DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 25 JANUARY 2024

PURCHASING MANAGERS INDEX (PMI)

1. Context

The headline HSBC Flash India Composite PMI Output Index — a new seasonally adjusted index that measures the month-on-month change in the combined output of India’s manufacturing and services sectors — was at 61 in January, compared with 58.5 in December. The Flash PMI, unveiled on Wednesday, is based on responses from about 75% to 85% of 800 services and industry firms that are surveyed each month to arrive at the comprehensive PMI that is available in the first week of the subsequent month

2. What is the Purchasing Managers Index (PMI)?

The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) is an economic indicator that provides insights into the health of a country's manufacturing or services sector.

PMI is widely used by businesses, economists, and policymakers to gauge the economic performance and future trends in these sectors.

It is usually expressed as a numerical value that reflects the prevailing business conditions.

2.1. Key Aspects of PMI

PMI is typically calculated through surveys of purchasing managers in various industries. These managers are asked about their perception of different aspects of business activity, including new orders, production levels, employment, supplier deliveries, and inventories.
PMI is usually reported as a number between 0 and 100.
A PMI value above 50 generally indicates expansion in the sector, while a value below 50 suggests contraction. The farther the PMI is from 50, the stronger the perceived expansion or contraction.
PMI is considered a leading indicator because it provides insights into economic conditions before official economic data, such as GDP growth or employment figures, are released. It can be used to anticipate changes in economic activity.
PMIs are calculated separately for manufacturing and services sectors. A Manufacturing PMI focuses on the manufacturing sector, while a Services PMI provides insights into the services sector. These sector-specific PMIs can give a more detailed view of the economy.

Components: PMI is composed of several components, including:

New Orders: This component measures the number of new orders received by businesses. An increase in new orders often signals growing demand and economic expansion.
Production: This component reflects changes in production levels. An increase suggests increased economic activity.
Employment: The employment component indicates changes in the level of employment within the sector. An increase typically means job growth.
Supplier Deliveries: This measures the speed at which suppliers can deliver materials. Slower deliveries may indicate supply chain issues or increased demand.
Inventories: Inventory levels can be an indicator of expected demand. A decrease in inventories might suggest an expectation of rising demand.

3. Significance of PMI

The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) is a significant economic indicator with several important implications and uses
PMI serves as a barometer of the economic health of a country or region. A PMI above 50 generally indicates economic expansion, while a PMI below 50 suggests contraction.
This provides a quick and easily understandable snapshot of the direction of economic activity, making it a valuable tool for assessing the overall economic climate.
PMI is a leading indicator, meaning it often provides insights into economic conditions ahead of other official economic data, such as GDP growth or employment figures. As such, it is used by businesses, investors, and policymakers to anticipate changes in economic activity and make informed decisions

4. Way forward

Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) is a valuable economic indicator that helps gauge the economic health and trends in the manufacturing and services sectors. It provides timely insights into business activity and is widely used by businesses and policymakers for decision-making and economic forecasting

Previous Year Questions

1.What does S & P 500 relate to? (UPSC CSE 2008)

(a) Supercomputer
(b) A new technique in e-business
(c) A new technique in bridge building
(d) An index of stocks of large companies

Answer: (d)

Source: The Hindu

GLACIAL LAKES

1. Context

High in the Himalayas, two villages near Nepal’s border with Tibet are getting power from an unusual source: a threatening glacial lake.

In this high-altitude region, climate change is accelerating the melting of mountain ice, with villages located below fast-filling glacial lakes facing a risk of catastrophic flooding.

2. About a glacier

A glacier is a large mass of perennial ice that originates on land and moves downslope under the influence of its own weight and gravity.
Glaciers are formed when snow accumulates over many years and is compressed by its own weight, transforming it into ice.
Glaciers can be found on all continents except Australia, and they cover about 10% of the Earth's land surface.

2.1. Types of glaciers

These are the most common type of glacier, and they are found in mountain ranges around the world. Alpine glaciers typically flow down valleys and can be several kilometres long.
Ice sheets are the largest type of glacier, and they cover entire continents. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are the only two ice sheets that remain on Earth today.
Ice caps are smaller than ice sheets, but they are still very large. Ice caps are typically found on islands and in the Arctic and Antarctic regions.

3. About a glacial

A glacial is an adjective that describes anything related to glaciers.
It can be used to describe the physical features of glaciers, the processes that create and shape glaciers, and the impact of glaciers on the environment.
For example, glacial ice is the dense, compacted ice that makes up glaciers.
Glacial landforms are features created by glaciers, such as moraines, eskers, and drumlins. Glacial erosion is the process by which glaciers wear away rock and sediment.
Glacial deposition is the process by which glaciers deposit rock and sediment.
The term glacial can also be used to describe the period during which glaciers were widespread on Earth.
The last glacial period, known as the Pleistocene epoch, ended about 11,700 years ago.

No, glacial and glaciers are not the same. Glacial is an adjective that describes anything related to glaciers, while glacier is a noun that refers to a large mass of perennial ice that originates on land and moves downslope under the influence of its own weight and gravity.

4. About a glacial tongue

A glacial tongue is a narrow extension of a glacier that projects into a body of water, such as a lake or ocean.
Glacial tongues are formed when glaciers flow down valleys and out onto landforms that are below sea level.
The weight of the glacier causes the ice to float on the water, and the glacier continues to flow forward, forming a tongue of ice.
Some of the most famous glacial tongues include The Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina, The Jakobshavn Glacier in Greenland and The Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica.

Image Source: Britannica

5. Glaciers in India

India is home to a large number of glaciers, with over 15,000 glaciers found in the Himalayan region. The majority of glaciers in India are located in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Jammu and Kashmir.

Some of the most famous glaciers in India include

The Gangotri Glacier is the source of the Ganges River, one of the most sacred rivers in Hinduism. The glacier is located in the state of Uttarakhand and is a popular pilgrimage site for Hindus.
The Siachen Glacier is the second longest glacier in the world outside of the polar regions. The glacier is located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir and is a disputed territory between India and Pakistan.
The Bara Shigri Glacier is the longest glacier in Himachal Pradesh. The glacier is located in the Kullu Valley and is a popular trekking destination.
The Pindari Glacier is located in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. The glacier is known for its scenic beauty and is a popular trekking destination.
The Zemu Glacier is located in the state of Sikkim, and it is one of the most challenging glaciers to trek to. The Zemu Glacier is known for its stunning scenery and its unique wildlife.
The Milam Glacier is the longest glacier in Uttarakhand. It is located in the Kumaon Himalayas, in the Pithoragarh district.

6. "Strategic” role of glaciers-what does it mean?

The "strategic" role of glaciers refers to their importance to national security, economic development, and environmental sustainability.

National security: Glaciers play a role in national security by providing water for military bases and by helping to regulate the climate. For example, the Siachen Glacier in India is strategically important because it controls access to several high-altitude mountain passes.

Economic development: Glaciers are important for economic development by providing water for irrigation, hydropower generation, and tourism. For example, the glaciers in the Himalayas provide water for millions of people in India and Pakistan.

Environmental sustainability: Glaciers play an important role in environmental sustainability by regulating the water cycle, supporting biodiversity, and helping to mitigate climate change. For example, the glaciers in the Himalayas help to regulate the flow of water into the Ganges River, which is a lifeline for millions of people.

7. Which is largest glacier in India?

The largest glacier in India is the Siachen Glacier. It is situated in the Karakoram Himalayas in the northern part of the Indian-administered region of Jammu and Kashmir, close to the borders with Pakistan and China.
Due to its high altitude and remote location, it is often referred to as the "highest battlefield on Earth" because of military conflicts between India and Pakistan in the region.
The Siachen Glacier is the second-longest glacier outside of the polar regions, with a length of 76 kilometres and 11 kilometres wide, and covers an area of about 780 square kilometres.
The glacier is also the source of the Nubra River, which flows into the Shyok River, a tributary of the Indus River.
The Siachen Glacier is a vital source of water for millions of people in India and Pakistan.
The glacier also plays an important role in regulating the climate and supporting biodiversity. However, the Siachen Glacier is under threat from climate change.
As the Earth's temperature rises, the glacier is melting at an alarming rate. This is causing the glacier to shrink and retreat and is also contributing to sea level rise.

Image Source: Hindustan Times

8. The Way Forward

Glaciers are vital to our planet and our way of life. It is important to take action to protect glaciers from climate change and other threats. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, investing in renewable energy, protecting glacier ecosystems, and monitoring glaciers, we can help to ensure that these precious resources are preserved for future generations.

For Prelims: Glacier, glacial, Antarctica, Himalayas, Greenland, Siachen Glacier, Gangotri Glacier, Bara Shigri Glacier, Pindari Glacier, Zemu Glacier, Milam Glacier, Thwaites Glacier, Perito Moreno Glacier, Jakobshavn Glacier,

For Mains:

1. Discuss the factors contributing to the accelerated melt of glaciers worldwide and its implications for global climate systems. Explain how to address this issue effectively. (250 Words)

2. Explain the strategic importance of glaciers in India. What are the challenges and opportunities associated with glacier-dependent regions in India? (250 Words)

Previous Year Questions

1. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC CSE 2019)

Glacier River

1. Bandarpunch Yamuna

2. Bara Shigri Chenab

3. Milam Mandakini

4. Siachen Nubra

5. Zemu Manas

Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

A. 1, 2 and 4 B. 1, 3 and 4 C. 2 and 5 D. 3 and 5

Answer: A

2. The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What would be the reason for the formation of this hole? (UPSC CSE 2011)

A. Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbon.

B. Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons

C. Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons

D. Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming

Answer: B

3. The Arctic region and the Antarctica continent are situated near (68th BPSC Prelims 2023) A. the Amazon Basin

B. the Sahara Desert

C. the North and south Poles

D. More than one of the above

E. None of the above

Answer: C

4. Where is Greenland located? (UPSSSC Forest Guard 2018)

A. South pacific

B. Indian ocean

C. Caribbean sea

D. North atlantic

Answer: D

5. Greenland is a part of which one of the following countries? (BPSC 66th Combined Competitive Exam)

A. Denmark

B. Finland

C. Canada

D. United Kingdom

E. None of the above/More than one of the above

Answer: A

6. Siachen Glacier is situated to the (UPSC CSE 2020)

A. East of Aksai Chin

B. East of Leh

C. North of Gilgit

D. North of Nubra Valley

Answer: D

Source: indianexpress

RIGHTS OF UNBORN CHILD

1. Context

Medical experts seeking a specific judicial directive to stop foetal heartbeat for termination of pregnancy: this is the question before courts to decide pleas of women seeking late-term abortions.

2. Background

The 27-year-old married woman, who already has two boys, has argued that the pregnancy was unplanned.

She has said that her family income is insufficient to support another child, and that she is under medication for post partum depression after the birth of her second child

On October 9 2023, a two-judge Bench of Justices Hima Kohli and B V Nagarathna, after interacting with the petitioner through video conferencing, allowed the termination of the pregnancy.

The court reasoned that an unwanted pregnancy due to failure of contraceptive methods is the same as a forced pregnancy for which termination is allowed up to 24 weeks

3. What is the law on abortion?

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP Act) allows termination of pregnancy in three stages.

Termination of pregnancy up to 20 weeks is allowed on the advice of one doctor.
If a pregnancy is 20-24 weeks, the right to seek abortion is determined by two registered medical practitioners as an exception, but only under certain categories.

Section 3B of the Rules under the MTP Act lists seven categories of forced pregnancies, including statutory rape in case of minors or sexual assault; women with disabilities; or when there is a change in marital status of women during pregnancy.

After 24 weeks, a medical board must be set up in “approved facilities”, which may “allow or deny termination of pregnancy” only if there is substantial foetal abnormality

4. Rights of an Unborn Child

The concept of rights for unborn children is a controversial one, and it varies widely depending on legal, cultural, and philosophical perspectives. In many countries, the legal rights of unborn children are not as established as those of born individuals. Here are some key points to consider regarding the rights of unborn children:

The legal rights of unborn children vary by jurisdiction. In some places, there may be limited legal protections for the unborn, such as in cases of fetal homicide or child endangerment. However, the extent and nature of these protections can differ significantly.
One of the most contentious issues related to the rights of the unborn is the question of abortion. Abortion laws and regulations differ widely around the world, with some countries allowing for abortion on demand during early stages of pregnancy, while others restrict or prohibit it. These laws are often influenced by cultural, religious, and ethical beliefs.
Many legal systems prioritize the health and well-being of pregnant women to ensure that they receive adequate prenatal care and support during pregnancy. This focus on the mother's rights and health can sometimes conflict with potential rights of the unborn child.
The question of when a fetus or unborn child should be considered a person with legal rights is a central issue in discussions about the rights of the unborn. Some people believe that personhood begins at conception, while others argue it begins at a later stage of development, such as viability (the point at which a fetus can potentially survive outside the womb).
The rights of the unborn are also influenced by ethical and moral beliefs. Philosophical and religious perspectives vary on the status of the unborn, which can impact views on the rights of the fetus.
Another complex factor is the principle of maternal autonomy, which holds that a pregnant woman has the right to make decisions about her own body and reproductive health. This principle often comes into conflict with potential rights of the unborn child.
In most legal systems, once a child is born, they are granted a full set of rights and legal protections. These rights may include the right to life, health, education, and more.

5. Foetal viability

"Fetal viability" is a term used in the field of obstetrics and reproductive medicine to refer to the stage of pregnancy at which a fetus has developed to the point where it has the potential to survive outside the womb. Viability is a key concept in discussions surrounding abortion laws and the medical management of pregnancies. The point of viability is not fixed and can vary depending on a variety of factors, including advances in medical technology and the overall health of the mother and fetus

Key observations on Foetal viability:

Viability is closely tied to the gestational age of the fetus. Gestational age is typically measured in weeks from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period. While there is no fixed gestational age at which viability occurs, it generally falls between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy.
The point of fetal viability has shifted earlier in pregnancy over the years due to advancements in medical technology and neonatal care. In some well-equipped medical centers, premature infants born as early as 22 weeks gestation have survived with medical intervention
The viability of a fetus depends on various factors, including the availability of advanced neonatal care facilities, the overall health of the mother, the presence of any fetal abnormalities, and the baby's weight and lung development.
The concept of fetal viability is significant in the context of abortion laws. In many countries, the right to choose an abortion without significant legal restrictions is more prevalent earlier in pregnancy, before fetal viability. After the point of viability, laws may become more restrictive, allowing for abortion only in cases of maternal health endangerment or severe fetal abnormalities
The question of whether to provide life-saving medical intervention for a preterm infant born at the cusp of viability can raise ethical dilemmas. Medical professionals, parents, and ethicists may face difficult decisions about whether to pursue aggressive treatment and what the potential outcomes and quality of life might be for the infant

Source: indianexpress

BASIC STRUCTURE OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

1. Context

Bangladesh, and others in the Commonwealth have imported this Indian judicial invention. It brought out the worst in confrontational politics, governance, intra-judicial divisiveness but also the best in advocacy, idealism and independence amidst great pressure

The Basic Structure Doctrine has a very debatable jurisprudential basis

2. What is the Basic Structure Doctrine?

The Doctrine of Basic Structure is a form of judicial review that is used to test the legality of any legislation by the courts.
The doctrine was evolved by the Supreme Court in the 1973 landmark ruling in Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala. In a 7-6 verdict, a 13-judge Constitution Bench ruled that the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution is inviolable, and could not be amended by Parliament.
If a law is found to “damage or destroy” the “basic features of the Constitution”, the Court declares it unconstitutional.
The test is applied to constitutional amendments to ensure the amendment does not dilute the fundamentals of the Constitutional itself.

3. Evolution of Basic Structure Doctrine

3.1 Shankari Prasad Case, 1951

SC opined that the power of the parliament to amend the constitution under Article 368 also includes the power to amend Fundamental Rights.
It based its judgment on the logic that the word ‘law’ mentioned in Article 13 includes only ordinary laws and not constitutional amendment acts.

3.2 Golaknath Case, 1967

SC overruled its judgment. It ruled in this that- Fundamental Rights are given a transcendental and immutable position and hence the Parliament cannot abridge or take away any of these rights.
It opined the constitutional amendment act is also a law under Art 13.
Parliament reacted to this judgment by enacting 24^th amendment act which included a provision in Art 368 which declared that Parliament has power to take away any of the fundamental rights.

3.3 Keshavananda Bharati Case, 1973

SC overruled its judgment in the Golaknath case. It upheld the validity of the 24^th amendment act and opined that parliament is empowered to take away or abridge any of the FRs. However, such changes should not alter the ‘basic structure’ of the constitution.

3.4 42nd CAA 1976

Amended Art. 368-no limitation on the constituent power of Parliament. Any amendment cannot be questioned in any court on any ground.

3.5 Minerva Mills Case, 1980

Parliament reacted to the above case by enacting 42nd amendment act which declared under article 368 that there is no limitation on the constituent power of Parliament and it barred the courts from questioning such amendments. This provision was invalidated by the SC stating that Parliament cannot take away the ‘judicial review’ power of the constitution since it is part of the ‘basic structure of the doctrine’.

3.6 Waman Rao Case, 1981

SC clarified that doctrine would be apply to constitutional amendments enacted after April 24, 1973 (Kesavananda Bharati case) (Including 9th schedule).

4. Basic Features of Indian Constitution

In the Kesavananda ruling, the Supreme Court cited several aspects of the Constitution that could be identified as “basic features” of the document but added that it was not an exhaustive list.

the supremacy of the Constitution,
the rule of law,
Independence of the judiciary,
doctrine of separation of powers,
sovereign democratic republic,
the parliamentary system of government,
the principle of free and fair elections,
welfare state, etc.

5. Significance of Basic Structure

The basic structure doctrine is a testimony to the theory of Constitutionalism to prevent the damage to essence of COI by brute majority of the ruling majority.
The basic doctrine saved the Indian democracy as it acts as a limitation of constituent power or else unlimited power of parliament might have turned India into a totalitarian.
It helps us to retain the basic tenets of our constitution so meticulously framed by the founding fathers of our Constitution.
It strengthens our democracy by delineating a true separation of power where Judiciary is independent of other two organs. It has also given immense untold unbridled power to Supreme Court and made it the most powerful court in the world.
By restraining the amending powers of legislative organ of State, it provided basic Rights to Citizens which no organ of State can overrule.
Being dynamic in nature, it is more progressive and open to changes in time unlike the rigid nature of earlier judgements.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Doctrine of Basic Structure, Shankari Prasad Case, Golaknath Case,

Keshavananda Bharati Case, 42nd CAA 1976, Minerva Mills Case, Waman Rao Case, 1981, 9th Schedule, Article 368.

For Mains: 1. What is the Basic Structure Doctrine? Explain the evolution and significance of Basic Structure Doctrine?

Previous Year Questions

1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE GS1, 2020)
1. The Constitution of India defines its ‘basic structure’ in terms of federalism, secularism, fundamental rights and democracy.
2. The Constitution of India provides for ‘judicial review’ to safeguard the citizens’ liberties and to preserve the ideals on which the Constitution is based.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

1.“Parliament’s power to amend the constitution is limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power”. In light of this statement, explain whether parliament under article 368 of the constitution can destroy the basic structure of the constitution by expanding its amending power? (UPSC GS2, 2019)

Source: The Indian Express

FOURTH ELECTIONS OF BHUTAN

1. Context

Recently, the Election Commission of Bhutan (ECB) declared the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), the ruling party with 30 out of 47 seats in the fourth national assembly elections. The Bhutan Tendrel Party (BTP) became the opposition party with 17 seats.

2. Electoral System of Bhutan

In 2008, Bhutan underwent a significant transformation from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, establishing a parliamentary government. This marked a pivotal shift in the political structure of the country.
The King of Bhutan serves as the head of state, while the Prime Minister holds the position of the head of the government. This dual leadership structure reflects the balance between traditional monarchy and modern governance.
The Parliament of Bhutan comprises three key components – the King of Bhutan, the National Council (upper house), and the National Assembly (lower house). This tripartite structure is designed to ensure a comprehensive representation of Bhutanese interests.

Two-Tiered Election System: Elections in Bhutan, particularly for the National Assembly, follow a two-tiered system. The process involves a primary round followed by general elections.

All registered political parties participate in the primary round of elections. The primary round serves as a selection process, determining the two parties with the highest votes.
The top two voted parties from the primary round proceed to the general elections. The general elections play a crucial role in deciding the ruling party and the opposition party.

In the primary round, all five registered parties in Bhutan contest for votes. The primary round narrows down the field to the two most favoured parties.
In a specific instance, the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (BTP) secured the highest votes of 42.53% and 19.58%, respectively, in the primary round.
The two-tiered election system ensures a competitive and inclusive process. It allows for broad participation in the initial stage, followed by a focused competition between the top contenders in the general elections.
Bhutan has experienced four elections since the constitutional transition in 2008, showcasing the evolving democratic landscape of the country.

3. Key Issues in Bhutan's Elections

Bhutan's unique approach to governance centred around Gross National Happiness (GNH), has been a consistent theme in all elections.

Economic Challenges

The economy emerged as a focal point in the fourth round of elections. With an average economic growth of 1.6% over the past five years, addressing economic challenges became a primary concern.
The youth unemployment rate, standing at 28.6% in 2022, posed a significant challenge, highlighting the need for strategies to create employment opportunities for the younger population.
Stagnation in the private sector, compounded by the impact of the pandemic, and a decline in the tourism sector added to the economic woes.
Bhutan's total debt reaching 124.5% of its GDP raised concerns about financial sustainability, with implications for the country's economic resilience.
Depleting foreign reserves, approaching the constitutional limit, created urgency for economic management. In 2023, reserves declined to $689 million, posing challenges for essential imports.

Demographic Challenges

The elections brought attention to the escalating issue of mass migration, leading to a shortage of manpower and impacting various sectors, including public services.
High-skilled individuals leaving the country for better educational and job opportunities abroad contributed to a significant brain drain, affecting the domestic talent pool.
Declining fertility rates raised concerns about demographic sustainability, prompting the need for policies to address population challenges.

Decline in Voter Turnout

The elections witnessed a notable decline in voter turnout compared to the 2018 elections. In 2018, the turnout for the primary round and general elections stood at 66.36% and 71.46%, respectively, while in 2023-24, the figures dropped to 63% and 65.6%.
The decrease in voter turnout raised questions about civic engagement and public participation in the democratic process, warranting attention for future electoral strategies.

4. Challenges and Promises for Bhutan's New Government

The recent Bhutanese elections saw the People's Democratic Party (PDP) emerge victorious, securing a mandate to navigate the country's current economic and demographic challenges. With President Tshering Tobgay set to return as Prime Minister for a second term, Bhutan stands at a crucial crossroads.

Challenges to Tackle

Bhutan's stagnant economic growth needs urgent attention. Addressing high youth unemployment, reviving the private sector, and boosting tourism are key priorities.
Reducing the high debt-to-GDP ratio and stabilizing foreign reserves will be crucial for ensuring fiscal sustainability.
Addressing brain drain and promoting skill development among youth are essential for long-term economic growth.
Encouraging higher fertility rates and stemming population outflow will require targeted policies and strategies.
The decline in voter turnout necessitates efforts to re-engage citizens and strengthen their trust in the democratic process.

Promises for a Better Druk Yul

The party's success in stabilizing the economy during its previous term (2013-2018) offers some hope for addressing the current challenges.
President Tobgay's return brings experience and leadership qualities crucial for tackling complex issues.
The PDP's focus on private sector development, job creation, and infrastructure improvement could spur economic growth.
The party's emphasis on education, healthcare, and environmental protection aligns with Bhutan's GNH philosophy.
The new government presents an opportunity for fresh ideas and innovative solutions to address Bhutan's unique challenges.

5. Bhutan's scenario during the monarchy era

Bhutan's scenario during the monarchy era, spanning centuries until 2008, was marked by a distinct blend of cultural traditions, political stability, and gradual development.

Political System

The Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) held absolute power, acting as the head of state and government, with a dual role as religious leader.
Public involvement in decision-making was restricted, with a focus on maintaining social order and stability.
A hierarchical social structure prevailed, with land ownership and privileges concentrated among the nobility and clergy.
Bhutan remained largely isolated from the outside world, preserving its unique culture and traditions but limiting exposure to global trends and developments.

Economic Development

Agriculture formed the backbone of the economy, with limited industrialization or infrastructure development.
Trade with neighbouring countries, particularly India, was controlled, restricting economic growth and diversification.
Emphasis was placed on local production and resource management, fostering a degree of self-reliance but also hindering economic progress.
Education and healthcare services were rudimentary, particularly in rural areas, impacting social development and human capital formation.

Social and Cultural Life

Mahayana Buddhism permeated Bhutanese society, shaping cultural practices, values, and morality.
Traditional customs, festivals, and dress codes were preserved, fostering a strong sense of cultural identity.
Modern influences were gradually adopted, but at a slower pace compared to other countries, maintaining a distinct cultural character.
The absolute monarchy limited individual freedoms, including freedom of speech and movement, compared to democratic systems.

Challenges and Transition

Bhutan's isolation and limited economic development created a gap compared to other countries in the region.
Younger generations increasingly sought educational and professional opportunities abroad, highlighting the need for modernization and reforms.
Internal and external pressures mounted for greater political participation and democratic reforms.
In 2008, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk initiated a peaceful transition to a constitutional monarchy, establishing a democratically elected parliament and government.

6. The Way Forward

Bhutan's recent elections highlight both the challenges facing the new government and the promises of a better future. Addressing economic and demographic concerns while upholding the GNH philosophy is crucial for the country's continued progress and prosperity.

For Prelims: Bhutan, Monarchy

For Mains:

1. Discuss the electoral system of Bhutan, emphasizing the two-tiered election process for the National Assembly. How has this system contributed to the evolution of democracy in Bhutan since 2008? (250 Words)

2. Discuss the potential impact of Bhutan's high debt-to-GDP ratio and declining foreign reserves on its economic stability and future development. What measures can be taken to mitigate these risks? (250 Words)

Source: The Hindu

FOURTH ELECTIONS OF BHUTAN

1. Context

2. Electoral System of Bhutan

In 2008, Bhutan underwent a significant transformation from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, establishing a parliamentary government. This marked a pivotal shift in the political structure of the country.
The King of Bhutan serves as the head of state, while the Prime Minister holds the position of the head of the government. This dual leadership structure reflects the balance between traditional monarchy and modern governance.
The Parliament of Bhutan comprises three key components – the King of Bhutan, the National Council (upper house), and the National Assembly (lower house). This tripartite structure is designed to ensure a comprehensive representation of Bhutanese interests.

Two-Tiered Election System: Elections in Bhutan, particularly for the National Assembly, follow a two-tiered system. The process involves a primary round followed by general elections.

All registered political parties participate in the primary round of elections. The primary round serves as a selection process, determining the two parties with the highest votes.
The top two voted parties from the primary round proceed to the general elections. The general elections play a crucial role in deciding the ruling party and the opposition party.

In the primary round, all five registered parties in Bhutan contest for votes. The primary round narrows down the field to the two most favoured parties.
In a specific instance, the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (BTP) secured the highest votes of 42.53% and 19.58%, respectively, in the primary round.
The two-tiered election system ensures a competitive and inclusive process. It allows for broad participation in the initial stage, followed by a focused competition between the top contenders in the general elections.
Bhutan has experienced four elections since the constitutional transition in 2008, showcasing the evolving democratic landscape of the country.

3. Key Issues in Bhutan's Elections

Bhutan's unique approach to governance centred around Gross National Happiness (GNH), has been a consistent theme in all elections.

Economic Challenges

The economy emerged as a focal point in the fourth round of elections. With an average economic growth of 1.6% over the past five years, addressing economic challenges became a primary concern.
The youth unemployment rate, standing at 28.6% in 2022, posed a significant challenge, highlighting the need for strategies to create employment opportunities for the younger population.
Stagnation in the private sector, compounded by the impact of the pandemic, and a decline in the tourism sector added to the economic woes.
Bhutan's total debt reaching 124.5% of its GDP raised concerns about financial sustainability, with implications for the country's economic resilience.
Depleting foreign reserves, approaching the constitutional limit, created urgency for economic management. In 2023, reserves declined to $689 million, posing challenges for essential imports.

Demographic Challenges

The elections brought attention to the escalating issue of mass migration, leading to a shortage of manpower and impacting various sectors, including public services.
High-skilled individuals leaving the country for better educational and job opportunities abroad contributed to a significant brain drain, affecting the domestic talent pool.
Declining fertility rates raised concerns about demographic sustainability, prompting the need for policies to address population challenges.

Decline in Voter Turnout

The elections witnessed a notable decline in voter turnout compared to the 2018 elections. In 2018, the turnout for the primary round and general elections stood at 66.36% and 71.46%, respectively, while in 2023-24, the figures dropped to 63% and 65.6%.
The decrease in voter turnout raised questions about civic engagement and public participation in the democratic process, warranting attention for future electoral strategies.

4. Challenges and Promises for Bhutan's New Government

Challenges to Tackle

Bhutan's stagnant economic growth needs urgent attention. Addressing high youth unemployment, reviving the private sector, and boosting tourism are key priorities.
Reducing the high debt-to-GDP ratio and stabilizing foreign reserves will be crucial for ensuring fiscal sustainability.
Addressing brain drain and promoting skill development among youth are essential for long-term economic growth.
Encouraging higher fertility rates and stemming population outflow will require targeted policies and strategies.
The decline in voter turnout necessitates efforts to re-engage citizens and strengthen their trust in the democratic process.

Promises for a Better Druk Yul

The party's success in stabilizing the economy during its previous term (2013-2018) offers some hope for addressing the current challenges.
President Tobgay's return brings experience and leadership qualities crucial for tackling complex issues.
The PDP's focus on private sector development, job creation, and infrastructure improvement could spur economic growth.
The party's emphasis on education, healthcare, and environmental protection aligns with Bhutan's GNH philosophy.
The new government presents an opportunity for fresh ideas and innovative solutions to address Bhutan's unique challenges.

5. Bhutan's scenario during the monarchy era

Bhutan's scenario during the monarchy era, spanning centuries until 2008, was marked by a distinct blend of cultural traditions, political stability, and gradual development.

Political System

The Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) held absolute power, acting as the head of state and government, with a dual role as religious leader.
Public involvement in decision-making was restricted, with a focus on maintaining social order and stability.
A hierarchical social structure prevailed, with land ownership and privileges concentrated among the nobility and clergy.
Bhutan remained largely isolated from the outside world, preserving its unique culture and traditions but limiting exposure to global trends and developments.

Economic Development

Agriculture formed the backbone of the economy, with limited industrialization or infrastructure development.
Trade with neighbouring countries, particularly India, was controlled, restricting economic growth and diversification.
Emphasis was placed on local production and resource management, fostering a degree of self-reliance but also hindering economic progress.
Education and healthcare services were rudimentary, particularly in rural areas, impacting social development and human capital formation.

Social and Cultural Life

Mahayana Buddhism permeated Bhutanese society, shaping cultural practices, values, and morality.
Traditional customs, festivals, and dress codes were preserved, fostering a strong sense of cultural identity.
Modern influences were gradually adopted, but at a slower pace compared to other countries, maintaining a distinct cultural character.
The absolute monarchy limited individual freedoms, including freedom of speech and movement, compared to democratic systems.

Challenges and Transition

Bhutan's isolation and limited economic development created a gap compared to other countries in the region.
Younger generations increasingly sought educational and professional opportunities abroad, highlighting the need for modernization and reforms.
Internal and external pressures mounted for greater political participation and democratic reforms.
In 2008, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk initiated a peaceful transition to a constitutional monarchy, establishing a democratically elected parliament and government.

6. The Way Forward

For Prelims: Bhutan, Monarchy

For Mains:

Source: The Hindu

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