HOYSALA EMPIRE
1. Context
- Recently, The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas, which includes three temples in Karnataka, has been inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
- The Hoysala Temples, as they are also known, will be India’s 42nd UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Rabindranath Tagore’s Santiniketan, the university town in West Bengal, was also included as a world heritage site.
2. About Hoysala Empire
- The Hoysala Empire originated in the Malnad region of present-day Karnataka, India, in the 10th century.
- The Malnad region is hilly in the Western Ghats, and the Hoysalas were initially a feudatory of the Western Chalukya Empire.
- However, they gradually gained power and independence, and by the 12th century, they had become a major power in southern India.
- The Hoysala Empire reached its peak of power in the 13th century, under the rule of kings such as Vishnuvardhana (1108-1152) and Veera Ballala II (1173-1220).
- During this period, the Hoysalas expanded their territory to include much of present-day Karnataka, as well as parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
- They also defeated the Chalukyas and became the dominant power in southern India.
- The Hoysala Empire began to decline in the 14th century, due to several factors, including invasions from the north and internal conflicts.
- The empire finally collapsed in 1343, after it was defeated by the Vijayanagara Empire.
2.1. Economy
- Agriculture: The Hoysalas primarily relied on agriculture as the backbone of their economy. They cultivated crops such as rice, pulses, and sugarcane, benefiting from the fertile Deccan Plateau.
- Trade: The empire was strategically located along major trade routes, which facilitated trade with other regions, including northern India and overseas trade with regions like the Arab world.
- Mining: The Hoysalas engaged in mining activities, extracting valuable resources like gold, iron, and gems, which contributed to their economic prosperity.
2.2. Government
- Feudal Structure: The Hoysala government followed a feudal system where the king held the highest authority. The kingdom was divided into administrative units known as Nadu, each governed by local chieftains.
- Decentralized Administration: The administration was relatively decentralized, giving regional rulers considerable autonomy as long as they paid tribute to the Hoysala king.
- Religious Patronage: The Hoysala kings were known for their patronage of temples and religious institutions, which played a role in their governance and securing the loyalty of their subjects.
2.3. Society
- Caste System: The caste system played a significant role in Hoysala society, with people categorized into different social groups. Brahmins held a prominent position.
- Role of Women: Women had a relatively high status in Hoysala society compared to some other medieval Indian societies. They participated in religious activities and could even hold positions of power in the administration.
- Education: Education was valued, with Brahmin scholars often receiving patronage from the Hoysala kings. Temples and monasteries served as centres of learning.
- Social Welfare: The Hoysala rulers supported the construction of tanks, irrigation systems, and temples that often served as hubs for various social and cultural activities.
2.4. Culture and Architecture
- Temple Architecture: The Hoysala Empire is most famous for its exquisite temple architecture. The Hoysala temples, known for their intricate and ornate sculptures, are prime examples of Dravidian architecture. The Chennakesava Temple in Belur and the Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu are iconic structures from this period.
- Literature: Kannada literature flourished during the Hoysala period. Notable works include the writings of poets like Raghavanka and Harihara.
- Language: Kannada was the primary language of administration and culture, and the Hoysala kings made significant contributions to Kannada literature.
- Dance and Music: The Hoysalas were patrons of various forms of art, including dance and music, which played an integral role in temple rituals and cultural life.
3. About World Heritage Site
- A World Heritage Site is a place, landmark, building, or area that is recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for its cultural, historical, scientific, or natural significance.
- These sites are considered to be of outstanding value to humanity, and their preservation and protection are of global importance.
- As of September 2023, a total of 1,172 World Heritage Sites (913 cultural, 220 natural, and 39 mixed properties) exist across 166 countries.
- With 58 selected areas, Italy is the country with the most sites on the list; China is the second with 57 sites, and Germany is the third with 52.
3.1. World Heritage Sites can fall into one of three categories
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Cultural Heritage Sites: These include historical buildings, cities, monuments, archaeological sites, and cultural landscapes that hold significant cultural or historical importance. Examples include the Great Wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt, and the Historic Centre of Rome.
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Natural Heritage Sites: These encompass natural features such as national parks, forests, wildlife reserves, geological formations, and ecosystems that are of exceptional ecological or geological significance. Examples include the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Yellowstone National Park in the United States, and the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador.
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Mixed Heritage Sites: Some sites are recognized for both their cultural and natural value, and they are classified as mixed heritage sites. For instance, Machu Picchu in Peru is renowned for its archaeological significance as well as its stunning natural setting in the Andes Mountains.
- The designation of a site as a World Heritage Site signifies the commitment of the international community to protect and preserve it for future generations.
- UNESCO works closely with countries to identify and nominate sites, and once a site is inscribed on the World Heritage List, it may receive international assistance and support for its conservation and management.
- The World Heritage designation also brings increased tourism and recognition to these sites, which can have economic and cultural benefits for the local communities and countries where they are located.
- However, managing the influx of tourists while safeguarding the site's integrity is often a significant challenge for World Heritage Sites.
3.2. Hoysala Temples Declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites
The Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebidu, and Somanathapura in Karnataka were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites on September 18, 2023. These temples are known for their exquisite architecture and intricate sculptures.
4. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that was established on November 16, 1945. UNESCO's headquarters are located in Paris, France.
- The organization is dedicated to promoting international collaboration in the fields of education, science, culture, and communication.
- Its mission is to contribute to peace and security by advancing mutual understanding and cooperation among nations.
Key functions and activities of UNESCO include
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Education: UNESCO works to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all, with a focus on access to education, teacher training, literacy programs, and education for sustainable development. It supports efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
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Science: UNESCO promotes scientific research, capacity-building, and international cooperation in various scientific disciplines. It also addresses global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity conservation, and water resource management through scientific research and collaboration.
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Culture: UNESCO is known for its efforts to protect and preserve cultural heritage sites and intangible cultural heritage, such as traditions, music, and folklore. It administers the World Heritage Program, which designates and protects World Heritage Sites of outstanding cultural or natural significance.
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Communication and Information: UNESCO promotes freedom of expression, media development, and access to information as fundamental rights. It also works to address issues related to media literacy, the safety of journalists, and the ethics of artificial intelligence and new technologies.
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Social and Human Sciences: UNESCO supports research and policy development in areas related to social sciences and human development, including issues such as gender equality, human rights, and intercultural dialogue.
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International Collaboration: UNESCO facilitates international cooperation and dialogue among its member states, which currently number 193. It promotes cultural exchange, academic mobility, and the sharing of knowledge and expertise across borders.
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World Heritage: One of UNESCO's most well-known programs is the World Heritage Program, which identifies, protects, and preserves cultural and natural heritage sites of exceptional value to humanity.
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UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program: This program promotes the sustainable use and conservation of natural resources and biodiversity in designated biosphere reserves around the world.
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UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage Program: This program focuses on safeguarding and promoting intangible cultural practices, traditions, and expressions.
5. The Way Forward
- UNESCO's World Heritage Program is an important initiative that helps to protect and preserve cultural and natural heritage sites of outstanding value to humanity.
- It is also a vehicle for promoting international cooperation and dialogue.
- The inscription of the Hoysala temples on the World Heritage List is a reminder of the importance of protecting and preserving our cultural heritage for future generations.
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For Prelims: Hoysala Empire, UNESCO World Heritage sites, Rabindranath Tagore, Santiniketan town, Keshava Temple, Somanathapura, Hoysaleshwara Temple, Halebidu, Chennakeshava Temple, Belur, Western Ghats, Western Chalukya Empire, Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II, Vijayanagara Empire, Kannada literature, Sustainable Development Goal,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the role of temple architecture and cultural practices in the preservation of India's rich cultural heritage. (250 Words)
2. Discuss the historical significance of the Hoysala Empire in southern India. What were the key factors contributing to its rise and eventual decline? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The UNESCO World Heritage Site, “MahabodhiVihar” is situated in which Indian state? (SSC MTS 2017)
A. Madhya Pradesh B. Himachal Pradesh C. Bihar D. Maharashtra
Answer: C
2. Consider the following statements: (MPSC 2019)
a. As of July 2018, a total of 1092 World Heritage sites exist across 167 countries.
b. Italy, with 54 World Heritage sites has the most of any country (up to July 2018).
c. India has 39 World Heritage sites (up to July 2018).
d. A collection of Victorian, Gothic, and Art Deco buildings of Mumbai are declared as World Heritage sites in 2018.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. a, b and d B. b, c and d C. a, b and c D. All of the above
Answer: A
3. Which of the following is correct about Rabindranath Tagore's beliefs about education? (DSSSB PRT 2019)
I. Medium of instruction should be English
II. Nature is the richest source of knowledge.
III. Creative activities should play a central role in education
A. II and III B. I and III C. Only I D. I and II
Answer: A
4. With reference to Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh, which one of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2021)
A. Pingali Venkayya designed the tricolour Indian Nation Flag here.
B. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah led the Quit India Movement of Andhra region from here.
C. Rabindranath Tagore Translated the National Anthem from Bengali to English here.
D. Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott set up headquartes of Theosophical Society first here.
Answer: C
5. Comprehension
Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Santiniketan embodies Rabindranath Tagore’s vision of a place of learning that is unfettered by religious and regional barriers. Established in 1863 with the aim of helping education go beyond the confines of the classroom, Santiniketan grew into the Visva Bharati University in 1921, attracting some of the most creative minds in the country. He developed a curriculum that was a unique blend of art, human values and cultural interchange. Even today, in every step, in every brick and in every tree at Santiniketan, one can still feel his presence, his passion, his dedication and his pride in the institution. In 1862, Maharishi Debendranath Tagore, father of Rabindranath, was taking a boat ride through Birbhum, the westernmost corner of Bengal, when he came across a landscape that struck him as the perfect place for meditation. He bought the large tract of land and built a small house and planted some saplings around it. Debendranath Tagore decided to call the place Santiniketan, or the ‘abode of peace’, because of the serenity it brought to his soul. In 1863, he turned it into a spiritual centre where people from all religions, castes and creeds came and participated in meditation. In the years that followed, Debendranath’s son Rabindranath went on to become one of the most formidable literary forces India has ever produced. He wrote in all literary genres but he was first and foremost a poet. As one of the earliest educators to think in terms of the global village, he envisioned an education that was deeply rooted in one’s immediate surroundings but connected to the cultures of the wider world. Located in the heart of nature, the school aimed to combine education with a sense of obligation towards the larger civic community. Blending the best of western and traditional eastern systems of education, the curriculum revolved organically around nature with classes being held in the open air. Tagore wanted his students to feel free despite being in the formal learning environment of a school because he himself had dropped out of school when he found himself unable to think and felt claustrophobic within the four walls of a classroom. Nature walks and excursions were a part of the curriculum, special attention was paid to natural phenomena and students were encouraged to follow the life cycles of insects, birds and plants. The rural paradise of Santiniketan, Tagore’s erstwhile home, has become a thriving centre of art, education and internationalism over the years.
Which of these statements about Santiniketan is NOT true? (SSC CGL 2020)
A. Santiniketan is located in the western most part of Bengal.
B. Santiniketan grew into Visva Bharati university.
C. At Santiniketan, classes were held in the open air.
D. Santiniketan was set up by Rabindranath Tagore.
Answer: D
6. Hoysaleswara Temple is located in which of the following states? (SSC CHSL 2021)
A. Karnataka B. Odisha C. West Bengal D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: A
7. Hoysaleswara temple at Belur is an example of which type of temple? (ICAR 2022)
A. Nagara B. Vesara C. Dravida D. Mithunas
Answer: B
8. Consider the following statements regarding Hoysala art: (IB ACIO Grade II 2021)
1. The Hoysala style (1050 - 1300 AD) developed in the southern region of Karnataka.
2. Hoysala art may be said to have its starting point in the temple of the early Chalukyas at Aihole, Badami and Pattadkal.
3. An important monument employing this art is the Kesava temple at Belur.
4. Apart from the architectural plan, the Hoysala style attained a few more distinguishing characteristics. For instance, chloritic schist was given up in favour of more tractable sandstone.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 3 and 4 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1 and 2 only
Answer: A
9. Who of the following founded a new city on the south bank of a tributary to river Krishna and undertook to rule his new kingdom as the agent of a deity to whom all the land south of the river Krishna was supposed to belong? (UPSC 2015)
A. Amoghavarsha I B. Ballala II C. Harihara I D. Prataparudra II
Answer: C
10. Vijayanagara Empire was founded by: (DMRC CRA Paper I 2017)
A. Deva Raya I B.Harihara I & Bukka Raya I
C. Ramaraja D. Narasimha Deva Raya
Answer: B
11. Which of the following statements about the Vijayanagara Empire is/are true? (CDS 2016)
1. The kings claimed to rule on behalf of the God Virupaksha.
2. Rulers used the title “Hindu Suratrana” to indicate their close links with the Gods.
3. All royal orders were signed in Kannada, Sanskrit and Tamil.
4. Royal portrait sculpture was now displayed in temples.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 4 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 1, 2 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 4
Answer: D
12. According to Portuguese writer Nuniz, the women in Vijayanagara Empire were experts in which of the following areas? (UPSC 2021)
1. Wrestling
2. Astrology
3. Accounting
4. Soothsaying
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1, 3, and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: 4
13. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. The Dutch established their factories/warehouses on the east coast on lands granted to them by the Gajapati rulers.
2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate.
3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
14. Regarding Indian history, which of the following is/are correct? (UPSC 2021)
1. Arcot Nizamat emerged from Hyderabad state.
2. The Kingdom of Mysore emerged from the Vijayanagara Empire.
3. The kingdom of Rohilkhand was formed from the territories conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. Papers 1 and 2
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3
D. 3 only
Answer: B
15. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2016)
1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome'.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
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C295 AIRCRAFT
The Airbus C295 is a medium-sized twin-engine turboprop transport aircraft designed and manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. It is a versatile aircraft that can be used for a variety of missions, including:
- Tactical transport
- Maritime patrol
- Airborne early warning and control (AEW&C)
- Search and rescue (SAR)
- Medical evacuation (MEDEVAC)
- VIP transport
- Airborne firefighting
- The acquisition of the aircraft is significant for two reasons: First, it will replace the legacy Avro fleet of the IAF, which was acquired in the 1960s, and thus provide a fillip to the IAF’s air transport duties in carrying troops and material to different parts of the country.
- The IAF also operates the C-130J Super Hercules planes in the medium category and the giant C-17 Globemaster III for medium and heavier loads, which it had acquired from the United States
- Secondly, the acquisition sets into motion India’s first-ever ‘Make in India’ Aerospace programme in the private sector, under which the aircraft will be manufactured. So far, the state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has had a monopoly over the manufacture of military aircraft in India
- This will boost India’s aerospace sector with 15,000 high-skilled jobs and 10,000 indirect jobs in the next 10 years
OIML CERTIFICATION
- The OIML stands for International Organisation of Legal Metrology. Established in 1955 and headquartered in Paris, the OIML is an international standard-setting body.
- It develops model regulations, standards and related documents for use by legal metrology authorities and industry
- It plays a crucial role in harmonising national laws and regulations on the performance of measuring instruments like clinical thermometers, alcohol breath analysers, radar speed measuring instruments, ship tanks found at ports, and petrol dispensing units
- India became a member of the OIML in 1956. In the same year, India signed the metric convention.
- The OIML-CS is a system for issuing, registering and using OIML certificates, and their associated OIML type evaluation/test reports, for instruments like digital balance, clinical thermometers, etc.
- With the addition of India, the number of countries authorised to issue OIML certificates has increased to 13
- It is a single certificate accepted worldwide. For example, suppose there is an equipment-manufacturer making digital balances in Noida, and he wants to export to America or to any other country
- Now, the certificates can be issued in India and the equipment will be exportable, acceptable to the entire world
- India applied to become an OIML certificate-issuing authority in March 2023
DIGITAL PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE (DPI)
- Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) is a network of digital services that are essential for economic opportunity and social progress. It includes things like digital identity systems, payment systems, and data exchange platforms. DPI is open and accessible to everyone, and it is designed to be interoperable so that different services can work together seamlessly
- Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) refers to the foundational digital infrastructure and services provided by governments or public entities to support and enhance various aspects of digital governance, public service delivery, and citizen engagement
- DPI encompasses a wide range of technological components and initiatives aimed at creating a digital ecosystem that benefits both government operations and the general public.
- Though the term DPI is relatively new, the concept is not. The internet, powered by common protocols like HTTP, HTML, and SMTP, is a prime example of DPI
- It ensures global information exchange and interoperability
- Telecom, with standards like GSM, SMS, CDMA, and IEEE 802.11, is another example. Loosely defined, DPI is a set of technology building blocks that drive innovation, inclusion, and competition at scale, operating under open, transparent and participatory governance
- India’s history with technology in the public domain began with disconnected applications developed in the ’80s and ’90s
India has undertaken several unique and ambitious Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) initiatives aimed at modernizing governance, improving service delivery, and promoting digital inclusion. Some of India's notable DPI initiatives include:
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Aadhaar: The Aadhaar program is one of the world's largest biometric identification systems. It provides a unique 12-digit identity number to residents of India, based on their biometric and demographic data. Aadhaar is used for authentication and identity verification in various government and private-sector services, including banking, welfare distribution, and more.
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Unified Payments Interface (UPI): UPI is a real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). It enables individuals to make instant money transfers and payments using a mobile phone, facilitating digital transactions and financial inclusion.
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Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN): India's Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a unified indirect tax system. The GSTN is the IT backbone of this taxation system, facilitating online tax registration, return filing, and payment processing. It simplifies tax compliance for businesses and enhances transparency.
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Digital Locker (DigiLocker): DigiLocker is a secure digital document storage and sharing platform provided by the government. It allows citizens to store and access important documents digitally, reducing the need for physical copies and simplifying document verification processes.
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National Digital Health Mission (NDHM): Launched in 2020, NDHM aims to create a digital health ecosystem in India. It includes Health ID for individuals, electronic health records (EHRs), and telemedicine services to improve healthcare accessibility and quality.
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BharatNet: BharatNet is a government program to connect rural and remote areas of India with high-speed broadband internet. It aims to bridge the digital divide by providing affordable internet access to underserved populations.
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e-Governance Services: India has various e-governance portals and services, including the Digital India platform, which offers a wide range of online government services, from applying for government schemes to filing income tax returns.
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National Common Mobility Card (NCMC): NCMC, also known as "One Nation One Card," is a contactless smart card that can be used for multiple modes of transportation, including buses and metro systems across different cities in India.
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e-Hospital Services: The government has established e-hospitals that provide digital services for booking appointments, accessing medical records, and receiving electronic prescriptions, enhancing healthcare delivery.
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GeM (Government e-Marketplace): GeM is an online platform for government procurement. It simplifies the procurement process, reduces corruption, and promotes transparency by allowing government agencies to purchase goods and services from verified vendors.
India Stack is a set of digital infrastructure components and application programming interfaces (APIs) that collectively form a powerful foundation for building various digital services and applications in India. It is designed to facilitate secure, paperless, and presence-less interactions between citizens, businesses, and government entities. India Stack is a key enabler of the country's efforts to promote digital inclusion, financial services, and e-governance.
Key components of India Stack include:
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Aadhaar: Aadhaar is India's biometric identification system, providing a unique 12-digit identity number to residents based on their biometric and demographic data. It is a crucial part of India Stack and serves as a secure means of authentication for various digital services.
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e-KYC (Know Your Customer): e-KYC is a paperless and digital method for customer verification, often using Aadhaar as a means of authentication. It streamlines the process of onboarding customers for financial services, telecommunications, and other sectors.
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Digital Locker (DigiLocker): DigiLocker allows individuals to store and access their digital documents, such as educational certificates, identity cards, and driving licenses. It reduces the reliance on physical documents and simplifies document verification.
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e-Signature: India Stack includes digital signatures that are legally recognized and secure. These digital signatures can be used for signing documents electronically, reducing the need for physical signatures.
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Unified Payments Interface (UPI): UPI is a real-time payment system that facilitates instant money transfers and payments between individuals, businesses, and banks using mobile phones. It simplifies digital transactions.
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Digital Consent: Digital consent frameworks allow individuals to provide permission for sharing their data securely and selectively with authorized entities, enhancing privacy and control over personal information.
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Electronic Health Records (EHR): India Stack supports the creation and sharing of electronic health records, promoting efficient healthcare delivery and patient data management.
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Aadhaar-based e-Signature: India Stack enables the use of Aadhaar for e-signatures, making it easier to sign documents electronically with strong authentication
Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) can play a pivotal role in boosting India's digital infrastructure by providing a robust foundation for the development and expansion of digital services, connectivity, and technological advancements. Here are several ways in which DPI can contribute to the enhancement of India's digital infrastructure:
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Improved Connectivity: DPI initiatives like BharatNet, which aims to provide broadband connectivity to rural and remote areas, can significantly improve internet access and bridge the digital divide. This increased connectivity can support digital education, e-commerce, telemedicine, and other online services.
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Enhanced Digital Identity: Digital identity systems like Aadhaar and e-KYC enable secure and seamless access to various digital services. They reduce the need for physical verification and paperwork, making it easier for individuals to participate in the digital economy.
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Digital Payments: Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and digital payment infrastructure enable cashless transactions and financial inclusion. DPI facilitates secure and convenient digital payments, which are essential for e-commerce, online banking, and digital financial services.
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E-Governance: DPI supports e-governance initiatives by providing platforms for online government services, such as Digital India. Citizens can access government information, apply for services, and track applications online, reducing bureaucratic hurdles and enhancing transparency.
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Data Accessibility: Open data initiatives within DPI make government data available to the public, researchers, and businesses. This data can be used for various purposes, including data-driven decision-making, research, and innovation.
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Digital Health: Digital health infrastructure within DPI, such as electronic health records and telemedicine services, can improve healthcare delivery, especially in remote and underserved areas. Patients can access medical records and receive healthcare remotely.
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Efficient Taxation and Finance: Digital tax systems like the Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) streamline tax compliance for businesses, reducing paperwork and tax evasion. Digital financial infrastructure supports efficient banking and lending services.
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Digital Literacy: DPI initiatives often include digital literacy programs and training to empower individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate the digital world effectively.
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Digital Innovation: DPI fosters an environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship. By providing standardized digital infrastructure, it encourages the development of new applications, services, and startups.
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Cybersecurity and Data Protection: DPI can incorporate cybersecurity measures and data protection standards to ensure the security and privacy of digital interactions, reducing the risk of cyber threats and data breaches.
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Sustainable Development: DPI can support sustainable development by promoting digital services that reduce the need for physical resources, such as paper documents and in-person transactions.
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Previous Year Questions
1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE Prelims, 2018)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only Answer: (d) |
WOMEN RESERVATION BILL
1. Context
- Recently, The Indian government introduced a bill to provide 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and all state Legislative Assemblies, including the seats reserved for SC/STs.
- The bill, titled the 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2023, was introduced by Union Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal. This move is set to have a wide impact on Indian electoral politics.
2. Background
- The call for greater representation of women in politics has been a persistent issue, dating back to even before India's independence.
- During the Constituent Assembly discussions, this topic was on the agenda.
- However, it wasn't until the 1970s that the movement gained significant momentum.
3. Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI)
- In 1971, the Union Ministry of Education and Social Welfare established the Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI).
- This committee was tasked with examining the constitutional, administrative, and legal provisions impacting women's social status, education, and employment, and the overall effect of these provisions.
- The committee's report, titled 'Towards Equality,' highlighted the Indian state's failure to ensure gender equality.
- Following the CSWI report, several Indian states began announcing reservations for women in local governing bodies.
- This was a significant step toward increasing female political representation.
4. National Perspective Plan for Women, 1988-2000
- In 1987, under the leadership of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, a committee chaired by Margaret Alva presented the National Perspective Plan for Women, 1988-2000.
- Among its 353 recommendations was the reservation of seats for women in elected bodies.
- These recommendations played a pivotal role in the subsequent constitutional amendments.
5. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts
- The Constitution was amended with the 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts, which mandated the reservation of one-third of seats for women in Panchayati Raj institutions and offices of the chairperson at all levels of Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies.
- Several states also reserved seats for women within the quotas for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
6. The First Women's Reservation Bill
- The demand for reservation of seats for women in the legislature gained traction after these constitutional amendments.
- In 1996, the government of Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda introduced The Constitution (81st Amendment) Bill, aiming to reserve one-third of seats for women in Parliament and state legislatures.
- The Bill garnered support from various quarters but also faced opposition, particularly from MPs representing OBC communities.
7. Select Committee and Challenges
- The Bill was sent to a Select Committee of Parliament, led by Geeta Mukherjee, which recommended extending reservations to OBC women.
- Despite initial enthusiasm, the government's resolve to pass the Bill waned, and it faced various challenges and opposition within Parliament.
8. Subsequent Attempts and Failures
- Under subsequent governments, including the one led by Inder Kumar Gujral and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, efforts to pass the Women's Reservation Bill faced dramatic disruptions and opposition.
- The Bill was reintroduced several times but failed to gain consensus and lapsed.
- Even during the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government led by Manmohan Singh attempts to pass the Bill were unsuccessful.
- While the Standing Committee approved it, differences between the UPA and the Cabinet prevented its passage in the Lok Sabha, and the Bill lapsed once again.
- The BJP, in its manifestos for the 2014 and 2019 elections, expressed a commitment to provide 33% reservation for women in parliamentary and state assemblies through a constitutional amendment.
- The party has recognized the importance of women as a significant constituency and has been proactive in pushing for women-focused welfare schemes.
9. The WayForward
- As women's political representation gains importance in Indian politics, the journey of the Women's Reservation Bill continues.
- The Sangh Parivar has also identified women as a crucial segment of the population, signalling a growing focus on increasing women's representation in various organizations.
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For Prelims: Women's Reservation Bill, 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill, Committee on the Status of Women in India, Other Backward Classes, Select Committee of Parliament, National Perspective Plan for Women, 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts, Panchayati Raj institutions, urban local bodies, 81st Amendment Bill,
For Mains:
1. What are the key provisions and objectives of the 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2023? Analyze its potential impact on Indian electoral politics and women's representation in legislative bodies. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
Prelims
1. Reservation for women in India is available in (UPTET 2019)
A. Lok Sabha B. Cabinet C. Vidhan Sabha D. Panchayati Raj Institutions
Answer: D
2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. A bill amending the Constitution requires a prior recommendation of the President of India. 2. When a Constitution Amendment Bill is presented to the President of India, it is obligatory for the President of India to give his/her assent.
3. A Constitution Amendment Bill must be passed by both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha by a special majority and there is no provision for joint sitting.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
3. The Committee on the status of women was headed by (Telangana Group 1 2016)
A. Mrinal Gore B. Mamatha Benerjee C. Mary John D. Vina Mazumdar
Answer: D
4. Two of the schemes launched by the Government of India for Women’s development are Swadhar and Swayam Siddha. As regards the difference between them, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010) 1. Swayam Siddha is meant for those in difficult circumstances such as women survivors of natural disasters or terrorism, women prisoners released from jails, mentally challenged women etc., whereas Swadhar is meant for holistic empowerment of women through Self Help Groups.
2. Swayam Siddha is implemented through Local Self Government bodies or reputed Voluntary Organizations whereas Swadhar is implemented through the ICDS units set up in the states.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A.1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: D 5. The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was formed by insertion of Article ______ in the Constitution of India. (SSC CGL 2020) A. 328B B. 338A C. 338B D. 328A Answer: C 6. Consider the following statements: The Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts (UPSC 2013) 1. consists of not more than 25 members of the Lok Sabha.
2. scrutinizes appropriation and finance accounts of the Government.
3. examines the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B 7. With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc. conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation? (UPSC 2018) A.Committee on Government Assurances
B. Committee on Subordinate Legislation
C. Rules Committee
D. Business Advisory Committee
Answer: B 8. The historic 73rd and 74th amendment act relates to (Karnataka PC 2020) A. Local Self Government
B.Anti-Defection
C. Emergency Provisions
D. Parliamentary powers to amend the constitution
Answer: A 9. Which of the following is/are true regarding Urban Local Bodies in India? (UPSC CAPF 2014) 1. The Constitution's 74th Amendment Act envisages three types of urban local bodies, namely Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, and Municipal Corporation. 2. Municipal Corporations are established in cities with a population greater than 1 million.
3. Bombay and Calcutta Corporations were the first Municipal Corporations that were established during British time.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A 10. Consider the following statements : (UPSC 2021)
1. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 recommended granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21.
2. The Government of India Act of 1935 gave women reserved seats in the legislature.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
Mains 1. “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss. (UPSC 2019) 2. Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India? (UPSC 2015) 3. Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organization free from gender bias. Comment. (UPSC 2013) |
