PROJECT TIGER
1. Context
- The Government of India launched "Project Tiger" on 1st April 1973 to promote the conservation of the tiger.
- Project Tiger has been the largest species conservation initiative of its kind in the world.
- While the field implementation of the project, protection and management in the designated reserves is done by the project States, who also provide the matching grant to recurring items of expenditure, deploy field staff/officers and give their salaries, the Project Tiger Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Forests was mandated with the task of providing technical guidance and funding support.
3. Tiger Task Force
- The implementation of Project Tiger over the years has highlighted the need for a statutory authority with legal backing to ensure tiger conservation.
- Based on the recommendations of the National Board for Wild Life Chaired by the Hon'ble Prime Minister, a Task Force was set up to look into problems of tiger conservation in the country.
- The recommendations of the said Task Force, interalia include strengthening Project Tiger by giving it statutory and administrative powers, apart from creating the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau.
- It has also been recommended that an annual report should be submitted to the Central government for laying in Parliament, so that commitment to Project Tiger is reviewed from time to time, in addition to addressing the concerns of local people.
Broadly the urgent recommendations of the said Task Force are
- Reinvigorating the constitution of governance.
- Strengthening efforts towards the protection of tigers, checking to poach, convicting wildlife criminals and breaking the international trade network in wildlife body parts and derivatives.
- Expanding the undisturbed areas for tigers by reducing human pressure.
- Repair the relationship with local people who share the tiger's habitat by fielding strategies for coexistence.
- Regenerate the forest habitats in the fringes of the tiger's protective enclaves by investing in forest, water and grassland economies of the people.
4. National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
- Considering the urgency of the situation, Project Tiger has been converted into a statutory authority (NTCA) by providing enabling provisions in the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 through an amendment, viz. Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006.
- This forms one of the urgent recommendations of the Tiger Task Force appointed by the Prime Minister.
- The NTCA addresses the ecological as well as administrative concerns for conserving tigers, by providing a statutory basis for the protection of tiger reserves, apart from providing strengthened institutional mechanisms for the protection of ecologically sensitive areas and endangered species.
- The Authority also ensures enforcing guidelines for tiger conservation and monitoring compliance of the same, apart from the placement of motivated and trained officers having good track records as Field Directors of tiger reserves.
- It also facilitates capacity building of officers and staff posted in tiger reserves, apart from a time-bound staff development plan.
- The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 has come into force with effect from the 4th of September, 2006 and the NTCA has also been constituted on the same date.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Project Tiger, Tiger Task Force, Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006, Global Tiger Summit, National Tiger Conservation Authority,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the Role of the National Tiger Conservation Authority in increasing the tiger population in India. Explain the significance of the Tigers in the Ecosystem. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
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1. The term ‘M-STRIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (UPSC 2017) (a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna (b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves (c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System (d) Security of National Highways Answer: (b) 2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014) 1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, of 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (b) 3. Which one of the following is the well-publicized wildlife campaign in the world launched in 1973? (BPSC 2023) 1. Sunderbans 2. Project Project 3. Tiger Lion Project 4. More than one of the above 5. None of the above Answer: 2 |
Source: Tigernet.nic.in
PRADHAN MANTRI KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI (PM-KISAN)
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) is a Central Sector scheme launched by the Government of India on 1 December 2018. The scheme provides income support of Rs. 6,000 per year to all landholding farmer families across the country, to supplement their financial needs for farm expenses.
Objective
The objective of the PM-KISAN scheme is to provide income support to all landholding farmer families across the country to supplement their financial needs for farm expenses. The scheme aims to:
- Increase the income of small and marginal farmers.
- Reduce the burden of debt on farmers.
- Improve the living standards of farmers.
Components
The main component of the PM-KISAN scheme is the provision of income support of Rs. 6,000 per year to all landholding farmer families. The amount is disbursed in three equal instalments of Rs. 2,000 each financial year.
The scheme is implemented through the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system. The amount is transferred directly to the bank accounts of eligible farmers.
Eligibility
To be eligible for the PM-KISAN scheme, a farmer must meet the following criteria:
- Must be an Indian citizen.
- Must own cultivable land (as per land records).
- Must be a member of a farmer's family.
The following categories of beneficiaries of higher economic status shall not be eligible for benefits under the scheme.
- All Institutional Landholders.
- Farmer families which belong to one or more of the following categories:
- Former and present holders of constitutional posts
- Former and present Ministers/ State Ministers and former/present Members of LokSabha/ RajyaSabha/ State Legislative Assemblies/ State Legislative Councils,former and present Mayors of Municipal Corporations, former and present Chairpersons of District Panchayats.
- All serving or retired officers and employees of Central/ State Government Ministries /Offices/Departments and its field units Central or State PSEs and Attached offices /Autonomous Institutions under Government as well as regular employees of the Local Bodies
(Excluding Multi Tasking Staff /Class IV/Group D employees) - All superannuated/retired pensioners whose monthly pension is Rs.10,000/-or more
(Excluding Multi Tasking Staff / Class IV/Group D employees) of above category - All Persons who paid Income Tax in the last assessment year
- Professionals like Doctors, Engineers, Lawyers, Chartered Accountants, and Architects registered with Professional bodies and carrying out their profession by undertaking practices.
Implementation
The implementation of the PM-KISAN scheme is the responsibility of the state governments. The state governments are responsible for identifying and verifying the eligible beneficiaries, and for transferring the amount to their bank accounts.
The scheme has been well-received by farmers across the country. The scheme has helped to improve the income and living standards of small and marginal farmers.
Impact
The PM-KISAN scheme has had a positive impact on the lives of small and marginal farmers across the country. The scheme has helped to:
- Increase the income of small and marginal farmers.
- Reduce the burden of debt on farmers.
- Improve the living standards of farmers.
The scheme has also helped to boost the rural economy. The additional income has been used by farmers to invest in their farms, which has led to increased agricultural production.
3. Central Sponsored Schemes (CSS)
A Central Sponsored Scheme (CSS) is a program in India where the central government bears a part of the expenditure, while the remaining share is borne by the state government. The central government plays a crucial role in designing the policy framework and guidelines, while the state governments are responsible for implementing the scheme within their respective territories.
Key characteristics of CSS
- Shared funding: Central and state governments contribute to the scheme's total cost, typically with the central government bearing a larger portion (often ranging from 50% to 90%).
- Central guidelines: The central government establishes the overall policy framework, objectives, and operational guidelines for the scheme.
- State implementation: State governments are responsible for implementing the scheme on the ground, adapting it to local conditions within the framework set by the centre.
- Joint monitoring: Both central and state governments monitor the implementation of the scheme and track progress towards achieving its objectives.
4. The difference between a central sector scheme and a centrally sponsored scheme
Central Sector Schemes (CSS) and Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) are both types of government initiatives in India, but they differ in their funding mechanisms, control, and implementation.
| Features | Central Sector Scheme | Centrally Sponsored Scheme |
| Funding Source | Central Government only | Central & State Governments (shared) |
| Financial Responsibility | Central Government bears all costs | Shared burden with central government contributing more |
| Control | Central Government has complete control | Central government leads, but state government has implementation role |
| Implementation | Central government agencies or departments | State government executes at ground level |
| Objectives | National priorities and overarching goals | Collaborative effort addressing regional or state-specific needs |
| Flexibility | More adaptable to national priorities | More adaptable to regional or state-specific needs |
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For Prelims: PM-Kishan, Central Sponsored Scheme, Central Sector Scheme, Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra
For Mains:
1. Examine the role of state governments in the implementation of PM-KISAN. How can their efforts be enhanced to improve targeting, transparency, and efficiency in fund distribution? (250 Words)
2. Analyze the recent decline in PM-KISAN beneficiaries and the government's efforts to increase enrollment. Discuss the effectiveness of the "saturation drive" and potential strategies for further improvement. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Read the following statements about the 'PM-KISAN' scheme: (Telangana Police SI Mains 2018)
a. The 'Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi' (PM-KISAN) scheme was introduced by the government of India in its interim Budget 2019.
b. The scheme took effect from January 1, 2019.
c. The scheme aims at supplementing the financial needs of marginal and small farmers procuring various inputs to ensure proper farm income.
d. A family comprising of husband, wife and minor children who collectively own cultivable land upto 2 hectares as per land records shall be provided a benefit of Rs. 6,000 per annum per family.
Choose the correct statements:
A. a, c and d only B. b and d only C. a, b and c only D. b, c and d only
Answer: A
2. Which of the following is a centrally sponsored scheme to empower adolescent boys? (SSC JE EE 2018)
A. AKSHAY B. SAKSHAM C. SABLA D. UJJWALA
Answers: 1-A, 2-B
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GOVERNMENT SECURITY AND BONDS
1. Context
2. About Government Securities
- Government securities are government debt issuances used to fund daily operations and special infrastructure and military projects.
- They guarantee the full repayment of invested principal at the maturity of the security and often pay periodic coupon or interest payments.
- Government securities are considered to be risk-free as they have the backing of the government that issued them.
- The tradeoff of buying risk-free securities is that they tend to pay a lower rate of interest than corporate bonds.
- Investors in government securities will either hold them to maturity or sell them to other investors on the secondary bond market.
3. Risk of Purchasing foreign government bonds
- The purchase of foreign government bonds also known as Yankee bonds.
- It is more complicated because it is associated with political risk along with currency risk, credit risk and default risk to reap greater yields.
- Some bonds will require the creation of offshore accounts and have high minimum investment levels.
- Also, foreign bonds fall into the category of junk bonds, due to the risk attached to their purchase.
4. Controlling the money supply
- The Federal Reserve (the Fed) controls the flow of money through many policies, one of which is the selling of government bonds.
- As they sell bonds, they reduce the amount of money in the economy and push interest rates upward.
- The government can also repurchase these securities, affecting the money supply and influencing interest rates called Open Market Operations the Fed buys bonds on the open market, reducing their availability and pushing the price of the remaining bonds up.
- As bond prices rise, bond yields fall driving interest rates in the overall economy lower.
- New issues of government bonds are also issued at lower yields in the market further driving down interest rates.
- As a result, the Fed can significantly impact the trajectory of interest rates and bond yields for many years.
- The supply of money changes with this buying and selling, as well.
- When the Fed repurchases Treasuries from investors, the investors deposit the funds in their bank or spend the money elsewhere in the economy.
- This spending, in turn, stimulates retail sales and spurs economic growth.
- Also, as money flows into banks through deposits, it allows those banks to use those funds to lend to businesses or individuals, further stimulating the economy.
5. Pros and Cons of Buying Government Securities
| Pros | Cons |
| Government securities can offer a steady stream of interest income | Government securities offer a low rate of return relative to other securities |
| Due to their low default risk, government securities tend to be safe-haven plays | The interest rates of government securities don't usually keep up with inflation |
| Some government securities are exempt from state and local taxes | Government securities issued by foreign governments can be riskly |
| Government securities can be bought and sold easily | Government securities often pay a lower rate in a rising-rate market |
| Government securities are available through mutual funds and exchange-traded funds |
- Savings bonds offer fixed interest rates over the term of the product. Should an investor hold a savings bond until its maturity they receive the face value of the bond plus any accrued interest based on the fixed interest rate.
- Once purchased, a savings bond cannot be redeemed for the first 12 months it is held.
- Also, redeeming a bond within the first five years means the owner will forfeit the months of accrued interest.
6.2. T-Bills
- Treasury bills (T-Bills) have typical maturities of 4, 8, 13, 26 and 52 weeks.
- These short-term government securities pay a higher interest rate return as the maturity terms lengthen.
6.3. Treasury Notes
- Treasury Notes (T-Notes) have two, three, five or 10-year maturities making them intermediate-term bonds.
- These notes pay a fixed-rate coupon or interest payment semiannually and will usually have $1, 000 face values.
- Two and three-year notes have $ 5, 000 face values. Yields on T-Notes change daily.
6.4. Treasury Bonds
- Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds) have maturities of between 10 and 30 years. These investments have $1, 000 face values and pay semiannual interest returns.
- The government uses these bonds to fund deficits in the federal budget.
- Also, as mentioned earlier, the Fed controls the money supply and interest rates through the buying and selling of this product.
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For Prelims: Government securities, Reserve Bank of India, Yankee bonds, U.S. Federal Reserve, Open Market Operations,
For Mains:
1. What are Government Securities? Discuss the role of how Government Securities are controlling the money supply in the market. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities.
2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.
3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
2. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. Retail investors through demat account can invest in ‘Treasury Bills’ and ‘Government of India Debt Bonds’ in primary market.
2. The Negotiated Dealing System Order Matching’ is a government securities trading platform of the Reserve Bank of India.
3. The ‘Central Depository Services Ltd.’ is jointly promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 C. 3 only D. 2 and 3
Answer: B
3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government. 2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A.1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
4. In the context of Indian economy, 'Open Market Operations' refers to (UPSC 2013)
A. borrowing by scheduled banks from the RBI
B. lending by commercial banks to industry and trade
C. purchase and sale of government securities by the RBI
D. None of the above
Answer: C
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UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME
1. Context
2. Universal Basic Income (UBI)
- Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a social welfare program that aims to provide all citizens of a country with a regular and unconditional cash transfer from the government.
- The concept of UBI has gained traction in recent years as a potential solution to address economic inequality, poverty, and unemployment in society.
- Under this system, every individual, regardless of income, employment status, or wealth, would receive a fixed amount of money regularly.
- Under a UBI program, all citizens, including children and the elderly, receive a fixed amount of money regularly, usually every month.
- The payment is unconditional, meaning that individuals are not required to meet any specific criteria or work requirements to receive the income.
- The amount of the UBI payment can vary depending on the country's economic conditions and the objectives of the program.
3. Significance of Universal Basic Income:
- Poverty Reduction: One of the primary goals of UBI is to alleviate poverty by providing a basic level of financial security to all citizens. It ensures that every individual has access to a minimum standard of living, reducing the risk of extreme poverty and improving overall well-being.
- Economic Stimulus: UBI can serve as an economic stimulus by putting more money directly into the hands of consumers. Increased consumer spending can lead to higher demand for goods and services, potentially boosting economic growth.
- Job Displacement and Automation: With the rise of automation and advancements in technology, UBI has been proposed as a way to address potential job losses. By providing a regular income, individuals who lose their jobs due to automation can have a safety net while they seek new opportunities or reskill themselves.
- Social Equality and Human Dignity: UBI promotes social equality by providing every citizen with the same basic income, regardless of their socio-economic background. It recognizes the inherent dignity of individuals and their right to a decent standard of living.
- Streamlining Social Welfare Programs: UBI has the potential to simplify the existing complex welfare systems, reducing bureaucracy and administrative costs. By consolidating various means-tested programs, UBI can make social support more accessible and efficient.
4. Criticisms and Challenges of Universal Basic Income:
- Cost and Funding: One of the main challenges of implementing UBI is its cost. Providing a regular income to every citizen requires significant financial resources, and funding such a program without negatively impacting the economy or burdening taxpayers is a major concern.
- Inflationary Pressures: Critics argue that introducing UBI might lead to inflation, as increased consumer spending could drive up prices, reducing the purchasing power of the UBI payment.
- Work Incentives: Some opponents of UBI fear that providing unconditional income might disincentivize people from working or seeking employment, potentially leading to a decline in labor force participation.
- Targeting and Equity: Critics argue that UBI might not effectively target those who are most in need of financial assistance, as it provides the same amount to every citizen, including those who might not require additional support.
- UBI Pilots and Experiments: Several countries and regions have conducted pilot projects and experiments to test the feasibility and impact of UBI. These experiments aim to gather data on the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing such a program on a larger scale.
5. India’s Pilot Project, Madhya Pradesh
- In 2011, SEWA, funded by UNICEF, conducted a pilot study of Universal Basic Income in 8 villages of Madhya Pradesh for 18 months.
- Most villagers did not prefer subsidies (covering, Rice, wheat, kerosene, and sugar) as a result of the basic income experience. They Choose each transfer over subsidies.
- Many people used the money to improve their housing infrastructure by building roofs and walls, toilets, etc.
- This meant a reduced number of diseases emanating from dirty surroundings, which indirectly reduces their expenditure on fighting such diseases. It was also reported that nutrition levels improved, particularly among the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and the Scheduled Tribes (STs).
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For Prelims: Universal Basic Income(UBI), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Sikkim Democratic Front (SDF), and Self-employed Women Associations (SEWA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI) as a potential solution to address economic inequality and poverty. Evaluate its advantages and disadvantages in the context of a developing economy like India.(250 Words)
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Previous year Questions1. A recent radical idea to overcome the problem of poor targeting and misallocation of social welfare schemes is that of (APPSC Group 1 2017)
A. Universal Basic Income
B. Direct Beneficiary Transfer
C. Direct allocation of funds to Local Bodies
D. Privatization of all subsidy schemes
Answer: A
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VOTER VERIFIABLE PAPER AUDIT TRAIL (VVPAT)
The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) is a mechanism introduced to ensure the accuracy and transparency of the voting process in electronic voting machines (EVMs). It provides a means for voters to verify that their vote has been correctly cast by allowing them to physically verify their choices on a paper printout.
Here's how it generally works:
Voting Process: When a voter casts their vote using an electronic voting machine, the VVPAT generates a paper slip containing the details of the vote—such as the candidate's name and symbol—and displays it behind a transparent window for a few seconds.
Verification: The voter can visually verify if the printed information on the paper slip matches the candidate they selected using the EVM. This provides an opportunity for the voter to ensure that their vote has been accurately recorded.
Paper Trail: The printed paper slip is then deposited into a sealed box/container. These paper trails serve as physical records for future verification in case of disputes or recounts.
The introduction of VVPAT adds an extra layer of transparency and confidence in the voting process, reassuring voters about the accuracy and integrity of their votes despite using electronic means for casting ballots
- To address concerns about the credibility of EVMs and to increase voter trust by providing a physical, verifiable paper trail. This allowed voters to confirm that their vote was cast as intended and recorded accurately
- VVPAT enables voters to verify their votes independently, ensuring that the electronic voting process accurately reflects their chosen candidate before the vote is officially cast
- In case of disputes or the need for a recount, the paper records generated by VVPATs serve as a tangible, auditable trail, allowing for manual verification and cross-checking if necessary
- Meeting the demand for a transparent and accountable voting process, addressing legal challenges, and fulfilling ethical obligations to ensure fair elections
Key Features:
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VVPAT provides a physical paper trail for each vote cast using an electronic voting machine (EVM). It generates a printed slip with the details of the vote, allowing voters to verify their choices before the vote is officially cast.
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The printed paper slip is displayed behind a transparent window on the VVPAT machine for a few seconds, giving voters an opportunity to visually confirm their selections.
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Enhances the transparency and accountability of the electronic voting process by providing voters with a means to verify that their votes have been accurately recorded.
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The paper records produced by VVPAT serve as auditable and tangible evidence, enabling manual verification in case of disputes, recounts, or discrepancies
Applications:
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VVPAT ensures the integrity of the electoral process by allowing voters to independently verify that their votes are correctly registered, thereby reducing concerns about EVM tampering or malfunction.
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Acts as a mechanism to build trust among voters, political parties, and stakeholders by offering a verifiable and transparent voting process.
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Helps in resolving legal challenges or disputes related to the accuracy of the voting process. The paper trail can be used for manual verification during recounts or audits.
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Boosts voter confidence in the electoral system, encouraging higher participation and trust in the democratic process
- Introducing VVPAT systems involves substantial costs for manufacturing, deployment, and maintenance. It also requires logistical arrangements for printing, storage, and transportation of paper rolls, adding to the overall election expenses
- The process of verifying votes through VVPAT can extend the time required for casting votes, potentially causing longer queues and delays at polling stations, especially in high-turnout elections
- Like any technology, VVPAT systems are susceptible to technical glitches, paper jams, or calibration errors, which could potentially affect the smooth functioning of the voting process and cause delays
- Ensuring that voters and polling staff are adequately trained to use and handle VVPAT machines is crucial. Lack of awareness or inadequate training might lead to errors or confusion among voters during the verification process
- The time duration for verifying the printed slip in the VVPAT machine is brief, potentially causing difficulties for some voters, especially those with visual impairments or those who might need more time to verify their choices
- Safeguarding the printed paper trails for potential audits or recounts requires secure storage mechanisms to prevent tampering, damage, or loss of the paper records
- In massive elections with numerous candidates and constituencies, the volume of paper trails generated by VVPATs can become cumbersome to manage and recount manually if necessary
| Topic | Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) | Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Provides a physical paper trail for each vote cast | Records and stores electronic votes |
| Functionality | Generates a printed paper slip for verification | Allows voters to electronically select candidates |
| Verification | Allows voters to verify their choices on paper | Does not provide a physical verification |
| Output | Prints a paper trail with voter selections | Records votes electronically within the machine |
| Transparency | Enhances transparency by offering a physical record | Relies on electronic recording |
| Recounts/Audits | Provides tangible paper records for manual recounts/audits | Requires accessing electronic data for recounts |
| Deployment | Linked as an additional component to EVMs | Independent electronic voting device |
| Mechanism | Shows printed slips briefly behind a transparent window | Uses buttons for candidate selection |
| Maintenance | Requires handling and storage of paper trails | Maintenance involves electronic systems |
| Voter Confidence | Boosts confidence by offering a physical verification option | Confidence relies on trust in electronic systems |
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For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was used for the first time by the Election Commission of India in (UPSC CAPF 2019)
North Paravur Assembly Constituency, Kerala
B.Noksen Assembly Constituency, Nagaland
C.Mapusa Assembly Constituency, Goa
D.Nambol Assembly Constituency, Manipur
Answer (B)
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3. QuantumScape's Brighter Battery
- In the realm of technological advancements, QuantumScape's solid-state battery, featuring lithium metal with a solid electrolyte between the electrodes, stands out as a highly promising innovation in a crowded field.
- Co-founded by Jagdeep Singh a decade ago and backed by financial support from Volkswagen and Bill Gates' venture fund, the company went public late last year, quickly attaining a valuation of nearly $50 billion.
- This rapid ascent was fueled by the belief that QuantumScape's groundbreaking battery technology could present a safer and more cost-effective alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries.
- Unlike previous attempts to develop a solid-state separator compatible with lithium metal, which is often compromised on factors such as battery cycle life and operating temperature, QuantumScape claims to have overcome these challenges.
- The company's utilization of solid-state separator technology effectively eliminates the undesirable side reactions between the liquid electrolyte and the carbon/graphite components in the anode of conventional lithium-ion cells.
- Through its collaboration with QuantumScape, Volkswagen envisions achieving production of solid-state batteries by 2025, signalling a significant leap forward in the pursuit of advanced battery solutions.
4. Limits of Lithium-Ion's batteries
- The energy density of contemporary lithium-ion cells, commonly used in mobile phones and electric vehicles, surpasses older nickel-cadmium batteries by nearly four times.
- However, persistent issues such as long charging times and limited energy density continue to pose challenges.
- While suitable for phones and laptops, lithium-ion batteries fall short of providing the range needed to make electric vehicles a compelling alternative to traditional internal combustion engines.
- A significant hurdle in lithium-ion technology is the extreme reactivity of lithium metal.
- Dendrites, branch-like lithium structures that can grow from the electrode, pose a major risk by potentially piercing through the separator and causing a short circuit.
- In current lithium-ion batteries with flammable liquid electrolytes, dendrite formation can lead to hazardous fires.
5. The Rise of Solid-State Batteries
QuantumScape addresses these challenges with its solid-state lithium-metal battery. Unlike traditional lithium-ion batteries that use a polymer separator, QuantumScape replaces it with a solid-state separator. This innovation allows the integration of a lithium-metal anode instead of the conventional carbon/graphite anode.
The lithium metal anode in QuantumScape's design boasts higher energy density compared to traditional anodes. This enhancement enables the battery to store more energy within the same volume. Notably, the QuantumScape battery is 'anode-free,' manufactured in a discharged state, with the negative electrode forming in situ during the initial charge.
Key Advantages of QuantumScape's Technology
- By eliminating the carbon anode, QuantumScape's technology achieves higher cell energy density, allowing for the storage of more energy in the same volume.
- The elimination of the need for lithium diffusion into carbon particles in conventional lithium-ion cells results in reduced charge times.
- The solid-state battery technology enables more charging cycles, leading to a longer battery life.
- With a solid-state separator and the absence of a flammable liquid electrolyte, safety concerns associated with dendrite formation and potential fires are mitigated.
- QuantumScape aims to lower battery costs by 15-20% relative to lithium-ion batteries, a potentially game-changing factor given that battery expenses constitute a significant portion (30%) of total vehicle costs.
A study by Deloitte emphasizes that consumer considerations for purchasing electric vehicles include price, reliability, and the cost of charging. QuantumScape's technology aligns with these priorities by targeting lower battery costs, anticipating a significant impact on the overall adoption of electric vehicles. Current lithium-ion battery costs of around $137 per kWh are expected to decrease to $101/kWh by 2023, according to BloombergNEF data.
6. The Diverse Battery Landscape
Form Energy's Iron-Air Battery
In July, Form Energy Inc., based in the United States, introduced a rechargeable iron-air battery designed to deliver electricity for an impressive 100 hours. The company claims that its system cost is competitive with conventional power plants and is less than a tenth of the cost of lithium-ion batteries. Primarily intended for utility-scale applications, this front-of-the-meter battery enables continuous operation, ensuring round-the-clock functionality for renewable electricity grids. The innovative technology relies on the concept of 'reversible rusting,' using oxygen from the air to convert iron metal to rust during discharge and reversing the process during charging.
Toyota's Solid-State Battery
Toyota, leading in the realm of solid-state battery patents with over 1,000 global filings, is actively working on solid-state battery technology. The Japanese automaker aims to regain its position as a battery technology leader, challenging current lithium-ion pack leaders, particularly in China. Toyota is on track to be the first to commercialize an electric vehicle (EV) equipped with a solid-state battery and has plans to unveil a prototype. Nissan is also actively pursuing developments in this field.
Apple's Breakthrough Battery Tech
In the final weeks of 2020, Apple Inc. announced its venture into self-driving car technology, targeting a 2024 timeline for producing a passenger vehicle. A key element of Apple's strategy is a "breakthrough" battery design aimed at significantly reducing battery costs and increasing the vehicle's range. The innovative design is anticipated to have a radical impact on electric vehicle technology.
Tesla's Tabless Battery
In September of the previous year, Tesla revealed plans to develop a "tabless" lithium-ion battery, presenting advancements in electric car range and power. Unlike traditional batteries, Tesla's tabless cells eliminate the need for a tab, the part forming a connection between the cell and the powered device. Tesla claims that these tablet cells will enhance energy capacity by five times, increase power by six times, and extend the vehicle's range by 16 per cent. This development showcases Tesla's continuous efforts to push the boundaries of electric vehicle technology.
7. India's Ambitious Battery Initiatives
Government Blueprint for Grid-Scale Storage: The Indian government is formulating a comprehensive plan for a substantial project involving approximately 4,000 MWh of grid-scale battery storage systems. These installations will be strategically positioned at regional load dispatch centres, responsible for overseeing the nation's power grid. The primary objective is to address the challenges posed by the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation.
Reliance Industries' Energy Storage Giga Factory: Reliance Industries Ltd., a prominent Indian conglomerate, has unveiled plans to establish an Energy Storage Giga factory. This ambitious project reflects a strategic move toward advancing energy storage capabilities within the country. The facility is anticipated to play a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for reliable and efficient energy storage solutions.
NTPC's Global Tender for Grid-Scale Battery Project: The state-owned NTPC Ltd. has taken significant steps by issuing a global tender for a grid-scale battery storage project. This initiative aligns with broader efforts to enhance India's energy infrastructure and integrate sustainable practices. The global tender indicates a commitment to exploring cutting-edge technologies and solutions for large-scale battery storage systems.
Ministry of Heavy Industries' Call for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Manufacturing: The Ministry of Heavy Industries proactively issued a request for proposals on October 22, signalling the intent to establish manufacturing facilities for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) battery storage in India. This move underscores the government's commitment to fostering indigenous manufacturing capabilities for advanced battery technologies. The proposal submission deadline, concluding on December 31, highlights the urgency and priority accorded to the development of ACC battery storage within the country.
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For Prelims: Lithium-ion, Solid-state batteries, rare earth elements, Electronic Vehicles
For Mains:
1. Critically analyze the potential of QuantumScape's solid-state battery technology compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. Discuss its advantages and challenges in the context of electric vehicle adoption. (250 Words)
2. Discuss the economic implications of the growing battery market. Discuss the potential impact on battery costs, job creation, and the overall economic landscape. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which type of battery is used in the recently launched world's first fully electric cargo ship by change? (Delhi Police Constable 2017)
A. Lead Acid
B. Manganese
C. Lithium ion
D. Nickel metal hydride
2. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called 'rare earth metals.' Why? (UPSC 2012)
1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country. 3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
3. With reference to India, consider the following statements : (UPSC 2022)
1. Monazite is a source of rare earths.
2. Monazite contains thorium.
3. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India.
4. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?
A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 1, 2 and 4 only C. 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
4. With reference to 'fuel cells' in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)
1. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products.
2. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers.
3. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
5. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (UPSC 2020)
1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units.
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs.
3. Disease diagnosis.
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion.
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only B. 1, 3 and 4 only C. 2, 4 and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
6. Which one of the following pairs of metals constitutes the lightest metal and the heaviest metal, respectively? (UPSC 2008) A. Lithium and mercury Answers: 1-C, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A, 5-B, 6-B |
