GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
India’s real GDP growth in 2023-24 is estimated at 7.3%, compared to 7.2% a year ago, as per the first advance estimates of national income released by the National Statistical Office (NSO) on Friday, which reckon the economy will outperform the 7% uptick recently projected by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
With GDP growth in the first half of this year clocking 7.7%, the NSO’s advance estimates, that rely on data for the first six to eight months of a year and are helpful in the Union Budget formulation, indicate the second-half growth will be about 6.9%-7%
There are three primary ways to calculate GDP:
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Production Approach (GDP by Production): This approach calculates GDP by adding up the value-added at each stage of production. It involves summing up the value of all final goods and services produced in an economy.
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Income Approach (GDP by Income): This approach calculates GDP by summing up all the incomes earned in an economy, including wages, rents, interests, and profits. The idea is that all the income generated in an economy must ultimately be spent on purchasing goods and services.
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Expenditure Approach (GDP by Expenditure): This approach calculates GDP by summing up all the expenditures made on final goods and services. It includes consumption by households, investments by businesses, government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports).
3. Measuring GDP
GDP can be measured in three different ways:
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Nominal GDP: This is the raw GDP figure without adjusting for inflation. It reflects the total value of goods and services produced at current prices.
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Real GDP: Real GDP adjusts the nominal GDP for inflation, allowing for a more accurate comparison of economic performance over time. It represents the value of goods and services produced using constant prices from a specific base year.
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GDP per capita: This is the GDP divided by the population of a country. It provides a per-person measure of economic output and can be useful for comparing the relative economic well-being of different countries.
The GDP is a useful measure of economic health, but it has some limitations. For example, it does not take into account the distribution of income in an economy. It also does not take into account the quality of goods and services produced.
Despite its limitations, the GDP is a widely used measure of economic health. It is used by economists, policymakers, and businesses to track the performance of an economy and to make decisions about economic policy
4. Gross Value Added (GVA)
Gross Value Added (GVA) is a closely related concept to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is used to measure the economic value generated by various economic activities within a country. GVA represents the value of goods and services produced in an economy minus the value of inputs (such as raw materials and intermediate goods) used in production. It's a way to measure the contribution of each individual sector or industry to the overall economy.
GVA can be calculated using the production approach, similar to one of the methods used to calculate GDP. The formula for calculating GVA is as follows:
GVA = Output Value - Intermediate Consumption
Where:
- Output Value: The total value of goods and services produced by an industry or sector.
- Intermediate Consumption: The value of inputs used in the production process, including raw materials, energy, and other intermediate goods.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) are both important economic indicators used to measure the size and health of an economy, but they focus on slightly different aspects of economic activity and include different factors. Here are the key differences between GDP and GNP:
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Definition and Scope:
- GDP: GDP measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders, regardless of whether the production is done by domestic or foreign entities. It only considers economic activities that take place within the country.
- GNP: GNP measures the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents, whether they are located within the country's borders or abroad. It takes into account the production of residents, both domestically and internationally.
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Foreign Income and Payments:
- GDP: GDP does not consider the income earned by residents of a country from their economic activities abroad, nor does it account for payments made to foreigners working within the country.
- GNP: GNP includes the income earned by a country's residents from their investments and activities abroad, minus the income earned by foreign residents from their investments within the country.
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Net Factor Income from Abroad:
- GDP: GDP does not account for net factor income from abroad, which is the difference between income earned by domestic residents abroad and income earned by foreign residents domestically.
- GNP: GNP includes net factor income from abroad as part of its calculation.
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Foreign Direct Investment:
- GDP: GDP does not directly consider foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into or out of a country.
- GNP: GNP considers the impact of FDI on the income of a country's residents, both from investments made within the country and from investments made by residents abroad.
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Measurement Approach:
- GDP: GDP can be calculated using three different approaches: production, income, and expenditure approaches.
- GNP: GNP is primarily calculated using the income approach, as it focuses on the income earned by residents from their economic activities.
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For Prelims: GDP, GVA, FDI, GNP
For Mains: 1.Discuss the recent trends and challenges in India's GDP growth
2.Examine the role of the service sector in India's GDP growth
3.Compare and contrast the growth trajectories of India's GDP and GNP
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Previous Year Questions
1.With reference to Indian economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE, 2015)
1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade. 2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (b)
2.A decrease in tax to GDP ratio of a country indicates which of the following? (UPSC CSE, 2015) 1. Slowing economic growth rate 2. Less equitable distribution of national income Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (a)
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme: Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC CSE GS3, 2020) Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC CSE GS3, 2021) |
VOTER VERIFIABLE PAPER AUDIT TRAIL (VVPAT)
The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) is a mechanism introduced to ensure the accuracy and transparency of the voting process in electronic voting machines (EVMs). It provides a means for voters to verify that their vote has been correctly cast by allowing them to physically verify their choices on a paper printout.
Here's how it generally works:
Voting Process: When a voter casts their vote using an electronic voting machine, the VVPAT generates a paper slip containing the details of the vote—such as the candidate's name and symbol—and displays it behind a transparent window for a few seconds.
Verification: The voter can visually verify if the printed information on the paper slip matches the candidate they selected using the EVM. This provides an opportunity for the voter to ensure that their vote has been accurately recorded.
Paper Trail: The printed paper slip is then deposited into a sealed box/container. These paper trails serve as physical records for future verification in case of disputes or recounts.
The introduction of VVPAT adds an extra layer of transparency and confidence in the voting process, reassuring voters about the accuracy and integrity of their votes despite using electronic means for casting ballots
- To address concerns about the credibility of EVMs and to increase voter trust by providing a physical, verifiable paper trail. This allowed voters to confirm that their vote was cast as intended and recorded accurately
- VVPAT enables voters to verify their votes independently, ensuring that the electronic voting process accurately reflects their chosen candidate before the vote is officially cast
- In case of disputes or the need for a recount, the paper records generated by VVPATs serve as a tangible, auditable trail, allowing for manual verification and cross-checking if necessary
- Meeting the demand for a transparent and accountable voting process, addressing legal challenges, and fulfilling ethical obligations to ensure fair elections
Key Features:
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VVPAT provides a physical paper trail for each vote cast using an electronic voting machine (EVM). It generates a printed slip with the details of the vote, allowing voters to verify their choices before the vote is officially cast.
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The printed paper slip is displayed behind a transparent window on the VVPAT machine for a few seconds, giving voters an opportunity to visually confirm their selections.
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Enhances the transparency and accountability of the electronic voting process by providing voters with a means to verify that their votes have been accurately recorded.
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The paper records produced by VVPAT serve as auditable and tangible evidence, enabling manual verification in case of disputes, recounts, or discrepancies
Applications:
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VVPAT ensures the integrity of the electoral process by allowing voters to independently verify that their votes are correctly registered, thereby reducing concerns about EVM tampering or malfunction.
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Acts as a mechanism to build trust among voters, political parties, and stakeholders by offering a verifiable and transparent voting process.
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Helps in resolving legal challenges or disputes related to the accuracy of the voting process. The paper trail can be used for manual verification during recounts or audits.
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Boosts voter confidence in the electoral system, encouraging higher participation and trust in the democratic process
- Introducing VVPAT systems involves substantial costs for manufacturing, deployment, and maintenance. It also requires logistical arrangements for printing, storage, and transportation of paper rolls, adding to the overall election expenses
- The process of verifying votes through VVPAT can extend the time required for casting votes, potentially causing longer queues and delays at polling stations, especially in high-turnout elections
- Like any technology, VVPAT systems are susceptible to technical glitches, paper jams, or calibration errors, which could potentially affect the smooth functioning of the voting process and cause delays
- Ensuring that voters and polling staff are adequately trained to use and handle VVPAT machines is crucial. Lack of awareness or inadequate training might lead to errors or confusion among voters during the verification process
- The time duration for verifying the printed slip in the VVPAT machine is brief, potentially causing difficulties for some voters, especially those with visual impairments or those who might need more time to verify their choices
- Safeguarding the printed paper trails for potential audits or recounts requires secure storage mechanisms to prevent tampering, damage, or loss of the paper records
- In massive elections with numerous candidates and constituencies, the volume of paper trails generated by VVPATs can become cumbersome to manage and recount manually if necessary
| Topic | Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) | Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Provides a physical paper trail for each vote cast | Records and stores electronic votes |
| Functionality | Generates a printed paper slip for verification | Allows voters to electronically select candidates |
| Verification | Allows voters to verify their choices on paper | Does not provide a physical verification |
| Output | Prints a paper trail with voter selections | Records votes electronically within the machine |
| Transparency | Enhances transparency by offering a physical record | Relies on electronic recording |
| Recounts/Audits | Provides tangible paper records for manual recounts/audits | Requires accessing electronic data for recounts |
| Deployment | Linked as an additional component to EVMs | Independent electronic voting device |
| Mechanism | Shows printed slips briefly behind a transparent window | Uses buttons for candidate selection |
| Maintenance | Requires handling and storage of paper trails | Maintenance involves electronic systems |
| Voter Confidence | Boosts confidence by offering a physical verification option | Confidence relies on trust in electronic systems |
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For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was used for the first time by the Election Commission of India in (UPSC CAPF 2019)
North Paravur Assembly Constituency, Kerala
B.Noksen Assembly Constituency, Nagaland
C.Mapusa Assembly Constituency, Goa
D.Nambol Assembly Constituency, Manipur
Answer (B)
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PURCHASING MANAGERS INDEX (PMI)
India’s services sector rebounded in December with new business and output rising at the fastest pace in three months, as per the HSBC India Services Purchasing Managers’ Index, which rose to 59, from 56.9 in November.
New services sector jobs continued to rise in December, marking the 19th straight month of fresh hiring, albeit at a slightly stronger pace than November with firms opting to recruit a mix of part-time and full-time workers
- PMI is typically calculated through surveys of purchasing managers in various industries. These managers are asked about their perception of different aspects of business activity, including new orders, production levels, employment, supplier deliveries, and inventories.
- PMI is usually reported as a number between 0 and 100.
- A PMI value above 50 generally indicates expansion in the sector, while a value below 50 suggests contraction. The farther the PMI is from 50, the stronger the perceived expansion or contraction.
- PMI is considered a leading indicator because it provides insights into economic conditions before official economic data, such as GDP growth or employment figures, are released. It can be used to anticipate changes in economic activity.
- PMIs are calculated separately for manufacturing and services sectors. A Manufacturing PMI focuses on the manufacturing sector, while a Services PMI provides insights into the services sector. These sector-specific PMIs can give a more detailed view of the economy.
Components: PMI is composed of several components, including:
- New Orders: This component measures the number of new orders received by businesses. An increase in new orders often signals growing demand and economic expansion.
- Production: This component reflects changes in production levels. An increase suggests increased economic activity.
- Employment: The employment component indicates changes in the level of employment within the sector. An increase typically means job growth.
- Supplier Deliveries: This measures the speed at which suppliers can deliver materials. Slower deliveries may indicate supply chain issues or increased demand.
- Inventories: Inventory levels can be an indicator of expected demand. A decrease in inventories might suggest an expectation of rising demand.
- The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) is a significant economic indicator with several important implications and uses
- PMI serves as a barometer of the economic health of a country or region. A PMI above 50 generally indicates economic expansion, while a PMI below 50 suggests contraction.
- This provides a quick and easily understandable snapshot of the direction of economic activity, making it a valuable tool for assessing the overall economic climate.
- PMI is a leading indicator, meaning it often provides insights into economic conditions ahead of other official economic data, such as GDP growth or employment figures. As such, it is used by businesses, investors, and policymakers to anticipate changes in economic activity and make informed decisions
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Previous Year Questions
1.What does S & P 500 relate to? (UPSC CSE 2008) (a) Supercomputer Answer: (d) |
ADITYA-L1
1. Context
2. About Aditya-L1
- Aditya-L1's core objective revolves around positioning a spacecraft in the 'L1' spot in space, marking India's inaugural dedicated solar mission.
- This mission follows ISRO's successful AstroSat (2015), making it the agency's second astronomy observatory-class endeavour.
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3. A Paradigm Shift in Solar Observations
- India's prior solar observations relied on ground-based telescopes and data from international solar missions.
- With ageing ground-based telescopes, India lacked a modern observational facility.
- Aditya-L1 seeks to address this gap and provide comprehensive solar data, advancing solar physics research.
4. Space weather alerts
- Astronomy-based space missions are gaining prominence due to their potential to inspire youth and contribute to scientific advancements.
- These missions, although time-consuming in development, play a crucial role in expanding our understanding of celestial phenomena.
- Solar flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and solar winds can disrupt space weather and impact satellite-dependent operations, such as telecommunications and power grids.
- Aditya-L1's role in studying the Sun is pivotal in enhancing our ability to predict and manage space weather disruptions.
- While AstroSat remains operational after eight years, Aditya-L1 presents a promising path for future Indian astronomy missions.
- With seven payloads, including instruments dedicated to solar observation, Aditya-L1 aims to advance our understanding of solar eruptions and flares.
- Solar physics now demands multiwavelength astronomy to comprehensively study solar events.
- Coordinating data from various instruments on Aditya-L1 is crucial to unravelling the complexities of solar phenomena.
- Aditya-L1 seeks to provide user-friendly information for safeguarding satellite-dependent operations.
- It may generate space weather alerts based on data obtained, enhancing our preparedness for space weather disturbances.
5. The Significance of L1
- Aditya-L1 embarks on a journey of nearly 100 days to reach L1, a location between the Earth and the Sun.
- This journey is shorter than Mangalyaan's voyage to Mars in 2014.
- After departing Earth's gravity, Aditya-L1 will enter a heliocentric path before reaching the L1 orbit.
- Six of Aditya-L1's payloads will remain inactive until approximately January 6, 2024, when the spacecraft is expected to enter a 'halo' orbit near L1.
- The activation of these payloads will enable the calibration of instruments before the commencement of scientific data collection.
- The L1 point in space, where Aditya-L1 will position itself, is one of the five Lagrange Points existing between any two celestial bodies in space.
- Being at L1 allows the spacecraft to make continuous observations with minimal energy expenditure.
- L1 is favoured for its unobstructed view of the Sun, making it ideal for solar research.
12. The Way Forward
- The Aditya-L1 mission represents a significant step in India's space exploration journey, offering the nation a unique opportunity to study the Sun comprehensively and contribute to space weather predictions.
- Positioned at the L1 point, this mission holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the Sun and its impact on Earth's space environment.
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For Prelims: ISRO, Aditya L1, AstroSat, Coronal Mass Ejections, 'halo' orbit,
For Mains:
1. Describe the significance of the Aditya-L1 mission in the context of India's space exploration efforts. Explain how it differs from India's previous solar experiments. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 only
Answer: A
2. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020)
A. space research B. agricultural research C. seed research D. marine research
Answer: A
3. Aditya L1 is a ______. (ISRO IPRC Technical Assistant Mechanical 2016)
A. Long-range missile
B. Rocket to moon
C. Spacecraft project
D. Light combat aircraft
Answer: C
4. With reference to 'Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
5. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC 2022)
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
C. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Answer: C
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CORONAL HOLES
- There are regions on the Sun's surface from where fast solar wind gushes out into space.
- As they contain little solar material, they have lower temperatures & thus appear darker than their surroundings.
- Here, the magnetic field is open to interplanetary space, sending solar material out in a high-speed stream of solar wind.
- Coronal holes can last between a few weeks to months, appearing throughout the Sun's approximately 11-year solar cycle.
- The coronal holes are important to understanding the space environment around the Earth through which the technology & astronauts travel.
- Coronal holes cover 6-8% of the total solar surface.
- The reasons for coronal holes are unknown.
- Scientists study these fast solar wind streams because they sometimes interact with Earth's magnetic field, creating a geomagnetic storm, which can expose satellites to radiation & interfere with communications signals.
- As per the US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), geomagnetic storms relate to Earth's magnetosphere.
- Magnetosphere is the space around a planet influenced by its magnetic field.
- When a high-speed solar stream arrives at Earth, it can allow energetic solar wind particles to hit the atmosphere over the poles.
- In the case of the strong solar wind, the resulting geomagnetic storm can cause changes in the ionosphere, part of the Earth's upper atmosphere.
- Radio & GPS signals travel through this layer, so communications can get disrupted.
Solar maximum and solar minimum are two phases of the solar cycle, which is an approximately 11-year period characterized by changes in the Sun's activity.
Solar Maximum: This is the phase of the solar cycle when solar activity is at its highest. During solar maximum, there is an increase in the number of sunspots on the Sun's surface, as well as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The Sun's magnetic activity is more pronounced, leading to these phenomena. Solar maximum can cause disruptions in satellite communications, power grids, and can also increase the visibility of auroras in regions closer to the poles.
Solar Minimum: This is the phase when solar activity is at its lowest. Sunspots are less frequent or even absent during this time. The Sun's magnetic activity is quieter, and there are fewer solar flares and CMEs. Solar minimum is associated with a decrease in the overall solar output. While it might seem less eventful, it's an important phase as it marks the beginning of the next solar cycle.
These cycles are part of the Sun's natural variability, and studying them helps scientists understand solar phenomena and their potential impacts on Earth's environment and technology
6.What is the solar cycle?
- The solar cycle refers to the approximately 11-year cycle of changes in the Sun's activity. It's characterized by a periodic variation in the number of sunspots, as well as other solar phenomena such as solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and changes in the Sun's magnetic field.
- The cycle starts at solar minimum when solar activity is at its lowest, with fewer sunspots and reduced solar flares and CMEs. Over the course of about 11 years, solar activity gradually increases, reaching a peak known as solar maximum. During solar maximum, there's a higher occurrence of sunspots, intense solar flares, and more frequent CMEs.
- After reaching its peak, solar activity decreases again, entering another solar minimum, and the cycle starts anew. This cyclic variation in solar activity is driven by the Sun's magnetic field and the dynamo processes occurring within it.
- Scientists study the solar cycle to better understand the Sun's behavior and its impact on space weather, Earth's atmosphere, climate, and technological systems. The solar cycle has implications for satellite communications, power grids, and even the Earth's climate patterns.
Lakshadweep is a group of islands located in the Arabian Sea, off the southwestern coast of India. It is the smallest Union Territory of India. The archipelago is situated about 200 to 440 kilometres off the Kerala coast. The total land area of Lakshadweep is approximately 32 square kilometres, and it comprises 36 coral islands and islets.
Culture of Lakshadweep
Flora and Fauna of Lakshadweep
Flora: The vegetation in Lakshadweep is limited due to the low availability of fresh water. Coconut palms are abundant, and various other tropical plants and shrubs are found.
Fauna: The coral reefs surrounding Lakshadweep are home to a diverse range of marine life. The lagoons and waters around the islands host numerous species of fish, turtles, and other marine organisms.
Lakshadweep as an Archipelago or an Island
Lakshadweep is technically an archipelago. An archipelago is a group or chain of islands, and Lakshadweep consists of multiple islands and islets scattered across the Arabian Sea. The term "island" typically refers to a single landmass surrounded by water, while an archipelago comprises a collection of islands. Therefore, Lakshadweep, with its multiple coral islands and islets, is more accurately described as an archipelago.
The key difference between an archipelago and an island is their number:
- Island: An island is a single landmass surrounded by water. It's a solitary piece of land, not connected to any other landmass. Think of it as a standalone mountain rising from the ocean.
- Archipelago: An archipelago is a group of islands that share a common geological origin and are often clustered together in the same region. They may be connected by reefs, shallows, or simply be close enough to be considered a group. Think of it as a chain of pearls scattered across the sea.
| Feature | Island | Archipelago |
| Number of landmasses | One | Multiple |
| Connection | Not connected to any other landmass | Can be connected by reefs, shallows, or simply be close together |
| Example | Hawaii, Madagascar |
Maldives, Philippines, Indonesia
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Lakshadweep's strategic significance stems from a confluence of factors, making it a vital territory for India.
Geopolitical Location
- Lying close to major shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean, Lakshadweep serves as a strategic outpost for India, providing a vantage point for maritime surveillance and security.
- The islands act as a natural buffer against potential threats from the West, including piracy and illegal activities in the Indian Ocean.
- Lakshadweep serves as a gateway for India's access to the wider Indian Ocean region, facilitating trade and communication with East Africa and beyond.
Ecological Importance
- The coral reefs surrounding the islands harbour a diverse marine ecosystem, serving as a breeding ground for various fish species and crucial for maintaining ocean health.
- The coral reefs act as a natural barrier against coastal erosion, protecting the Indian mainland from storms and waves.
- The islands' mangroves and seagrass meadows play a vital role in sequestering carbon dioxide and mitigating the effects of climate change.
Economic Potential
- Lakshadweep's pristine beaches, clear waters, and unique island culture hold immense potential for sustainable tourism, attracting domestic and international tourists.
- The abundant fish stocks in the surrounding waters make the islands a crucial fishing ground for local communities and a source of food security for India.
- The islands' sunshine and strong winds offer potential for generating solar and wind power, aiding India's clean energy transition.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- Lakshadweep's distinct culture, influenced by Kerala, Dravidian, and Arabic traditions, enriches India's cultural tapestry.
- The islands have a rich maritime history, serving as trading hubs and connecting points with the Indian Ocean world.
- Lakshadweep is home to diverse communities, including the indigenous Lakshadweep Islanders and communities with roots in Kerala and Gujarat, showcasing India's multicultural unity.
5. The Way Forward
Lakshadweep's strategic location, ecological importance, economic potential, and cultural significance combine to make it a vital territory for India. Its role in maritime security, environmental protection, economic development, and cultural preservation highlights its multifaceted value to the nation.
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For Prelims: Lakshadweep, Islands, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Archipelago
For Mains:
1. Evaluate the strategic importance of Lakshadweep in the Indian Ocean and its role in maritime security. How can India leverage the islands' location for effective surveillance and defence? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Lakshadweep islands are located in the ________ (SSC GD 2019)
A. Indian Ocean B. Pacific Ocean C. Arabian Sea D. Bay of Bengal
2. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the 'Ten Degree Channel'? (UPSC 2014)
A. Andaman and Nicobar
B. Nicobar and Sumatra
C. Maldives and Lakshwadweep
D. Sumatra and Java
3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory.
2. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
3. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 C. 3 only D. 1 and 3
4. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)', consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)
1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills. 2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
5. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an EI Nino's impact on the monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
6. Which one of the following is the biggest Island of Japan archipelago? (UPSC CAPF 2019)
A. Honshu B. Hokkaido C. Shikoku D. Kyushu
7. With reference to Socotra Island, which of the following statement/s is/are correct?
(UPPSC Combined State Exam 2021)
1. It is an Island of Oman, situated in the Arabian Sea.
2. It was designated as a world natural heritage site by UNESCO in 2008.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A. Only 1 B. Only 2 C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answers: 1-C, 2-A, 3-A, 4-D, 5-B, 6-A, 7- B
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INDIA-NEPAL
India and Nepal share a long and intertwined history, marked by cultural, religious, and economic connections.
- Ancient Ties: The historical connections between the people of India and Nepal date back to ancient times. There have been exchanges of culture, traditions, and religious practices, particularly due to the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in the region.
- Political Relations: The emergence of powerful kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent, such as the Maurya and Gupta empires, influenced the political landscape of Nepal. Over the centuries, various dynasties ruled both regions, and they often maintained close ties.
- Medieval Period: During the medieval period, both regions witnessed the spread of Islam, and the Mughal Empire's influence in India impacted the political dynamics in Nepal. The rulers of Nepal maintained their autonomy during this period.
- The British Influence: As the British East India Company expanded its influence in the Indian subcontinent, the territories surrounding Nepal were affected. However, Nepal managed to remain independent and maintained its sovereignty.
- Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816): The Anglo-Nepalese War took place between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal. The war concluded with the signing of the Sugauli Treaty in 1815, which defined the boundary between British India and Nepal, establishing the Kali River as the western boundary of Nepal.
- Treaty of Friendship (1950): The Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in 1950 between India and Nepal is a crucial document that governs their relations. The treaty establishes close ties, including provisions for free movement of people and goods between the two countries.
- Economic Cooperation: Over the years, economic cooperation has played a significant role in India-Nepal relations. Trade, transit facilities, and developmental assistance have been important aspects of their bilateral cooperation.
- Cultural and People-to-People Ties: The cultural affinities between the people of India and Nepal have remained strong. The open border allows for extensive people-to-people interactions, and shared religious practices, especially Hinduism, further contribute to the close bond between the two nations.
- India and Nepal boast robust defence cooperation. India supports Nepal's military modernization through equipment, training, and disaster assistance. Joint exercises like SURYA KIRAN foster collaboration. Since 1950, Chiefs of the Army exchanged honorary ranks, symbolizing the deep bond. Gorkha regiments showcase this connection further.
The India-Nepal border dispute, simmering for decades, continues to be a major point of contention between the two nations. Understanding the complexities of this issue requires delving into its historical roots, contested areas, and ongoing efforts towards resolution.
Tracing the Origins
- Treaty of Sugauli (1816): This treaty between the British East India Company and Nepal defined the initial border, but ambiguities in the document sowed the seeds of future disagreements.
- Kalapani Valley: This strategically located valley at the confluence of the Kali and Mahakali rivers is a major flashpoint. Both India and Nepal claim ownership, each citing historical records and maps.
- Lipulekh Pass: This mountain pass provides access to Kailash Mansarovar, a sacred pilgrimage site for Hindus. India's construction of a road here in 2020 reignited tensions.
- Susta Area: Located in Nepal's Terai region, this fertile land along the Gandak River is another disputed territory.
Impact of the Dispute
- Strained Bilateral Relations: The border issue casts a shadow on the otherwise friendly ties between India and Nepal.
- Local Communities Affected: Uncertain land ownership hampers development projects and impacts the lives of people living along the border.
- Security Concerns: Unresolved territorial claims can potentially pose security risks in the region.
Efforts Towards Resolution
- Joint Technical Level Boundary Working Group (JTLBWG): Established in the 1980s, this group has successfully demarcated most of the border but remains deadlocked on the disputed areas.
- Diplomatic Consultations: Both countries engage in regular talks to find a solution, but progress has been slow.
- Public Discourse: Civil society groups and media in both countries play a role in raising awareness and advocating for peaceful resolution.
Nepal is important to India for various strategic, cultural, economic, and geopolitical reasons. The close relationship between the two countries is rooted in historical, geographical, and sociocultural ties. Here are several reasons why Nepal is significant to India:
- Nepal shares a long and open border with India. This geographical proximity fosters people-to-people connections, facilitates trade, and allows for easy movement of goods and people between the two countries.
- India and Nepal share deep cultural and religious ties, with Hinduism being the predominant religion in both nations. Many Hindu pilgrimage sites, such as Pashupatinath Temple and Lumbini (the birthplace of Lord Buddha), are located in Nepal, attracting pilgrims from India.
- Nepal holds strategic importance for India due to its location between India and China. The geopolitical dynamics of the region make Nepal a crucial player in India's efforts to maintain regional stability and security.
- Several rivers originating in Nepal flow into India, making water resources a significant aspect of the relationship. Cooperation on river management and water-sharing agreements is essential for both countries.
- India and Nepal engage in extensive economic cooperation, including trade and transit agreements. The open border facilitates the movement of goods, contributing to economic integration between the two nations.
- Both countries share concerns related to regional security, including counter-terrorism and the maintenance of peace in the region. Collaboration on security matters is crucial for addressing common challenges.
- The historical relationship between India and Nepal is characterized by mutual respect and support. The Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in 1950 solidified the close ties and included provisions for economic and security cooperation.
- India and Nepal maintain diplomatic relations at various levels. High-level visits and diplomatic engagements help in addressing bilateral issues and strengthening the overall relationship.
- As both India and China seek to expand their influence in the region, Nepal's strategic position becomes crucial. India aims to maintain strong ties with Nepal to counterbalance any growing influence from other countries, including China.
- Given the shared borders and historical connections, a stable and friendly Nepal is vital for ensuring overall regional stability. India's interests in maintaining peace and harmony in its neighbourhood underscore the importance of a positive relationship with Nepal.
- Balancing Act: Nepal often engages in a delicate balancing act between its two large neighbours, India and China. It seeks to maintain cordial relations with both countries while safeguarding its own interests.
- Infrastructure Projects: China's infrastructure projects in Nepal, particularly under the BRI, have been a source of concern for India. The geopolitical implications of such projects contribute to the complexity of trilateral relations.
- Regional Stability: Stability in Nepal is crucial for both India and China to ensure regional peace and security. The three countries have overlapping interests in maintaining stability in the Himalayan region.
6. India's Neighbourhood First Policy
India's Neighbourhood First Policy is a strategic foreign policy initiative aimed at prioritizing and strengthening relations with its immediate neighbours. This policy, which gained prominence in the early 2000s, seeks to:
- Build friendly and mutually beneficial relationships with all neighbouring countries.
- Engage in active development partnerships through infrastructure projects, economic cooperation, and knowledge sharing.
- Create a stable and secure regional environment conducive to collective growth and prosperity.
- Promote regional cooperation and integration on issues like trade, security, and cultural exchange.
Key Pillars of the Policy
- Consultative and non-reciprocal approach: Engaging neighbours with respect for their sovereignty and prioritizing their needs.
- Focus on outcome-oriented solutions: Delivering tangible benefits through concrete projects and initiatives.
- People-to-people contacts: Fostering cultural exchange, educational opportunities, and tourism to build lasting bonds.
- Security cooperation: Addressing regional security threats through collaboration and joint efforts.
Examples of Implementation
- Boosting trade and investment: Free trade agreements, border trade facilities, and infrastructure development projects.
- Cooperation in energy, water resources, and disaster management: Sharing expertise, technology, and resources for mutual benefit.
- Cultural exchange programs: Promoting understanding and appreciation of each other's traditions and languages.
- Security partnerships: Joint training exercises, intelligence sharing, and border management cooperation.
Challenges and Opportunities
- Internal conflicts and political instability in some neighbouring countries can hinder progress.
- Competition from other major powers like China for influence in the region.
- Building trust and resolving bilateral issues like border disputes require ongoing dialogue and diplomacy.
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For Prelims: India, Nepal, China, Kalapani Valley, Treaty of Sugauli, Lipulekh Pass, Susta Area, Treaty of Friendship, Anglo-Nepalese War
For Mains:
1. Discuss the historical ties between India and Nepal, highlighting key milestones and factors shaping their relationship. (250 Words)
2. Assess the key pillars of India's Neighbourhood First Policy. Discuss the challenges and opportunities in its implementation, considering recent developments in India-Nepal relations and regional geopolitics. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2016)
Community sometimes
mentioned in the news In the affairs of
1. Kurd Bangladesh
2. Madhesi Nepal
3. Rohingya Myanmar
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 D. 3 only
2. The Treaty of Sugauli, 1816 was signed between the British and ______ (Bihar Police SI 2019) (SSC CPO 2019)
A. Sikhs B. Gurkhas C. Marathas D. French
3. Lipulekh Pass is in which state of India (SSC CHSL 2020) (OSSC WEO 2022)
A. Assam B. Himachal Pradesh C. Uttarakhand D. Jammu and Kashmir
4. When was the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed? (UPRVUNL AE EE 4 2021)
A. 1949 B. 1953 C. 1951 D. 1950
Answers: 1-C, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
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