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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 17 JANUARY 2024

COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA

 
 
1. Context
Having found “no discernible competition concern,” the Competition Commission of India (CCI) rejected a complaint alleging that multiplex chain PVR had abused its dominant market position. Yogesh Pratap Singh, a film director, had accused the multiplex chain of according preferential treatment to films from large production houses over those by independent film makers.
 
2. Competition Commission of India
  • The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is a regulatory authority established in India to promote and protect fair competition in the marketplace.
  • It was established under the Competition Act, 2002, and became fully functional in 2009.
  • The primary objective of the CCI is to prevent anti-competitive practices, ensure a level playing field for businesses, and promote consumer welfare
  • The Competition Commission of India (within the Ministry of Corporate Affairs) has been established to enforce the competition law under the Competition Act, 2002.
  • It should be noted that on the recommendations of Raghavan committee, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act) was repealed and replaced by the Competition Act, 2002
  • The Commission consists of a Chairperson and not more than 6 Members appointed by the Central Government
  • It is the statutory duty of the Commission to eliminate practices having an adverse effect on competition, promote and sustain competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of trade carried on by other participants, in markets in India as provided in the Preamble as well as Section 18 of the Act.
  • The Commission is also mandated to give its opinion on competition issues to government or statutory authority and to undertake competition advocacy for creating awareness of competition law.
  • Advocacy is at the core of effective competition regulation. Competition Commission of India (CCI), which has been entrusted with implementation of law, has always believed in complementing robust enforcement with facilitative advocacy. It is a quasi-judicial body.
 
3. Key functions and responsibilities 

Here are some key functions and responsibilities of the Competition Commission of India:

  1. Competition Advocacy: The CCI engages in advocacy and education activities to promote competition awareness among businesses, government agencies, and the public.

  2. Antitrust Enforcement: The CCI investigates and takes action against anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance by companies, and anti-competitive mergers and acquisitions. It can impose penalties and remedies on entities found to be in violation of competition laws.

  3. Merger Control: The CCI reviews and approves or disapproves mergers, acquisitions, and combinations that may have an adverse impact on competition in the Indian market. It assesses whether these transactions are likely to cause a substantial lessening of competition.

  4. Market Studies and Research: The CCI conducts studies and research to understand market dynamics, competition issues, and emerging trends. This information helps in formulating policies and recommendations to improve competition.

  5. Competition Advocacy: The commission engages in advocacy efforts to promote competition principles and practices among businesses, government agencies, and the public.

  6. Consumer Protection: While primarily focused on promoting competition, the CCI also indirectly promotes consumer welfare by ensuring that markets remain competitive and that consumers have choices and access to fair prices.

  7. Regulation of Anti-Competitive Practices: The CCI addresses practices such as price-fixing, bid rigging, and abuse of market power that can harm competition and consumers.

  8. Legal Proceedings: The CCI has the authority to conduct investigations, hold hearings, and pass orders. Its decisions can be appealed to higher courts in India.

4. What is the Competition Act?
 
  • The Competition Act, 2002, as amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007, follows the philosophy of modern competition laws.
  • The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements, and abuse of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations (acquisition, acquiring of control and M&A), which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India
  • In accordance with the provisions of the Amendment Act, the Competition Commission of India and the Competition Appellate Tribunal have been established
  • The government of India replaced Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT) with the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) in 2017
  • The provisions of the Competition Act relating to anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position were notified on May 20, 2009
Competition is the best means of ensuring that the ‘Common Man’ or ‘Aam Aadmi’ has access to the broadest range of goods and services at the most competitive prices. With increased competition, producers will have maximum incentive to innovate and specialize. This would result in reduced costs and wider choice to consumers. A fair competition in market is essential to achieve this objective. Our goal is to create and sustain fair competition in the economy that will provide a ‘level playing field’ to the producers and make the markets work for the welfare of the consumers
 
5. What is Cartelisation?
Cartels can be difficult to define. According to CCI, a “Cartel includes an association of producers, sellers, distributors, traders or service providers who, by agreement amongst themselves, limit, control or attempt to control the production, distribution, sale or price of, or, trade in goods or provision of services”

The International Competition Network, which is a global body dedicated to enforcing competition law, has a simpler definition. The three common components of a cartel are:

  • an agreement;
  • between competitors;
  • to restrict competition.
6. Way forward
CCI needs to revisit its definition of ‘relevant market’. In the age of digital world, defining relevant market has been a tough task for regulators world-wide. Technological developments like Web 3.0, AI, IoT, Blockchain and issues like data protection and privacy, search bias, platform neutrality, confidentiality, etc, have created a need for a robust competition law. Such a law should meet the demands of the technological era we live in.
 
 
For Prelims: Statutory board, Constitutional body
For Mains: 1.Discuss the role and functions of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) in promoting and ensuring fair competition in the Indian market
2.Examine the challenges and limitations faced by the Competition Commission of India (CCI) in effectively regulating and promoting competition in the digital economy
 
Previous year Questions
 1. Competition Commission of India is which kind of body? (RSMSSB Sanganak 2018)
A. Statutory body
B. Constitutional.
C. Single Member
D. Private
Answer (A)
 
Source: indianexpress

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

 
 
 
 
1. Context
 
 
In October 2014, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences made a statement emphasizing the transformative impact of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the 21st century's illumination landscape. The Academy declared that while incandescent light bulbs illuminated the 20th century, the future would be illuminated by LED lamps. This declaration accompanied the Nobel Prize in Physics awarded that year, recognizing groundbreaking achievements that paved the way for LEDs to surpass incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps, emerging as the preferred light source globally.
 

2. What are diodes?
 
A diode, a compact electronic component typically 5 mm wide, plays a crucial role in electronic circuits. It features two terminals, known as the anode and cathode, with the primary function of allowing current flow in a single direction.
 
 P-N Junction and Diode Operation: A diode operates based on a p-n junction, a connection between two materials—p-type and n-type.
  1. P-Type Material: Predominantly carries positive charge carriers known as holes.
  2. N-Type Material: Predominantly carries negative charge carriers, electrons.
P-N Junction Interface: The interface where the p-type and n-type materials meet, allowing electrons to move easily from the n-side to the p-side but not vice versa. This asymmetry is fundamental to the diode's ability to permit current flow in only one direction.
Anode and Cathode: The two points of contact or terminals of a diode. Anode: Connected to the p-type material and Cathode: Connected to the n-type material.

Electron and Hole Dynamics:

  • Electron Definition: Negatively charged particles within atoms.
  • Hole Definition: Represents a location in an atom or group of atoms where an electron could be but is not, carrying a positive charge.
  • P-N Junction Behavior: Electrons move easily from the n-side to the p-side, creating an initial layer without free electrons or holes.

Diode Functionality:

  • Voltage Application: When a suitable voltage is applied across the diode, more electrons flow from the n-side to the p-side.
  • Current Direction: Implies an electric current flowing from the p-side to the n-side, from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal.
  • Reverse Voltage: If the voltage is reversed, the diode prevents current flow in the opposite direction.
Birth of a Diode: The diode's existence emerges from the unique properties of the p-n junction and its ability to control current direction.

3. What is an LED?

An LED, or light-emitting diode, is a type of diode that emits light when an electric current passes through it. Unlike traditional incandescent bulbs, which produce light by heating a filament, LEDs generate light through a much more efficient process called electroluminescence.

  • The P-N Junction:At the heart of an LED lies the p-n junction. This is where two layers of semiconductor material, one p-type (rich in holes) and one n-type (rich in electrons), meet.
  • Electrons on the Move:When a voltage is applied to the LED, the electrons in the n-type region gain enough energy to jump across the p-n junction and fill the holes in the p-type region.
  • Energy Release and Light Emission: As these electrons fall back into their original energy levels in the p-type region, they release energy in the form of photons, or light particles. The specific color of the light emitted depends on the energy gap (band gap) between the electron levels in the semiconductor material.
  • Visible Light Spectrum: For the emitted light to be visible to our eyes, the energy of the photons needs to fall within the visible spectrum of the electromagnetic spectrum. By carefully choosing the semiconductor materials and band gaps, we can create LEDs that emit a variety of colors, from red and green to blue and white.
  • Efficiency Matters: LEDs are significantly more efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs. They convert a much larger portion of the electrical energy into light, resulting in less wasted heat and lower energy consumption. This makes them a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective lighting solution.

4. Demystifying the Band Gap

The band gap, a fundamental concept in material science, dictates the energy levels of particles such as electrons, influencing their behavior within a material. Imagine a bustling apartment building where each level represents a possible energy state for electrons. They love finding the lowest floors first, but some need a boost to access higher levels. This "energy ladder" plays a crucial role in understanding how materials behave, especially in the world of LEDs.

Energy Levels & the Forbidden Zone:

  • Electrons can only occupy specific energy levels within a material, like floors in an apartment building.
  • Two electrons can't share the same level, keeping things organized.
  • Lower levels are preferred, filled first like renting out ground floors.
  • Electrons with enough energy can jump to higher levels, like using stairs.
  • In some materials, a gap exists between filled and empty levels - the band gap. It's like a missing floor, impossible for electrons to occupy directly.

Band Gaps and Material Types

  • Conductors: No band gap; electrons easily jump and flow, conducting electricity. Think wide-open stairwells.
  • Insulators: Large band gap; electrons lack the energy to jump, stopping current flow. Like a building with gaps between floors.
  • Semiconductors: Moderate band gap; controlled jumps with external energy (like voltage) enable controlled conductivity. Think stairs used only with permission.

LEDs and the Magic of Band Gap Engineering

  • LEDs are special diodes made of semiconductors with a band gap tuned to emit visible light.
  • Applying voltage creates an electric field, like someone pushing electrons upstairs.
  • Electrons jump across the band gap and recombine with "holes" (missing electrons), releasing energy.
  • The released energy matches the band gap, emitted as light of a specific color depending on the material.
 

5. What colours can an LED produce?
  • For decades, LEDs offered only a limited palette of red and green. While these colors brought a touch of brightness, the true spectrum of light remained out of reach. The missing piece? The elusive blue LED.
  • Blue light in LEDs posed a daunting challenge. Scientists knew the ideal material, gallium nitride, but growing high-quality crystals proved almost impossible. Gallium nitride was temperamental, shattering under conventional crystal growth techniques. This elusive blue light seemed destined to remain a gap in the rainbow of LEDs.
  • Then, in the late 1980s, a breakthrough arrived. Three Japanese researchers, Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura, led teams that defied the odds. Through tireless experimentation and advancements in epitaxy (layering p-type and n-type materials), they finally conquered the blue LED.
  • Their triumph brought forth a cascade of possibilities. With all three primary colors – red, green, and blue – within reach, the LED palette exploded. By mixing these primary colors in various intensities, a vast array of shades and hues became achievable. Suddenly, LED displays burst into life, showcasing vibrant screens and illuminating landscapes with dazzling colors.
  • The impact of the blue LED transcended mere spectacle. It revolutionized industries. Energy-efficient LED lighting filled homes and streets, offering remarkable savings and environmental benefits. Medical devices, traffic signals, and countless other applications embraced the vibrant world of LEDs.
  • The invention of the blue LED, recognized by the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, wasn't just about a missing color. It was about overcoming scientific barriers and unlocking a brighter future, one illuminated by a breathtaking range of possibilities.

6. The advantages of LEDs

  • LEDs are the undisputed efficiency kings. They convert a whopping 70-80% of their energy into light, while incandescent bulbs waste most as heat. This translates to dramatic energy savings, lower electricity bills, and a smaller carbon footprint.
  • Forget fragile bulbs! LEDs boast exceptional durability. They can last for decades, 25-50 times longer than incandescent bulbs, reducing maintenance costs and waste.
  • LEDs aren't just monochromatic. They can produce a vast range of colors, from vibrant reds and greens to cool blues and whites. This opens up a world of creative possibilities in displays, lighting design, and even plant growth.
  • LEDs aren't limited to the visible spectrum. They can emit infrared and ultraviolet light for specialized applications in medical devices, security systems, and industrial processes.
  • From smartphones and TVs to traffic lights and greenhouses, LEDs are infiltrating every corner of our lives. Their compact size, versatility, and controllability make them the go-to choice for diverse applications.
  • The LED journey isn't over yet. Researchers are exploring even more efficient materials like perovskites and embedding LEDs for biocompatible applications like skin sensors.

 

7. The Way Forward

LEDs are not just replacing traditional light sources; they are actively shaping a brighter, more sustainable, and technologically advanced future. Their journey is far from over, and the possibilities seem as endless as the spectrum of light they emit.

For Prelims: LEDs, diods, band gap
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the potential environmental benefits of widespread LED adoption, considering carbon footprint and resource conservation. (250 Words)
2. Discuss the role of government policies and regulations in promoting the adoption of LEDs and addressing associated challenges. (250 Words)
Source: The Hindu

WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM (WEF)

 
 
1. Context
 
National security advisors of several countries met here on Sunday to discuss a peace formula for Ukraine and pushed for early restoration of peace in the war-hit country, with the host Switzerland asserting that India can play a key role with its influence and relations with Russia
 
2.World Economic Forum
 
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international organization that was founded in 1971. It is a Swiss nonprofit foundation based in Geneva, Switzerland. The WEF is best known for its annual meeting in Davos, a mountain resort in Switzerland, which brings together political leaders, business executives, academics, and other influential figures from around the world to discuss and collaborate on global issues

The World Economic Forum (WEF) was founded by Professor Klaus Schwab. He established the organization in 1971, and the first meeting of the WEF took place in Davos, Switzerland, in that same year. Klaus Schwab, a German economist and engineer, envisioned the WEF as a platform where business leaders, politicians, academics, and other stakeholders could come together to discuss and collaborate on global economic issues.

Over the years, the World Economic Forum has grown into a prominent international organization, hosting annual meetings in Davos that attract a diverse group of participants from various sectors. The WEF has played a significant role in fostering dialogue and cooperation among leaders to address global challenges and shape economic policies

3. What is the Purpose of the World Economic Forum (WEF)?

 

The World Economic Forum (WEF) has several key purposes, and its mission is to improve the state of the world. The organization aims to achieve this mission through various activities and initiatives:

  • The WEF provides a platform for leaders from the public and private sectors, academia, and civil society to engage in open and constructive dialogue. The goal is to foster a shared understanding of global challenges and to encourage collaboration in finding innovative solutions
  • The WEF seeks to promote cooperation and collaboration among different stakeholders, including governments, businesses, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations, to address global challenges. These challenges include economic issues, social inequality, environmental sustainability, and technological disruptions
  • Through its meetings, reports, and initiatives, the WEF aims to shape global agendas by identifying key issues and trends that impact the world economy and society. The organization strives to provide insights and recommendations to inform decision-makers and influence policy development
  • The WEF is committed to advancing inclusive and sustainable economic growth. It addresses issues related to social inclusion, gender equality, and environmental stewardship, advocating for policies that benefit a broad spectrum of society
  • The WEF emphasizes the importance of collaboration between the public and private sectors. It believes that effective solutions to global challenges often require coordinated efforts and partnerships between governments and businesses
  • The WEF serves as a hub for thought leadership, bringing together experts and leaders to share ideas and insights on a wide range of topics. It contributes to shaping intellectual discourse on economic, social, and technological issues
  • In addition to its annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, the WEF organizes regional meetings and initiatives to address specific challenges and opportunities in different parts of the world. This regional engagement helps tailor solutions to local contexts
  • The WEF produces reports, research papers, and publications that provide in-depth analysis of global trends and challenges. These publications contribute to the understanding of complex issues and inform discussions among policymakers and business leaders
4.World Economic Forum and India
 
The World Economic Forum (WEF) engages with India through various initiatives, events, and partnerships to address economic, social, and environmental challenges.
 
Here are some aspects of the relationship between the World Economic Forum and India:
  • The WEF organizes the annual India Economic Summit, which brings together leaders from government, business, academia, and civil society to discuss and collaborate on key issues facing India. The summit focuses on topics such as economic growth, innovation, sustainability, and social development
  • The WEF holds regional meetings around the world, and India has been a host for some of these events. These regional meetings provide a platform for addressing specific challenges and opportunities in the Indian context
  • The WEF emphasizes public-private cooperation, and it works with Indian leaders and businesses to foster collaboration between the government and private sector. This collaboration aims to address challenges and promote inclusive economic growth
  • The WEF publishes the Global Competitiveness Report, which assesses the competitiveness of countries based on various factors. India's performance in these reports is closely watched by policymakers and businesses to understand the country's economic strengths and areas that need improvement
  • The WEF engages in various initiatives and partnerships in India. For example, it has been involved in projects related to sustainable development, digital transformation, and healthcare. These initiatives often involve collaboration between different stakeholders to find innovative solutions to complex issues
  • The WEF explores the impact of emerging technologies on the global economy, and India, being a major player in the technology and innovation space, is often a focus of discussions. The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the implications of technology on industries and society are common themes in WEF discussions
  • Given India's diverse population and socio-economic challenges, the WEF emphasizes the importance of inclusive growth. Discussions often revolve around strategies and policies that can ensure that economic development benefits a broad spectrum of society
  • The WEF produces reports and insights specific to India, providing analysis and recommendations on issues ranging from economic development to social inclusion. These reports contribute to informed decision-making by policymakers and business leaders in the country
5.Reports released by World Economic Forum
 
The World Economic Forum (WEF) regularly releases reports on various global issues, providing insights, analysis, and recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and the public.
 
Some of the notable reports released by the WEF include:
 

  • Global Competitiveness Report: The WEF's Global Competitiveness Report assesses the competitiveness of countries based on a range of factors, including infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, health, education, innovation, and more. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the global economic landscape.

  • Global Risks Report: The Global Risks Report, published annually by the WEF, identifies and analyzes the most significant risks facing the world. It covers economic, environmental, geopolitical, societal, and technological risks, highlighting potential challenges that may impact global stability.

  • Global Gender Gap Report: This report assesses gender disparities in various countries, focusing on economic participation, educational attainment, health outcomes, and political empowerment. It aims to raise awareness about gender inequality and provide a basis for addressing these disparities.

  • The Future of Jobs Report: The WEF's Future of Jobs Report explores the impact of technological developments, automation, and other trends on the global job market. It examines the skills required for the future and the potential transformations in industries and occupations.

  • Global Information Technology Report: This report assesses the state of information and communication technology (ICT) around the world. It examines the readiness of countries to adopt and benefit from ICT, emphasizing its role in driving economic growth and social development.

  • Global Enabling Trade Report: Focusing on trade and its facilitation, this report assesses the efficiency and effectiveness of trade policies and infrastructure in various countries. It aims to identify areas for improvement to promote smoother international trade.

  • The Human Capital Report: This report evaluates countries based on their investments in human capital, including education and healthcare. It highlights the importance of human capital development for economic growth and competitiveness.

  • Inclusive Development Index: The Inclusive Development Index assesses the inclusiveness of economic growth by considering factors such as income inequality, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. It provides insights into how well countries are translating economic growth into improved well-being for their citizens

6. Way forward
 

WEF has made significant contributions to global dialogue and collaboration, it has also faced criticism. Some critics argue that it is an exclusive gathering of elites, and concerns have been raised about the influence of corporate interests. Despite these criticisms, the WEF remains a prominent international organization committed to addressing global issues through dialogue and collaboration.

 
For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains: General Studies II:Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
 
 
Previous Year Questions
1.The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the (UPSC CSE 2019)
A.International Monetary Fund
B.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
C.World Economic Forum
D.World Bank
 
Answer (C)
Source: indianexpress

TENTH SCHEDULE

 
 
 
 
1. Context
 
 
The Maharashtra Assembly Speaker has refused to disqualify 40 MLAs of the Eknath Shinde faction after recognising it as the real Shiv Sena. He held the appointment of whip by this group as valid. He also did not disqualify 14 MLAs of the Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray (UBT) group due to technical reasons under the Tenth Schedule. 
 
 
2. Why was the Tenth Schedule made?

During the 1960s and 70s, a wave of defections by legislators from their original political parties led to political instability in several states. This phenomenon resulted in the downfall of elected governments, raising concerns about the fragility of the political landscape. To address this issue and ensure the stability of elected governments, the 52nd constitutional amendment introduced the 'anti-defection' law through the Tenth Schedule in 1985.

Introduction of the Tenth Schedule (1985)

The Tenth Schedule was implemented with the primary objective of curbing defections and promoting political stability. It outlined specific provisions to discourage legislators from voluntarily leaving their political parties or voting against party instructions in a House.

Key Provisions of the Tenth Schedule

  1. Defection Definition: The Tenth Schedule defines defection as voluntarily giving up the membership of a political party or voting against the party's instructions in a House.

  2. Role of the Whip: Party discipline is enforced through the 'whip,' a member of the 'legislature party' appointed by the political party. The whip issues instructions on how party members should vote.

  3. Disqualification Clause: Legislators who defy party instructions or voluntarily leave their party are liable for disqualification from the House, aiming to deter defections and maintain party cohesion.

Exceptions in the Original Tenth Schedule (1985)

The Tenth Schedule initially included two exceptions:

a. Splitting of Legislature Party (Para 3): One-third members could split from the 'legislature party' to form a separate group without facing disqualification.

b. Merger Clause (Para 4): The merger of a political party with another, approved by two-thirds of its 'legislature party,' did not lead to disqualification.

Recognizing the need for a more robust 'anti-defection' law, the Tenth Schedule underwent amendments in 2003. Notably, Paragraph 3, which allowed one-third members to split, was omitted to reinforce party unity and discourage arbitrary divisions.

 

3. Issues Arising from Para 3 Deletion

 
  • Practical Defection by Two-Third Members: Removal of Para 3 led to instances where two-thirds of a legislature party 'practically' defected while claiming to be the original party. This loophole allows members to avoid disqualification despite engaging in actions that defy the spirit of the anti-defection law.
  • Mergers to Escape Disqualification: Some State legislature parties, with more than two-thirds members, strategically merged with other parties to evade disqualification. Instances in Rajasthan (2019) and Goa (2022) where members from Bahujan Samajwadi Party and Congress, respectively, merged with the ruling party.

Challenges in Disqualification Decision-Making

  • Speaker's Authority: The power to decide on member disqualification rests with the Speaker of the House. Past instances indicate a lack of confidence in the neutrality of Speakers, with perceptions of favoritism toward the ruling party.
  • Need for Independent Tribunal: In the case of K. M. Singh versus Speaker of Manipur (2020), the Supreme Court recommended a constitutional amendment. The court proposed transferring the authority to an independent tribunal led by judges, aiming to ensure impartiality in decisions related to disqualification.

Instances of Concern

  • Rajasthan (2019): All six Bahujan Samajwadi Party MLAs merged with the Congress Party. The merger, involving more than two-thirds of a legislature party, raised questions about the integrity of party defection rules.
  • Goa (2022): Eight out of 11 Congress MLAs merged with the BJP.The strategic merger, involving a significant portion of the Congress legislature party, highlighted challenges in preventing defection tactics.
  • Supreme Court's Recommendation: The Supreme Court suggested amending the Constitution to transfer disqualification powers from the Speaker to an independent tribunal. The amendment aims to enhance the credibility of the decision-making process and minimize potential biases.
 

4. Shiv Sena Factional Dispute in Maharashtra

 

In June 2022, Maharashtra witnessed a significant political turmoil within the Shiv Sena, marked by a factional split and conflicting claims of legitimacy. The key developments in this episode involved the following:

  • Factional Split and Claim to Authenticity: A faction of the Shiv Sena, led by Eknath Shinde, asserted its legitimacy and moved with 37 out of 55 MLAs, declaring itself as the genuine Shiv Sena. The UBT faction contested, asserting that they were the original political party, maintaining Sunil Prabhu as their designated whip.
  • Appointment of Whips:Shinde Faction: Appointed Bharat Gogawale as their whip. UBT Faction: Affirmed Sunil Prabhu as their whip.
  • Speaker's Recognition and Decision: The Speaker officially acknowledged the Eknath Shinde faction as the authentic Shiv Sena based on the group's numerical strength and the party's constitution from 1999. The Speaker deemed the appointment of Bharat Gogawale as whip by the Shinde faction as valid.
  • Disqualification Rulings: The Speaker, based on the faction's recognition, declined to disqualify 40 MLAs from the Shinde faction. The Speaker also refused to disqualify 14 MLAs from the UBT group, citing challenges in physically serving whip instructions from Bharat Gogawale.
  • Basis of Speaker's Decision: The Speaker's rulings were grounded in an assessment of both the numerical strength of the Shinde faction and the party's internal constitution. The Speaker found merit in the claims of the Eknath Shinde faction and, accordingly, endorsed the legitimacy of their whip appointment.

Challenges and Unresolved Issues

  • Disputed Whip Instructions: The Speaker's refusal to disqualify UBT faction MLAs was influenced by the perceived difficulty in physically serving whip instructions from Bharat Gogawale, the whip appointed by the Shinde faction.
  • Continued Factional Tensions: The recognition of one faction over the other, coupled with the Speaker's decisions, may exacerbate existing tensions within the Shiv Sena, raising questions about the party's unity and stability.

 

5. Reforms Needed in Political Party Recognition and Anti-Defection Laws

The existing challenges and ambiguities surrounding political party recognition and the implementation of anti-defection laws in India suggest the necessity for comprehensive reforms. Several key reforms are crucial to enhance transparency, uphold democratic principles, and address issues arising from factional disputes.

Clarification through Supreme Court Ruling
  • In the Sadiq Ali versus Election Commission of India (1971) case, the Supreme Court established a three-test formula for determining the legitimate faction of a political party.
  • The tests include aims and objects of the party, adherence to the party's constitution reflecting inner-party democracy, and majority in legislative and organizational wings.
  • An authoritative Supreme Court judgment is needed to address competing claims by rival groups, providing a clear framework for the Election Commission to ascertain the authentic faction.
Independent Tribunal for Disqualification Decisions
  • The authority to decide on the disqualification of members currently rests with the Speaker of the House.
  • Concerns about the impartiality of Speakers have led to calls for transferring this authority to an independent tribunal.
  • Establish an independent tribunal, headed by judges, to decide on disqualification cases. This would ensure a more neutral and unbiased approach, enhancing the credibility of the decision-making process.
Institutionalizing Internal Democracy
  • Lack of inner-party democracy is identified as a significant factor contributing to defections and factional disputes within political parties.
  • Institutionalize internal democracy by mandating regular inner-party elections in political parties.
  • The Election Commission should play a proactive role in monitoring these elections, ensuring fairness, transparency, and adherence to democratic principles.
Election Commission Oversight
  • The Election Commission recognized the Eknath Shinde faction as the authentic Shiv Sena based solely on votes polled in the Maharashtra Assembly elections of 2019.
  • Strengthen the role of the Election Commission in overseeing political party recognition, ensuring that decisions are based on a comprehensive evaluation of factors beyond just election results.
6. The Way Forward
 
Comprehensive reforms, including Supreme Court clarification, an independent tribunal, internal democracy, and Election Commission oversight, are vital to address challenges in political party recognition and anti-defection laws.
 
 
For Prelims: Tenth Schedule, Anti defection law, governor, whip, Election Commission of India, Supreme Court
For Mains: 
1. Critically analyze the objectives and effectiveness of the Tenth Schedule in promoting political stability in India. Discuss whether it hinders the democratic right of elected representatives or acts as a safeguard against political horse-trading. (250 words)
Source: The Hindu

MEDICAL CARE IN INDIAN TRAINS

 
 
 
 
1. Context
 

The Indian Railways shoulders the monumental responsibility of transporting over 2.3 crore passengers daily, a figure nearly double the projected population of Uttarakhand in 2022. While the Balasore train accident in June 2023 underscored the imperative of rail safety, it primarily addressed accident-related concerns. However, given the substantial passenger throughput, another critical facet often overshadowed is the Railways' responsibility towards addressing medical emergencies.

 

2. Passenger Load and Rail Safety Concerns

 

  • The Balasore incident emphasized accident-related safety, but the Indian Railways, with its vast passenger volume, grapples with a distinct safety challenge — medical emergencies. The magnitude of this challenge came to light in 2017 at the Katpadi Junction railway station in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, where 1,076 medical emergencies were reported. These ranged from trauma-related incidents to minor ailments and life-threatening conditions, requiring prompt attention.
  • A quarter of the reported emergencies at Katpadi Junction were trauma-related, while the rest spanned a spectrum from common ailments like fever to critical conditions such as low blood sugar. Notably, almost 10% of emergencies reported at the station's emergency help desk, managed by the Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore, demanded urgent, life-saving interventions.
  • India witnesses a surge in non-communicable diseases, with diabetes and hypertension on the ascent. The recent years have seen a marked increase in deaths attributed to heart attacks, indicating a shifting health landscape. The pertinent question arises: Is the Indian Railways adequately equipped to address the escalating wave of medical emergencies, particularly those arising from these prevalent health conditions?
  • The landscape of health emergencies in India is transforming, with non-communicable diseases taking center stage. As heart attacks and other critical conditions become more pervasive, the preparedness of the Indian Railways to handle the medical fallout of these health challenges comes under scrutiny.
  • Given the changing health dynamics, it becomes imperative for the Indian Railways to enhance its preparedness for medical emergencies. This involves not only addressing trauma-related incidents but also developing a comprehensive approach to tackle a spectrum of health issues, from minor ailments to life-threatening conditions.
  • To meet the evolving health demands of its vast passenger base, the Indian Railways must consider reinforcing its medical infrastructure. This includes upgrading emergency help desks, ensuring the availability of trained medical personnel, and equipping stations to handle a diverse range of medical emergencies.
  • Collaborations with healthcare institutions, exemplified by the partnership with Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore, can serve as a model for augmenting medical support. Such partnerships bring specialized medical expertise to the forefront, ensuring prompt and efficient responses to emergencies.
 

3. Evolution of Medical Care in Indian Railways

 

  • The provision of medical care in the Indian Railways has undergone significant evolution, extending beyond addressing accident-related emergencies to encompass a broader spectrum of medical conditions. This evolution is marked by initiatives and interventions aimed at enhancing emergency healthcare services for passengers.
  • In 1995, a crucial milestone was achieved with the introduction of the 'special first aid box' in long-distance superfast trains, specifically Shatabdi and Rajdhani. This specialized kit, comprising 49 items, was designated for use by a doctor traveling on the train. Subsequently, an enhanced version known as the 'augmented first aid box' with 58 items was introduced for specific long-distance trains.
  • As a pilot project in November 1996, the Railways stationed a medical team on two long-distance trains, including a medical officer, a male nurse, and an attendant. Over the next four years, challenges emerged as the team was predominantly idle, addressing only minor ailments. The inadequacy of resources in moving trains resulted in the loss of critically ill passengers' lives, leading to the discontinuation of the service.
  • To ensure healthcare accessibility, the Railways implemented a discount incentive in which doctors traveling on trains received a 10% discount if they volunteered to provide medical services en route. Despite these measures, instances like the unfortunate death of Netrapal Singh in 2004 highlighted persistent inadequacies.
  • A petition filed in the Rajasthan High Court in 1996 gained momentum following Mr. Singh's demise, prompting judicial scrutiny of medical care provisions in trains and railway stations. The 2005 judgment revealed a lack of awareness contributing to the underutilization of medical teams. The court directed the reservation of four berths in long-distance trains for medical care and mandated medical teams for trains covering more than 500 km.
  • In 2017, the Supreme Court intervened, directing the Railways to establish a committee comprising experts from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. The committee's task was to recommend further measures for enhancing medical care provisions in the Railways.
  • Based on the Supreme Court's directive and the committee's recommendations, the Railways committed to modifying the contents of first aid boxes. These modified boxes are now provided at all railway stations and in all passenger-carrying trains. Additionally, the Railways mandated first-aid training for railway staff, both at the time of joining and at three-year intervals. The committee also recommended a periodic review of service utilization every three years.
  • The ongoing commitment to periodic reviews and continuous improvement underscores the Railways' dedication to enhancing healthcare services. The multifaceted approach involves infrastructure enhancement, staff training, and awareness initiatives to ensure the effectiveness of emergency medical care provisions.

 

4. Implementation Status of AIIMS Expert Committee Recommendations (2018)

 

  • In 2018, the Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways responded to a Lok Sabha query, stating that all recommendations put forth by the AIIMS expert committee had been implemented. This suggests a commitment to improving medical care provisions based on the expert committee's insights.
  • In 2021, the Railways took a significant step by introducing an integrated helpline number, 139, designed to handle various queries related to railway services, including medical assistance. This centralized helpline aimed to streamline communication and address passenger concerns efficiently.
  • In February 2023, Union Minister of Railways Ashwini Vaishnaw conveyed to the Lok Sabha that deputing a doctor at every railway station was deemed unnecessary. However, by December of the same year, the minister asserted that all recommendations of the committee, including those potentially impacting medical services, had been implemented. This shift in perspective raises questions about the ongoing assessment of medical care needs.
  • Despite official statements, as of the latest available information, passenger complaints on social media platforms, including X (formerly Twitter), continue to highlight dissatisfaction with medical services on trains. This ongoing feedback suggests a gap between official claims and passenger experiences.
  • On December 23, 2023, while traveling from Delhi to Dehradun on a Vande Bharat Express, one of the authors, Parth Sharma, encountered a medical emergency. The train staff urgently sought a doctor's assistance for a passenger experiencing symptoms suggestive of a heart attack. This real-time incident underscores the critical importance of immediate medical intervention during emergencies.
  • During the medical emergency, it was revealed that the emergency kit on the train was inadequate. Key deficiencies included the absence of a blood pressure monitor and a glucometer. Furthermore, critical medications, such as aspirin, were near expiry. A closer inspection suggested that the train might be using an outdated medical kit list from 1995 instead of an updated version from 2017.
  • The incident on December 23, 2023, and the identified shortcomings in the emergency kit highlight the ongoing need for continuous evaluation and enhancement of medical care provisions on trains. This involves not only implementing recommendations but also ensuring that onboard medical resources are regularly updated and aligned with contemporary healthcare standards.
 

5. Evaluation of Existing Medical Kit Lists (Post-2017)

 

  • According to K.P.P. Abhilash, the head of emergency medicine at CMC Vellore, the medical kit list from 2017 is deemed inadequate. Drawing insights from cases at the emergency care center in Katpadi Railway station, Dr. Abhilash and his team identified essential medical items that were lacking in the existing stock. These include personal protective equipment for healthcare providers and a pulse oximeter.
  • Recognizing the transformative impact of recent advancements in point-of-care diagnostics, experts suggest the inclusion of portable ECG devices and rapid diagnostic kits in the onboard medical kits. This addition aims to enhance the ability to identify and promptly address conditions such as heart attacks during train journeys.
  • An urgent measure is to ensure the widespread implementation of the updated 88-item medical kit list recommended by the AIIMS expert committee. This involves verifying the presence of the updated kit in all trains and raising awareness among passengers about the availability of these services. Regular inspections are crucial to maintaining the quality and completeness of onboard medical care resources.
  • The Railways should institute a system to capture comprehensive data on the healthcare needs of individuals traveling on trains. This data-driven approach can serve as a foundation for informed policy decisions. Understanding the prevalent health conditions among passengers enables proactive planning and resource allocation to meet evolving medical requirements.
  • Conducting periodic training sessions for onboard staff is essential to ensure they are well-equipped to handle medical emergencies effectively. Additionally, awareness programs for passengers can inform them about the available medical services, emergency protocols, and how to access assistance when needed.
  • Collaborating with medical professionals, organizations, and research institutions can contribute valuable insights to continuously refine and update medical care provisions. The Railways can benefit from ongoing dialogues with experts in emergency medicine, public health, and medical device development.
  • Establishing a culture of continuous improvement is crucial. Regular assessments, feedback loops, and responsiveness to evolving medical standards should be ingrained in the healthcare provision framework on trains. Embracing an iterative approach ensures that the system adapts to changing healthcare dynamics and emerging technologies.
 
6. The Way Forward
 
The Indian Railways still faces challenges in providing adequate medical care for its vast passenger base. While progress has been made, discrepancies and inadequacies persist. Embracing a data-driven, technology-enabled, and collaborative approach, with a commitment to continuous improvement, is crucial to ensure the well-being of millions traveling on this critical network.
 
 
For Prelims: Indian Railways, AIIMS
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the challenges faced by Indian Railways in providing adequate medical care for its vast passenger base, highlighting the evolving nature of health emergencies. (250 words)
2. Discuss the ethical implications of inadequate medical care provisions on Indian Railways, considering the potential consequences for passenger safety and well-being. (250 words)
 
Source: The Hindu
 

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)

1. Context

According to the latest official release, India’s consumer price index (CPI) based inflation rate touched 5.7% in December. While this is a routine — monthly — release, its timing is significant for a variety of reasons

2. Consumer Price Index

  • The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the change in prices of a basket of goods and services that are commonly purchased by consumers. It is the most commonly used measure of inflation.
  • The CPI is calculated by comparing the prices of the goods and services in the basket in a particular period to those of the same in a base period.
  • The base period is usually the previous year's corresponding period. The difference in prices is expressed as a percentage, and this is the CPI inflation rate.
  • The CPI is calculated for eight different categories of goods and services Food and beverages, Housing, Clothing and footwear, Transport, Health, Education, Communication, Recreation and Miscellaneous goods and services.
  • The weights of each category in the CPI are determined by the expenditure patterns of urban households. For example, food and beverages have the highest weight in the CPI, followed by housing and transport.
  • The CPI inflation rate is an important indicator of the cost of living.
  • It is used by the government to set monetary policy and by businesses to make pricing decisions.

3. Wholesale Price Index

  • The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is a measure of the change in prices of goods and services at the wholesale level.
  • It is calculated by comparing the prices of a basket of goods and services in a particular period to those of the same in a base period.
  • The base period is usually the previous year's corresponding period. The difference in prices is expressed as a percentage, and this is the WPI inflation rate.
  • The WPI is calculated for 67 groups of commodities, which are further divided into 225 subgroups.
  • The weights of each group and subgroup in the WPI are determined by the value of the goods and services produced in each group and subgroup.
  • The WPI inflation rate is an important indicator of inflation at the wholesale level.
  • It is used by businesses to make pricing decisions and by the government to set monetary policy.

4. Findings of the Report

4.1. Food inflation

  • Food inflation in India remained high in August, at 9.94%. This was driven by rising prices of essential food items, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables, and oils.
  • Eleven of the 12 items on the heavyweight food and beverages group of the CPI logged price increases, with oils and fats, the sole item logging a year-on-year decline in prices, posting its first sequential increase in nine months.
  • Vegetables provided some relief, with tomatoes leading an appreciable month-on-month deflation of 5.88% in the 19-member basket.
  • However, the cooking staples of potatoes and onions were among the seven items that continued to log sequential inflation (2.3% and 12.3%, respectively).

4.2. Monsoon deficit and rising crude oil prices

  • The near-term inflation outlook is also made more uncertain by other factors, including a distinct deficit in monsoon rainfall.
  • Besides the overall 10% shortfall, sharp regional and temporal anomalies in rain distribution have impacted either the sowing or the quality of produce of several farm items.
  • Kharif's sowing of pulses had, as of September 8, recorded an 8.6% shortfall compared with the year-earlier period.
  • Another inflation driver, crude oil, has also seen a steady rise in prices as the output cuts by major oil producers of the OPEC+ grouping start to bite.
  • The price of India's crude basket had, as of September 12, climbed 7.2% from the average in August to $92.65/barrel, according to official data.

4.3. RBI measures to control inflation

  • For the RBI, the latest inflation data further roils its interest rate calculus.
  • Unless CPI inflation decelerates by an incredible 250 basis points in September to a 4.33% pace, price gains are certain to substantially overshoot the monetary authority's 6.2% forecast for the July-September quarter, leaving it with few real options to achieve its medium-term price stability goal of 4% inflation.
  • As the RBI has been at pains to stress, failure to anchor inflation expectations risks hurting growth.

5. About the sticky Consumer Price Index (CPI)

  • The sticky Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a subset of the CPI that includes goods and services that change prices relatively infrequently.
  • These goods and services are thought to incorporate expectations about future inflation to a greater degree than prices that change more frequently.
  • Some of the items included in the sticky CPI are Rent, Housing costs, Utilities, Education, Healthcare, Transportation, Household furnishings and appliances, Personal insurance, Recreation, and Miscellaneous goods and services. 
  • The sticky CPI is often used by economists to measure inflation expectations.
  • This is because prices of sticky goods and services are less likely to be affected by short-term changes in supply and demand, and are therefore more likely to reflect changes in inflation expectations.
  • The sticky CPI is also used by central banks to set monetary policy.
  • This is because the central bank wants to make sure that inflation expectations are anchored at a low level.
  • If inflation expectations start to rise, the central bank may raise interest rates to bring them back down.

6. How India’s retail inflation is measured?

  • India's retail inflation is measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), a basket of goods and services commonly purchased by urban households.
  • The CPI is calculated by the National Statistical Office (NSO) every month.
  • The CPI is calculated by comparing the prices of the goods and services in the basket in a particular month to those of the same in a base month.
  • The base month is usually the previous year's corresponding month. The difference in prices is expressed as a percentage, and this is the CPI inflation rate.
  • The CPI is calculated for eight different categories of goods and services, Food and beverages, Housing, Clothing and footwear, Transport, Health, Education, Communication, Recreation and Miscellaneous goods and services.
  • The weights of each category in the CPI are determined by the expenditure patterns of urban households. For example, food and beverages have the highest weight in the CPI, followed by housing and transport.
  • The CPI inflation rate is an important indicator of the cost of living in India.
  • It is used by the government to set monetary policy and by businesses to make pricing decisions.

7. Calculation of Inflation

  • Inflation is the rate at which the prices of goods and services increase over time.
  • It is calculated by comparing the prices of a basket of goods and services in a particular period to the prices of the same basket of goods and services in a base period.
  • The base period is usually the previous year's corresponding period. The difference in prices is expressed as a percentage, and this is the inflation rate.

There are two main ways to calculate inflation

1. Consumer Price Index (CPI): The CPI is a measure of the change in prices of a basket of goods and services that are commonly purchased by consumers. It is the most commonly used measure of inflation.

The CPI is calculated by the following formula:

CPI = (Cost of a basket of goods and services in current period / Cost of a basket of goods and services in base period) * 100

2. Producer Price Index (PPI): The PPI is a measure of the change in prices of goods and services that are produced by businesses. It is used to track inflation at the wholesale level.

The PPI is calculated by the following formula:

PPI = (Cost of a basket of goods and services at the wholesale level in the current period / Cost of a basket of goods and services at the wholesale level in the base period) * 100

 

For Prelims: Consumer Price Index, Wholesale Price Index, Inflation,  retail inflation, Producer Pirce Index, National Statistical Office, OPEC+, Crude oil, Kharif season, Monsoon, 
For Mains: 
1. Analyse the factors contributing to high food inflation in India in recent months. Discuss the impact of high food inflation on the Indian economy and suggest measures to mitigate it. (250 words)
2. Explain the concept of sticky inflation. What are the various factors that contribute to sticky inflation? Discuss the implications of sticky inflation for the Indian economy. (250 words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
 
Answer: C
 
2. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India is available on a monthly basis only.
2. As compared to Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI(IW)), the WPI gives less weight to food articles.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
A. 1 only       B. 2 only       C. Both 1 and 2          D.  Neither 1 nor 2
 
Answer: C
 
3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
2. The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
3. Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 A. 1 and  2 only       B. 2 only       C. 3 only           D. 1, 2 and 3
 
4. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 
A. 1 and 2 only          B. 2 and 3 only        C. 1 and 3 only          D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
 
5. The Public Distribution System, which evolved as a system of management of food and distribution of food grains, was relaunched as _______ Public Distribution System in 1997. (SSC JE EE 2021) 
A. Evolved         B. Transformed      C. Tested            D. Targeted
 
Answer: D
 
6. Under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana, up to what quantity of rice and wheat can be purchased at a subsidised cost? (FCI AG III 2023) 
A. 35 kg          B. 40 kg          C. 30 kg           D. 25 kg           E. 50 kg
 
Answer: A
 
7. As per the the National Statistical Office (NSO) report released on 7 January 2022, India's Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to grow at ___________ per cent (in first advance estimates) in the fiscal year 2021-22?  (ESIC UDC 2022) 
A. 17.6 per cent     B. 9.5 per cent     C. 11 per cent        D. 9.2 per cent   E. None of the above
 
Answer: D
 
8. The main emphasis of OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is on which of the following? (UKPSC 2016)
A. The production of petroleum
B. Control over prices of petroleum
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. None of the above
 
Answer: C
 
9. In the context of global oil prices, "Brent crude oil" is frequently referred to in the news. What does this term imply? (UPSC 2011)
1. It is a major classification of crude oil.
2. It is sourced from the North Sea.
3. It does not contain sulfur.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2 only    B. 1 and 2 only        C. 1 and 3 only         D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
10. The term 'West Texas Intermediate', sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of (UPSC 2020)
A. Crude oil   B. Bullion         C. Rare earth elements       D.  Uranium
 
Answer: C
 
11. With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest.
2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds.
3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane.
4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 
A. 1 and 3 only        B.  2, 3 and 4 only        C. 2 and 4 only         D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
 
Answer: A
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 
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