India's Middle East policy is a significant aspect of its foreign policy, which aims to maintain and strengthen its diplomatic, economic, and strategic relationships with countries in the Middle East region. The Middle East policy of India is influenced by various factors, including energy security, trade, geopolitical considerations, and historical ties.

India's policy towards the Middle East 

• One of the primary drivers of India's engagement with the Middle East is energy security. India is heavily dependent on oil and gas imports from Middle Eastern countries. Securing a stable and uninterrupted energy supply is a critical component of India's foreign policy.
• India has historical and cultural ties with many countries in the Middle East, particularly with countries in the Gulf region. These relationships are often based on shared historical and cultural connections, including trade and migration.
• The Middle East offers significant economic opportunities for India. It is a major trading partner for India, with exports of goods and services, including manpower (skilled and unskilled labour), playing a crucial role in India's economic growth.
• India has a shared interest with many Middle Eastern countries in countering terrorism and promoting regional security. Cooperation in intelligence sharing, counterterrorism efforts, and defence partnerships are essential components of India's Middle East policy.
• India's Middle East policy involves a delicate balancing act. It seeks to maintain good relations with countries in the region, even when they have conflicting interests, such as India's relationship with Israel and its historical support for the Palestinian cause.
• India has a significant Indian diaspora in the Middle East, particularly in the Gulf countries. The welfare and protection of the Indian community living and working in the region are a priority for India's Middle East policy.
• India is actively involved in regional and multilateral forums in the Middle East, such as the Arab League, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). India's presence in these forums helps it strengthen its regional influence.
• India has developed strategic partnerships with several Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Israel. These partnerships cover various aspects, including defence, security, and economic cooperation.
• India often seeks to play a constructive role in addressing regional conflicts in the Middle East, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the situation in Yemen and Syria.
• India's Middle East policy includes efforts to diversify its energy sources, reduce dependence on a few countries, and enhance energy security through strategic investments and partnerships.

5. The way forward

India's Middle East policy is characterized by its pragmatism, adaptability, and the pursuit of its national interests. It aims to strike a balance between maintaining good relations with all countries in the region while securing its energy needs and expanding economic and strategic partnerships. This policy is continually evolving to respond to the changing dynamics in the Middle East and India's global aspirations.

Source: indianexpress

WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO)

1. Context

2. What is WTO?

• The World Trade Organization is the only international organization that deals with the rules of trade between countries.
• The WTO officially commenced in 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement signed by 124 nations, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
• Currently, it has 164 members and 23 observer governments (like Iran, Iraq, Bhutan, Libya, etc).
• According to its rules, all decisions are taken through consensus and any member can exercise a veto.
• It aims to promote free trade, which is done through trade agreements that are discussed and signed by the member states.
• The WTO also provides a forum for countries to negotiate trade rules and settle economic disputes between them. 

3. What is WTO's Ministerial Conference?

• The Ministerial Conference is the WTO’s top decision-making body and usually meets every two years.
• All members of the WTO are involved in the Ministerial Conference and they can take decisions on all matters covered under any multilateral trade agreements.
• The WTO’s 12th Ministerial Conference was held in Geneva from 12-17 June.
• It was supposed to end on 15 June, but with intensifying negotiations, the conference was extended by two days. 

4. Key takeaways from the meeting

4.1 Curtailing harmful fishing subsidies

• The WTO passed a multilateral agreement that would curb ‘harmful’ subsidies on illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing for the next four years, to better protect global fish stocks.
• Since 2001, member states have been negotiating the banning of subsidies that promote overfishing.
• The current agreement, which establishes new trading rules, is the second multilateral agreement in WTO history. 
• India and other developing countries were able to win some concessions in this agreement.

4.2 Global food security

• Members agreed to a binding decision to exempt food purchased by the UN's World Food Programme (WFP) for humanitarian purposes, from any export restrictions.
• In light of the global food shortages and rising prices caused by the war between Ukraine and Russia, the group's members issued a declaration on the importance of trade in global food security and that they would avoid bans on food exports.
• However, countries would be allowed to restrict food supplies to ensure domestic food security needs.
• India's key demand to allow it to export food from its public stockholdings to other countries will reportedly be discussed in the next Ministerial Conference in 2023.

4.3 E-Commerce transactions

• Members agreed to continue the long-standing moratorium on customs duties on e-commerce transmissions.
• It will be continued until the subsequent Ministerial Conference or until March 31, 2024, depending on whichever comes first.

4.4 Covid-19 vaccine production

• WTO members agreed to temporarily waive intellectual property patents on Covid19 vaccines without the consent of the patent holder for 5 years so that they can more easily manufacture them domestically.
• The current agreement is a watered-down version of the original proposal made by India and South Africa in 2020.
• They had wanted broader intellectual property waivers on vaccines, treatments, and tests.
• Rich pharmaceutical companies had strongly opposed this, arguing that IPs do not restrict access to Covid vaccines and that the removal of patent protections gives researchers that quickly produced life-saving vaccines, a negative message. 
• The waiver agreed upon by the WTO was criticized by advocacy groups for being narrow in scope, as it did not cover all medical tools like diagnostics and treatments.

5. Significance of the Recent Agreements

• The fisheries agreement is of immense significance as it is the first time that members agreed with environmental sustainability at its heart.
• It will also help in the protection of the livelihoods of the 260 million people who depend directly or indirectly on marine fisheries. It is only the second multilateral agreement on global trade rules struck in its 27-year history.
• Second, the exemption of WFP's food from tariffs is vital for promoting global food security, especially in light of the global food shortages and rising prices caused by the war between Ukraine and Russia.
• Third, the temporary waiver will contribute to ongoing efforts to concentrate and diversify vaccine manufacturing capacity so that a crisis in one region does not leave others cut off.

6. Issues surrounding WTO

6.1 The burden for Poor countries

• The WTO rules include many Non-trade subjects as well. The subjects like environment, labor standards, fossil fuel subsidies, plastic pollution, and transparency in government procurement have been brought into the fold of the WTO.
• This is expected to raise costs for the poor and developing countries and impact the competitiveness of their goods.
• For instance, a poor country exporting cotton shirts must first meet high environmental standards at home. This will only raise costs and cut exports from poor countries.

6.2 Trade wars

• The US administration imposed steep tariffs in January 2018 on China alleging IP violations.
• In December 2019 the US also blocked the appointment of new nominees to WTO’s appellate body. This has paralyzed the WTO as a judge and enforcer of global trade rules.

6.3 Lack of consensus

• The developed nations’ game plan is to put the old obligations on the back burner and push the WTO to form rules on new areas like e-commerce.
• It is an area where the US firms have a clear edge.
• Most WTO member countries want them to first deliver on the agreed issues like reduction in agriculture subsidies.

 

For Prelims: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Marrakesh Agreement, World Trade Organisation (WTO), 12th Ministerial Conference of WTO, and UN's World Food Programme (WFP). For Mains: 1. What have been the recent issue related to dispute settlement at WTO? Have the policies at WTO worked against the interest of emerging economies like India?(250 Words)

 

Previous year Questions 1. In the context of which of the following do you sometimes find the terms 'amber box, blue box, and green box' in the news? (UPSC 2016) A. WTO affairs B. SAARC affairs C. UNFCCC affairs D. India-EU negotiations on FTA Answer: A   2. In the context of the affairs which of the following is the phrase "Special Safeguard Mechanisms" mentioned in the news frequently? (UPSC 2010) A. United Nations Environment Program B. World Trade Organization Agreement C. ASEAN-India Free Trade D. G-20 Summits Answer: B   3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017) 1. India has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of the WTO. 2. TFA is a part of WTO's Bali Ministerial Package of 2013. 3. TFA came into force in January 2016 Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: A

 

Source: The Indian Express

 

 

LARGE HADRON COLLIDER

1. Context 

The world’s most powerful particle collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), will begin smashing protons into each other at unprecedented levels of energy beginning July 5 2023

2. What is the Large Hadron Collider?

• The Large Hadron Collider is an expansive and intricate apparatus constructed for the examination of particles, which are the smallest constituents known in nature.
• Its physical structure entails a 27-kilometer-long circular track, situated 100 meters underground along the Swiss-French border. During operation, the collider propels two beams of protons, nearing the speed of light, in opposite directions within a ring of superconducting electromagnets.
• The magnetic field generated by these superconducting electromagnets maintains the protons in a precise beam, guiding them through beam pipes until they ultimately collide. In preparation for collision, a different type of magnet is employed to compress the particles, enhancing the likelihood of collisions.
• Described by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), which oversees the particle accelerator complex housing the LHC, the challenge is likened to aligning two needles precisely 10 kilometers apart so that they meet midway.
• To accommodate the substantial current carried by the LHC's powerful electromagnets, comparable to that of a lightning bolt, a cooling system using liquid helium is employed.
• This distribution system keeps critical components ultra-cold at a temperature of minus 271.3 degrees Celsius, colder than interstellar space. Due to these stringent requirements, adjusting the temperature of the colossal machine is a challenging task

3. The functioning of the LHC

• A hadron is a subatomic particle made up of smaller particles.
• The LHC typically uses protons, which are made up of quarks and gluons.
• It energises the protons by accelerating them through a narrow circular pipe that is 27 km long.
• Simply put, this pipe encircles two D-shaped magnetic fields, created by almost 9,600 magnets. There is a proton at the 3 o'clock position.
• It is made to move from there to the 9 o'clock position by turning on one hemisphere of magnets and turning on one hemisphere of magnets and turning off the other, such that the magnetic field acting on the proton causes it to move clockwise.
• Once it reaches the 9 o'clock position, the magnetic polarity is reversed by turning off the first hemisphere and turning on the second.
• This causes the proton to move in an anticlockwise direction, from the 9 o'clock position.
• This way, by switching the direction of the magnetic field more and more rapidly, protons can be accelerated through the beam pipe.
• There are also other components to help them along, focus the particles, and keep them from hitting the pipe's walls.
• Eventually, the protons move at 99.999999 per cent of the speed of light.
• In the process, they accrue a tremendous amount of energy according to the special theory of relativity.

4. The effects of a collision

• When two antiparallel beams of energised particles collide head-on, the energy at the point of collision is equal to the sum of the energy carried by the two beams.
• Thus far, the highest centre of mass collision energy the LHC has achieved is 13.6 TeV (teraelectronvolts).
• This is less energy than what would be produced if you clapped your hands once.
• The feat is that the energy is packed into a volume of space the size of a proton, which makes the energy density very high.
• At the moment of collision, there is chaos. There is a lot of energy available, and parts of it coalesce into different subatomic particles under the guidance of the fundamental forces of nature.
• Which particle takes shape depends on the amount and flavour of energy available and which other particles are being created or destroyed around it. 
• Some particles are created very rarely. If a particle is created with a probability of 0.00001 per cent there will need to be at least 10 million collisions to observe it.
• Some particles are quite massive and need a lot of the right kind of energy to be created (this was one of the challenges of discovering the Higgs boson).
• Some particles are extremely shortlived and the detectors studying them need to record them in a similar timeframe or be alert to proxy effects.
• The LHC's various components are built such that scientists can tweak all these parameters to study different particle interactions.

5. The findings of the LHC 

• The LHC consists of nine detectors. Located over different points on the beam pipe, they study particle interactions in different ways.
• Every year, the detectors generate 30, 000 TB of data worth storing and even more overall.
• Physicists pore through this data with the help of computers to identify and analyse specific patterns.
• This is how the ATLAS and CMS detectors helped discover the Higgs boson in 2012 and confirmed their findings in 2013.
• The LHC specialises in accelerating a beam of hadronic particles to certain specifications and delivering it.
• Scientists can choose to do different things with the beam. For example, they have used the LHC to energise and collide lead ions with each other and protons with lead ions.
• Using the data from all those collisions,

1. They have tested the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics,'
2. The reigning theory of subatomic particles;
3. Observed exotic particles like pentaquarks and tetraquarks and checked if their properties are in line with theoretical expectations; and
4. Pieced together information about extreme natural conditions like those that existed right after the Big Bang.

6. What lies ahead for the LHC

• These successes strike a contrast with what the LHC has not been able to find "new physics", the collective name for particles or processes that can explain the nature of dark matter or why gravity is such a weak force, among other mysteries.
• The LHC has tested some of the predictions of theories that try to explain what the Standard Model can't and caught them short.
• This has left the physics community in a bind.
• One way forward, which is already in the works, is to improve the LHC's luminosity (a measure of the machine's ability to produce particle interactions of interest) by 10x by 2027 through upgrades.
• Another more controversial idea is to build a bigger version of the LHC, based on the hypothesis that such a machine will be able to find 'new physics' at even higher energies.
• While both CERN and China have unveiled initial plans for bigger machines, physicists are divided on whether the billions of dollars they will cost can be used to build less expensive experiments, including other colliders, with guaranteed instead of speculative results.

For Prelims: Large Hadron Collider, European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN,  For Mains:  1. What is the Large Hardon Collider? Discuss how it works and what lies ahead of the world's largest science experiment. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. Large Hadron Collider was in news recently for doing some scientific research to prove the presence of an elementary particle. The scientist who predicted this particle in 1964 has been awarded Nobel Prize in 2013. What is this discovery?  (UPSC CAPF 2014)  A. Particles known as quarks having mass B. Origin of Universe timings C. Higg's Bosons or God Particles explaining mass D. None of the above   Answer: C

 

Source: The Hindu

 

ELECTORAL BOND SCHEME

1. Context 

The Supreme Court Thursday (February 15) will decide if the central government’s electoral bonds scheme should be struck down

2. The Challenge

• The challenge against electoral bonds was initiated in 2017 by the Association for Democratic Reforms and Common Cause, non-profit organizations advocating for electoral transparency.
• The case questions the constitutionality of the electoral bonds scheme and seeks to bring political parties under the ambit of the Right to Information Act, compelling them to disclose their income and expenditure.
• Although the Supreme Court has rejected a plea to suspend the sale of electoral bonds, the larger constitutional challenge remains pending.
• The court admitted the petition and solicited responses from the government and the Election Commission of India (EC). However, the case has not yet received in-depth consideration.

3. About Electoral Bonds

The electoral bonds scheme is a mechanism for political funding introduced by the Indian government in 2017. It allows individuals, organizations, and corporations to make anonymous donations to political parties. Over 12,900 electoral bonds worth Rs 6,534.78 crore were sold in 15 phases between March 2018 and January 2021.

3.1. Key Features of Electoral Bonds

• Electoral bonds allow donors to make contributions to political parties while maintaining anonymity. The bonds do not carry any information about the donor, ensuring that the identity of the contributor remains undisclosed.
• Electoral bonds are available in multiple denominations, including Rs 1,000, Rs 10,000, Rs 1 lakh, Rs 10 lakh, and Rs 1 crore. Donors can purchase bonds in these denominations to contribute to political parties.
• The State Bank of India (SBI) is the sole authorized bank for the sale of electoral bonds. Donors can buy these bonds from designated SBI branches.
• Donors must fulfil Know Your Customer (KYC) norms while purchasing electoral bonds, which includes providing their personal information to the bank. However, this information is not disclosed to the political party receiving the donation.
• Political parties have 15 days to encash the electoral bonds in their verified bank accounts. This ensures that the bonds are promptly converted into funds.
• There is no limit on the number of electoral bonds an individual or company can purchase, allowing for substantial contributions.
• If a political party does not encash the electoral bonds within the stipulated 15-day period, the SBI deposits these bonds into the Prime Minister's Relief Fund.
•  A contentious feature of the scheme is that political parties receiving donations through electoral bonds are exempt from disclosing the source of these donations in their mandatory annual contribution reports to the Election Commission of India (EC).

3.2. Rationale Behind the Electoral Bonds Scheme

The rationale for introducing the electoral bonds scheme was as follows:

• Proponents of the scheme argued that it would bring a level of transparency to political funding by making contributions through a banking channel, as all transactions would go through the banking system, leaving an audit trail.
• The scheme was intended to protect the privacy of donors, allowing individuals and entities to contribute to political parties without fear of retribution or public exposure.
• By providing a legal and transparent means for making political contributions, the scheme aimed to reduce the use of unaccounted-for cash in political funding, which was perceived as a major source of corruption in the political process.
• The scheme encouraged donors to make contributions through the formal banking system, thereby promoting digital transactions and aligning with the government's push for a cashless economy.

3.3. Challenges and Controversies

• The primary point of contention with electoral bonds is the anonymity they offer to donors.
• An amendment to the Finance Act 2017 exempts parties from disclosing donations received through these bonds.
• This means that voters are unaware of the source and extent of funding for political parties, undermining transparency.
• Transparency activists argue that the amendment infringes upon the citizen's 'Right to Know' and further reduces the accountability of the political class.
• While the citizens remain uninformed, the government can access donor details from the State Bank of India, rendering only the taxpayers unaware of the source of donations.

Electoral bonds have gained popularity due to the anonymity they offer to donors. More than half of the total income of national and regional parties in the financial year 2018-19 came from electoral bond donations. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerged as the largest beneficiary, receiving 60.17% of the total electoral bond donations.

4. Election Commission's Stand

The Election Commission has expressed objections to amendments in the Representation of the People Act that exempt political parties from disclosing donations via electoral bonds. It has raised concerns about the potential violation of provisions prohibiting political parties from receiving donations from government companies and foreign sources.

5. The Way Forward

The electoral bonds scheme was introduced to enhance transparency, it has generated significant debates and concerns. A comprehensive way forward should focus on striking a balance between anonymity for donors and the citizens' right to know the financial sources of political parties. Transparent and accountable political funding is crucial for upholding the democratic values and integrity of the political process in India.

 

For Prelims: Electoral Bonds, SBI, Election Commission of India, Right to Know, Finance Act 2017, Prime Minister's Relief Fund For Mains: 1. Examine the challenges and controversies surrounding the Electoral Bonds Scheme, particularly regarding donor anonymity and transparency in political funding. How have these issues raised concerns about the integrity of the political process in India? (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   Prelims 1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017) 1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body. 2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. 3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only          B. 2 only              C. 2 and 3 only                D. 3 only Answer: D 2. With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following? (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law. (b) The Supreme Court of India is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws made by the Parliament. (c) In the event of a grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare a Financial Emergency without the counsel from the Cabinet. (d) State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of the Union Legislature. Answer: B 3. Consider the following statements : (UPSC 2021) 1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies. 2. In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies. 3. As per the- existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only         B. 2 only           C. 1 and 3             D. 2 and 3   4. Consider the following statements about Electoral Bond Scheme 2018: (RPSC RAS Prelims 2018) (A) The aim of this scheme is to bring about transparency in the funding process of political parties. (B) Only the political parties recognized by the Election Commission which secured not less than one per cent of the votes polled in the last general election to the House of People or the Legislative Assembly of the State shall be eligible to receive the Electoral Bonds. (C) Electoral Bonds shall be valid for fifteen calendar days from the date of issue. (D) The Electoral Bond deposited by an eligible political party in its account shall be credited on the same day. Which of the above statements are correct? 1.  Only (A) and (B)      2.  (A), (B), (C) and (D) 3. Only (B), (C) and (D) 4. Only (A), (C) and (D) Answer: 2   5. With reference to the PM CARES Fund, consider the following statements: (AFCAT 27 2022) I. The amount collected by it directly goes to the Consolidated Fund of India. II. It can avail donations from the foreign contribution and donations to fund can also avail 100% tax exemption. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. I only            B. II only           C. Both I and II        D. Neither I nor II   Answer: B   6. The Prime Minister's National Relief Fund is operated by which one of the following bodies?  (CDS 2019) A. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) B. The National Disaster Management Authority C. The Ministry of Finance D. The National Development Council (NDC) Answer: A Mains 1. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (UPSC 2018) 2. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. ( UPSC 2022)

 Source: The Indian Express

 

MARINE HEATWAVES

 

 

 

1. Context

 

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the Arctic show a worrying trend since 2007, marginal seas more vulnerable: Study A marine heatwave occurs when surface water temperatures are higher than 95 per cent of the values from the past 30 years for at least five consecutive days.

 

 

2. About marine heat waves

A marine heat wave is an extreme weather event. It occurs when the surface
temperature of a particular region of the sea rises to 3 or 4 degrees Celsius above the
average temperature for at least five days. MHWs can last for weeks, months or
even years. 

 

The impact of marine heat waves on ocean life

• Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have significant and often devastating impacts on ocean life. Despite seemingly minor temperature increases of 3 or 4 degrees Celsius, these events can have catastrophic consequences for marine ecosystems.
• For example, along the Western Australian coast in the summers of 2010 and 2011, MHWs resulted in devastating fish kills, where large numbers of fish and aquatic animals died suddenly and unexpectedly within a short period and were confined to specific areas.
• Moreover, studies have shown that MHWs can lead to the destruction of kelp forests, which play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by providing habitat and food for many marine animals. The increased water temperatures associated with MHWs are detrimental to kelp, which typically thrive in cooler waters.
• Another significant impact of MHWs is coral bleaching, as seen in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean in 2005.
• During this event, high ocean temperatures caused more than 80 per cent of surveyed corals to bleach, with over 40 per cent ultimately dying.
• Coral bleaching occurs when corals expel the algae living in their tissues, turning them completely white. This phenomenon severely stresses corals, reducing their reproductive capacity and increasing their vulnerability to fatal diseases.
• Since many marine animals rely on coral reefs for survival, damage to corals threatens their existence as well.
• MHWs also contribute to the growth of invasive alien species, which can disrupt marine food webs.
• Additionally, these events force species to alter their behaviour in ways that increase their risk of harm.
• For instance, MHWs have been linked to incidents of whale entanglements in fishing gear, further highlighting the far-reaching consequences of these heatwaves on marine wildlife.

 

 

3. How do Marine Heat Waves Impact Humans?

• Marine heatwaves (MHWs) not only affect marine life but also have significant impacts on humans.
• As ocean temperatures rise during MHWs, storms such as hurricanes and tropical cyclones can become more intense.
• Warmer temperatures lead to increased evaporation and heat transfer from the oceans to the air.
• Consequently, storms travelling across warm oceans gather more water vapour and heat, resulting in stronger winds, heavier rainfall, and more flooding when these storms make landfall.
• This heightened intensity of storms can lead to devastating consequences for human communities in affected areas.
• Furthermore, coral reefs, which are adversely affected by MHWs, are not only essential for marine wildlife but also for human populations.
• According to NOAA, approximately half a billion people rely on reefs for food, income, and protection. When MHWs destroy coral reefs, these human populations are also significantly impacted, facing disruptions to their food sources, livelihoods, and coastal protection.
• The socio-economic impacts of MHWs extend to coastal communities as well. For instance, an MHW over the northwest Atlantic Ocean in 2012 caused marine species accustomed to warmer waters to migrate northward and alter their migration patterns earlier than usual.
• This shift affected fisheries targeting these species in the United States, resulting in economic losses and disruptions to local communities.
• As global temperatures continue to rise, MHWs are projected to become more frequent, intense, and prolonged, exacerbating their adverse effects on both marine ecosystems and human societies.

 

4. Global warming affecting marine heat waves and oceans

• Global warming, driven by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, is profoundly affecting marine heatwaves (MHWs) and the overall health of oceans. Studies, including one published in the journal Nature in 2018 titled 'Marine heatwaves under global warming,' reveal alarming trends.
• Over recent decades, MHWs have become longer-lasting, more frequent, and more intense due to soaring global temperatures. Between 1982 and 2016, the study found a doubling in the number of MHW days, with projections indicating a further increase by a significant factor under various warming scenarios.
• Crucially, the study attributes 87 per cent of MHWs to human-induced warming, emphasizing the direct link between anthropogenic activities and the intensification of marine heatwaves. This intensification is exacerbated by the oceans' role in absorbing approximately 90 per cent of the additional heat generated by greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution.
• As a result, global mean sea surface temperatures have risen by nearly 0.9 degrees Celsius since 1850, with a notable increase of around 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last four decades alone.
• With global air temperatures on the rise, ocean temperatures are also increasing, leading to the escalation of MHWs. Compounding this issue, the onset of El Nino conditions, characterized by abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, is further exacerbating heat extremes.
• Scientists warn that El Nino events are likely to intensify extreme heat events and could potentially break temperature records in various regions worldwide.
• The unprecedented impact of concurrent phenomena such as soaring global air and ocean temperatures, increased MHWs, and record-low Antarctic sea ice levels. The uncertainties regarding the future consequences of these trends, emphasise the urgent need for proactive measures to mitigate the escalating risks posed by climate change on marine ecosystems and human societies.

 

5. The Way Forward

 

Marine heatwaves are a serious threat to both marine ecosystems and human societies. Understanding the causes and consequences of MHWs is crucial for taking proactive measures to address climate change and protect our oceans and ourselves.

 

 

For Prelims: Marine Heatwaves, Coral Reefs, El Nino, Climate Change,  For Mains:  1. Explain the relationship between global warming and the increasing frequency and intensity of  Marine heat waves (MHWs). Assess the potential socio-economic and ecological repercussions of this phenomenon in the Arctic region. (250 words) 2.  Discuss the ethical implications of human activities contributing to Marine heat waves (MHWs) and the disproportionate impact they have on vulnerable coastal communities. (250 words) 3.  Imagine you are heading a national task force responsible for developing a comprehensive strategy to address Marine heat waves (MHWs). Outline your key priorities and action plan, taking into account scientific evidence, public participation, and sustainable solutions. (250 words)

 

Previous Year Questions   1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 1. High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. 2. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth's surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only          B. 2 only           C. Both 1 and 2            D. Neither 1 nor 2     2. What are the possible limitations of India in mitigating global warming at present and in the immediate future? (UPSC 2010) 1. Appropriate alternate technologies are not sufficiently available. 2. India cannot invest huge funds in research and development. 3. Many developed countries have already set up their polluting industries in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only            B. 2 only              C. 1 and 3 only                  D. 1, 2 and 3   Answers: 1-D, 2-A

 

 Source: The Indian Express

CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES (CMS)

 

 

 

1. Context

 

 

India is set to host the 13th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS COP13) in Gandhinagar, marking a significant United Nations wildlife gathering. With the theme "Migratory species connect the planet and together we welcome them home," the conference is scheduled to commence on 19th February and will run until February 22nd 2024.

 

 

2. About the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)

 

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, is an international treaty designed to conserve migratory species and their habitats. It aims to address the threats faced by migratory animals and promote cooperation among countries to ensure their conservation. The CMS was adopted in Bonn, Germany, in 1979 and entered into force in 1983. It was developed under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Over the years, the CMS has grown significantly, with parties to the convention adopting various resolutions and agreements to address specific conservation challenges.

Objectives of the Convention

• The primary objective of the CMS is to conserve migratory species throughout their range, ensuring their long-term survival.
• The convention aims to protect the habitats of migratory species, including breeding grounds, feeding areas, and migration routes.
• CMS promotes international cooperation and collaboration among countries to address common conservation challenges, including habitat loss, pollution, and climate change.
• The convention seeks to raise awareness about the importance of migratory species and their conservation among governments, stakeholders, and the public.

Key Components of the Convention

• Conference of the Parties (COP) The highest decision-making body of the CMS, consisting of representatives from parties to the convention who meet regularly to discuss conservation issues and adopt measures to promote the objectives of the convention.
• CMS facilitates the development of Agreements and Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) between parties to address specific conservation challenges faced by migratory species. These agreements focus on species listed in Appendices I and II of the convention.
• The convention categorises migratory species into Appendices I, II, and III based on their conservation status and the level of protection required. Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction, while Appendix II includes species that would benefit from international cooperation.
• CMS encourages the development of species action plans by parties to address the conservation needs of specific migratory species. These plans outline conservation measures, research priorities, and monitoring strategies.

Implementation and Impact

• The CMS has over 130 parties, including countries, territories, and regional economic integration organizations, making it one of the most widely supported international treaties for wildlife conservation.
• The convention has led to significant conservation successes, including the recovery of species populations, the establishment of protected areas, and the implementation of conservation measures along migration routes.
• CMS has played a crucial role in raising awareness about the importance of migratory species conservation and advocating for their protection at the national and international levels.

Challenges and Future Directions

• Habitat loss and degradation remain significant threats to migratory species, requiring continued efforts to protect and restore critical habitats.
• Climate Change poses new challenges for migratory species, affecting their habitats, migration patterns, and food availability. CMS is increasingly focusing on addressing the impacts of climate change on migratory wildlife.
• Illegal Wildlife Trade poses a threat to many migratory species, leading to population declines and species extinctions. CMS works with parties to combat illegal trade and strengthen enforcement efforts.

 

3. What are Migratory Species?

Migratory species are animals that undertake regular, predictable journeys across one or more national borders. These journeys are driven by various factors, most commonly:

• Seasonal changes: Searching for food, breeding grounds, or milder climates. Think of birds flying south for the winter, or whales migrating to warmer waters for calving.
• Habitat availability: Adapting to seasonal changes in resource availability, such as salmon swimming upstream to spawn.
• Life stages: Moving between different areas for specific needs like feeding grounds for juveniles or breeding grounds for adults.

key characteristics of migratory species

• Cyclicality: The movements occur repeatedly over time, even if not always with perfect regularity.
• Predictability: The patterns of migration are generally well-understood and can be anticipated.
• Cross-border: The journeys typically involve crossing national borders, making international cooperation essential for their conservation.

These journeys can be incredibly long and complex, with some species travelling thousands of kilometres each year. Examples of migratory species include:

• Birds: From tiny hummingbirds to majestic cranes, countless bird species migrate across continents.
• Mammals: Whales, seals, and even some ungulates like reindeer and wildebeest undertake long-distance migrations.
• Fishes: Salmon, tuna, and eels are just a few examples of fish that migrate vast distances for spawning or feeding.
• Insects: Butterflies like the Monarch butterfly and some locust species are known for their impressive migrations.

 

4. What is Fly Away?

Flyaways are geographical areas used by a single or group of migratory birds during their annual cycle. These include breeding areas, moulting, stop-overs, staging (birds gathering before migration) and wintering areas. 

Fly Away's in the Indian Sub-Continent

There are 9 flyaways in the world 3 of them pass through the Indian Sub-Continent

 

Central Asian Flyaway (CAF)

• Migration route covers over 30 Countries for different waterbirds
• It connects the northernmost breeding grounds in Siberia, Russia to the Southernmost non-breeding grounds in West and South Asia, the Maldives and the British Ocean Territory 
• India provides important stopover sites to over 90% of the bird species passing through this route

East Asian Astralasian Fly Way (EAAF)

• It extends from Arctic Russia and North America to the southern limits of Australia and Newzealand
• It covers a large area of East Asia and all of Southeast Asia. Importantly, it includes eastern India as well as the Andaman Nicobar Islands
• This flyaway region covers 30 countries of North, Central and South Asia and the Trans Caucasus
• It covers at least 279 populations of 182 migratory species, including 29 globally threatened and near threatened species 

 

Asian East African Flyaway (AEAF)

• It extends from Arctic Russia to South Africa and Madagascar in Africa 
• In the Indian Sub-Continent covers the area from west of the Tibetan Plateau and  Himalayans including Central Asia and West Asia, North Western India also covered

 

 

5. India's Engagement with the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)

• India has actively participated in the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) since 1983, signifying its commitment to the conservation of migratory animals and birds.
• According to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, India serves as a temporary habitat for various migratory species, including the Amur Falcons, Bar-headed Geese, Black-necked Cranes, Marine Turtles, Dugongs, and Humpbacked Whales.
• The Indian sub-continent plays a crucial role in the major bird flyway network known as the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), extending from the Arctic to the Indian Oceans. This flyway encompasses at least 279 populations of 182 migratory water-bird species, with 29 of them classified as globally threatened.
• Recognizing the significance of this, India has launched a National Action Plan specifically aimed at conserving migratory species under the Central Asian Flyway.
• As of a February 2019 press release by the Ministry, India had established non-legally binding Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with the CMS concerning the conservation and management of Siberian Cranes (1998), Marine Turtles (2007), Dugongs (2008), and Raptors (2016).
• The upcoming CMS COP13 is expected to yield significant outcomes, including negotiated decisions, political commitments, and the introduction of new initiatives.
• Proposed additions for protection under the CMS include 10 new species such as the Asian Elephant, Jaguar, Great Indian Bustard, and Smooth Hammerhead Shark.
• Additionally, discussions will focus on adopting dedicated concerted actions for 12 different species, including the Giraffe, Ganges River Dolphin, Common Guitarfish, and Antipodean Albatross.

 

6. The Way Forward

 

It involves a multi-pronged approach that addresses both immediate threats and long-term challenges. By fostering international cooperation, leveraging technology, and implementing effective conservation strategies, we can ensure the continued journeys of these remarkable creatures across our planet.

 

 

 

For Prelims: Convention on Migratory Species, UNEP, Climate Change, Bonn Convention For Mains:  1. Discuss the significance of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) in addressing the challenges faced by migratory animals across the globe. Discuss its key strengths and weaknesses. (250 words) 2. Discuss the ethical implications of human activities on the migration patterns and habitats of migratory species. How can we achieve a balance between development and conservation? (250 words)

 

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. Which of the following species was among the species classified as ‘endangered migratory species’ by the UN's Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species in February 2020?  (SSC CHSL 2021)  A. Bengal Tiger        B. Asiatic Lion        C. Hoolock Gibbons      D. Bengal Florican     2. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2020)     International agreement/set-up Subject 1. Alma-Ata Declaration Healthcare of the people 2. Hague Convention Biological and chemical weapons 3. Talanoa Dialogue Global climate change 4. Under2 Coalition Child rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? (a) 1 and 2 only           (b) 4 only           (c) 1 and 3 only           (d) 2, 3 and 4 only Answers: 1- D, 2-C

 

Source: The Indian Express