the NRC process, especially in states like Assam where illegal immigration has been a longstanding issue.

While the NPR data can be used as a tool for verification during the NRC process, it's important to note that the NPR itself is not the same as the NRC. The NPR focuses on creating a comprehensive population database for administrative and planning purposes, while the NRC specifically deals with determining citizenship status, particularly in Assam, based on documentary evidence and verification.

11. Who are ‘Citizens’?

In general terms, citizens are individuals who hold citizenship in a particular country. Citizenship is a legal status that grants individuals certain rights, privileges, and responsibilities within the nation-state to which they belong. The concept of citizenship varies across different countries, but some common characteristics of citizenship include.

Legal Recognition: Citizens are legally recognized members of a country or state. They are entitled to the protection of the state and have access to its legal system.
Rights and Privileges: Citizens typically enjoy certain rights and privileges that non-citizens may not have, such as the right to vote, the right to work and reside in the country, access to social services, and the right to participate in the political process.
Responsibilities: Along with rights and privileges, citizenship also entails certain responsibilities, such as obeying the laws of the country, paying taxes, serving on juries if called upon, and sometimes participating in military service.
National Identity: Citizenship often involves a sense of national identity and belonging to a particular community or nation. This can include shared cultural, historical, and linguistic ties that bind citizens together.
Acquisition and Loss: Citizenship can be acquired through birth (jus soli or jus sanguinis), naturalization, or descent from a citizen parent. It can also be lost or renounced voluntarily or involuntarily, depending on the laws of the country.

12. The Way Forward

By adopting the strategies, stakeholders can work towards addressing concerns related to the Citizenship Amendment Act, promoting inclusivity, protecting minority rights, and upholding democratic values in India's citizenship policies and practices.

For Prelims: Citizenship Amendment Act, Minorities, Secularism, NPR, NRC,

For Mains:

1. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of 2019 has sparked significant controversy in India. Critically examine the Act's provisions, highlighting the key concerns and potential implications. In your opinion, does the CAA violate the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution? (250 words)

2. Considering the debates surrounding the CAA, critically analyze the concept of citizenship in India. How has the concept evolved, and what are the challenges in defining and managing citizenship in a diverse democracy like India? (250 words)

Previous Year Questions

Consider the following statements: (2018)

1. Aadhaar card can be used as a proof of citizenship or domicile.

2. Once issued, the Aadhaar number cannot be deactivated or omitted by the Issuing Authority.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

2. What is the position of the Right to Property in India? (UPSC 2021)

(a) Legal right available to citizens only

(b) Legal right available to any person

(d) Neither Fundamental Right nor legal right

3. With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012)

1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.

2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modifications in the orders.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2

4. Barak Valley in Assam is famous for which among the following? (MSTET 2019)

A. Bamboo Industry

B. Petroleum Production

C. Cottage Industries

D. Tea Cultivation

5. Which one of the following is an important crop of the Barak Valley? (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2019)

A. Sugarcane B. Jute C. Tea D. Cotton

6. Under Assam Accord of 1985, foreigners who had entered Assam before March 25, _____ were to be given citizenship. (DSSSB JE & Section Officer 2022)

A. 1954 B. 1971 C. 1981 D. 1966

Answers: 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-B, 6-B

Source: The Indian Express

UNITED NATIONS (UN)

1. Context

The United Nations said that Israel’s severe restrictions on aid into war-ravaged Gaza coupled with its military offensive could amount to using starvation as a “weapon of war”, which would be a “war crime”.

2. History of UN

Countries that had dominated world affairs had suffered a great deal after the two wars, and there were two emerging new powers, in the form of the United States and the USSR, who looked set to rival each other. Born out of the horrors of that period, the UN was primarily tasked with the goal of maintaining world peace and saving future generations from the evils of war

3. Origin of UN

The UN was born out of the ashes of yet another international organisation created with the intention of keeping war away.
The League of Nations was created in June 1919, after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles.
However, when the Second World War broke out in 1939, the League closed down and its headquarters in Geneva remained empty throughout the war.
Consequently, in August 1941, American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill held a secret meeting aboard naval ships in Placenta Bay, located on the southeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
The heads of the two countries discussed the possibility of creating a body for international peace efforts and a range of issues related to the war.
Together they issued a statement that came to be called the Atlantic Charter. It was not a treaty, but only an affirmation that paved the way for the creation of the UN.
It declared the realisation of “certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they based their hopes for a better future for the world.”
The United States joined the war in December 1941, and for the first time the term ‘United Nations’ was coined by President Roosevelt to identify those countries which were allied against the axis powers – Germany, Italy and Japan. On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 allied nations met in Washington DC to sign the declaration of the United Nations, which basically spelt out the war objectives of the Allied powers.
India, which was under British colonial rule at the time, was also among these nations

4. Achievements and Failures of the UN

The United Nations (UN) has been a prominent international organization since its establishment in 1945. It has made significant achievements and faced challenges and failures throughout its history. Here are some notable achievements and failures of the United Nations:

Achievements:

Preventing World Wars: The UN was established after World War II with the primary aim of maintaining international peace and security. It has successfully prevented another world war on the scale of the two World Wars.
Humanitarian Aid: The UN, through agencies like UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP), and UNHCR, provides vital humanitarian aid, including food, shelter, and medical assistance, to people in need around the world.
Peacekeeping Operations: The UN has undertaken numerous peacekeeping missions to help resolve conflicts and maintain peace in various parts of the world, including Cyprus, Lebanon, and Sierra Leone.
Decolonization: The UN played a significant role in decolonization efforts, helping newly independent countries gain international recognition and supporting the end of colonial rule in many parts of the world.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, setting forth fundamental human rights and freedoms. This document has been instrumental in shaping international human rights norms.
Development Goals: The UN established the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and later the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which have provided a framework for addressing global poverty, inequality, and environmental challenges.
Environmental Protection: The UN has led efforts to address global environmental issues through conventions like the Paris Agreement on climate change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion.
Public Health: The World Health Organization (WHO), a UN agency, has played a crucial role in international public health efforts, including vaccination programs, disease control, and pandemic response.

Failures and Challenges:

Ineffectiveness in Preventing Genocides and Mass Atrocities: The UN has faced criticism for its inability to prevent or effectively respond to genocides and mass atrocities, such as those in Rwanda (1994) and Bosnia (1992-1995).
Security Council Deadlocks: The UN Security Council, with its five permanent members (P5), often experiences deadlock due to conflicting national interests, hindering timely and decisive action on critical global issues.
Human Rights Violations by Member States: Some UN member states with poor human rights records have faced limited consequences for their actions, raising concerns about the UN's ability to enforce human rights norms.
Resource Constraints: The UN relies on contributions from member states, and funding shortfalls can hamper its ability to respond to crises effectively.
Lack of Global Consensus: Achieving consensus among 193 member states on complex issues can be extremely challenging, leading to slow progress or gridlock on important matters.
Peacekeeping Failures: Some UN peacekeeping missions have been criticized for not effectively preventing conflicts or abuses by peacekeepers themselves.
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The UN has struggled to mediate a lasting peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which remains unresolved after decades of efforts.
Complex Bureaucracy: The UN's complex bureaucratic structure can lead to inefficiency, redundancy, and lack of coordination in some areas.

5. Way forward

On a more fundamental level, its structure and other organisations associated with it, such as the World Bank and the IMF, have been criticised for furthering neo-liberal ideas – related to championing free markets and a reduced role of governments. This has been linked to deepening inequalities within countries. Further, the UN has been seen as unrepresentative of its members, particularly countries in the Global South

Source: indianexpress

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FOREST FIRES

1. Context

2. What is a forest fire?

3. Causes of Forest Fires

4. Types of forest fires

5. Forest fires in Odisha

6. Mitigation measures by the Government

Previous year Question

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ELECTORAL BOND DATA

GLOBAL GENDER GAP

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