MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE (MPC)
Monetary policy refers to the actions and strategies undertaken by a country's central bank to control and regulate the supply of money, credit availability, and interest rates in an economy. Its primary goal is to achieve specific economic objectives, such as price stability, full employment, and sustainable economic growth.
Central banks use various tools to implement monetary policy, including:
Interest Rates: Adjusting the interest rates at which banks lend to each other (known as the federal funds rate in the United States) influences borrowing and spending in the economy.
Open Market Operations: Buying or selling government securities in the open market to regulate the money supply. When a central bank buys securities, it injects money into the system, and when it sells them, it reduces the money supply.
Reserve Requirements: Mandating the amount of reserves banks must hold, affecting their ability to lend money.
By influencing the availability and cost of money, central banks aim to stabilize prices, control inflation, encourage or discourage borrowing and spending, and promote economic growth. However, the effectiveness of monetary policy can be influenced by various factors such as global economic conditions, fiscal policies, and market expectations.
3.What is the primary objective of the monetary policy?
The primary objective of monetary policy typically revolves around maintaining price stability or controlling inflation within an economy. Central banks often set an inflation target, aiming to keep it at a moderate and steady level. Stable prices help in fostering confidence in the economy, encouraging investment, and ensuring that the value of money remains relatively constant over time.
However, while controlling inflation is often the primary goal, central banks might also consider other objectives, such as:
Full Employment: Some central banks have a secondary objective of supporting maximum employment or reducing unemployment rates.
Economic Growth: Encouraging sustainable economic growth by managing interest rates and credit availability to stimulate or cool down economic activity.
Exchange Rate Stability: In some cases, maintaining stable exchange rates might be an important consideration, especially for countries with open economies heavily reliant on international trade.
These additional objectives can vary depending on the economic conditions, priorities of the government, and the central bank's mandate. Nonetheless, ensuring price stability is typically the fundamental goal of most monetary policies, as it forms the basis for a healthy and growing economy.
4. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
- In line with the amended RBI Act, 1934, Section 45ZB grants authority to the central government to establish a six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) responsible for determining the policy interest rate aimed at achieving the inflation target.
- The inaugural MPC was formed on September 29, 2016. Section 45ZB stipulates that "the Monetary Policy Committee will ascertain the Policy Rate necessary to meet the inflation target" and that "the decisions made by the Monetary Policy Committee will be obligatory for the Bank."
- According to Section 45ZB, the MPC comprises the RBI Governor as the ex officio chairperson, the Deputy Governor overseeing monetary policy, a Bank official nominated by the Central Board, and three individuals appointed by the central government.
- The individuals chosen by the central government must possess "capabilities, ethical standing, expertise, and experience in economics, banking, finance, or monetary policy" (Section 45ZC)
- The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) plays a crucial role in managing inflation through its decisions on the policy interest rate.
- When inflation is too high, the MPC might decide to increase the policy interest rate. This action aims to make borrowing more expensive, which can reduce spending and investment in the economy.
- As a result, it could help decrease demand for goods and services, potentially curbing inflation.
- Conversely, when inflation is too low or the economy needs a boost, the MPC might decrease the policy interest rate.
- This move makes borrowing cheaper, encouraging businesses and individuals to spend and invest more, thus stimulating economic activity and potentially raising inflation closer to the target level.
- The MPC's goal is to use the policy interest rate as a tool to steer inflation toward a target set by the government or central bank.
- By monitoring economic indicators and assessing the current and expected inflation levels, the MPC makes informed decisions to maintain price stability within the economy
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For Prelims: Economic and Social Development
For Mains: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.
2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
2. Concerning the Indian economy, consider the following: (UPSC 2015)
Which of the above is/are component(s) of Monetary Policy? (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 3 and 4 Answer: C 3. An increase in Bank Rate generally indicates: (UPSC 2013) (a) Market rate of interest is likely to fall. (b) Central bank is no longer making loans to commercial banks. (c) Central bank is following an easy money policy. (d) Central bank is following a tight money policy. Answer: (d) 4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017) 1. It decides the RBI's benchmark interest rates. 2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year. 3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only Answer: A |
INDIA-BANGLADESH
2. The Evolution of India-Bangladesh Ties
- The genesis of India's relationship with Bangladesh traces back to the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War when India played a crucial role in providing military and material support for Bangladesh's fight for independence from Pakistan.
- However, in the aftermath, relations faced challenges as military regimes took control, leading to a rise in anti-India sentiment in the mid-1970s.
- Issues such as boundary disputes, insurgency, and water-sharing disputes contributed to the strained ties.
- The situation persisted for several decades until Sheikh Hasina assumed power in 1996, ushering in a new era in bilateral relations.
- Under her leadership, a significant milestone was reached with the signing of a treaty on the sharing of Ganga waters.
- Since then, India and Bangladesh have successfully fostered cooperation in various areas, including trade, energy, infrastructure, connectivity, and defence.
3. India-Bangladesh Economic Ties
- Over the past decade, bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh has demonstrated consistent growth.
- Bangladesh has emerged as India's largest trade partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade surging from $10.8 billion in 2020-21 to $18 billion in 2021-2022.
- However, a slight dip occurred in 2022-23 due to the impact of the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.
- In return, India stands as Bangladesh's second-largest trade partner, with exports amounting to $2 billion in the Indian markets.
- In 2022, both countries successfully concluded a joint feasibility study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
- This agreement, designed to reduce or eliminate customs duties on traded goods and streamline trade norms, is expected to unlock broader social and economic opportunities.
- The CEPA gains added significance as Bangladesh is poised to lose its Least Developed Country (LDC) status after 2026, thereby forfeiting its duty-free and quota-free market access in India.
- Dhaka is keen to finalize a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with New Delhi and simultaneously pursue the China-backed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This dual-track approach raises concerns for India.
4. India's Infrastructural Investments in Bangladesh
- As a significant development partner for Bangladesh, India has been actively contributing to various infrastructure and connectivity projects.
- Since 2010, India has provided Lines of Credit totalling over $7 billion. A milestone in this collaboration was achieved last year when Prime Minister Modi and Sheikh Hasina inaugurated the Akhaura-Agartala rail link, connecting Bangladesh and the northeast through Tripura.
- This link grants India access to Chattogram and Mongla ports in Bangladesh, facilitating cargo movement and poised to stimulate small-scale industries while fostering the development of Assam and Tripura.
- In the energy sector, Bangladesh imports nearly 2,000 megawatts of electricity from India.
- The BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity is instrumental in connecting major transport projects in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand, thereby establishing a comprehensive shipping network.
- India's focus is likely to be on the Matarbari Port, situated approximately 100 km from Tripura, being developed by Bangladesh.
- This port will play a pivotal role in establishing a crucial industrial corridor, connecting Dhaka with the northeastern part of India.
5. Navigating Challenges in the India-Bangladesh Relationship
- Several points of tension mark the diplomatic landscape between India and Bangladesh.
- Foremost among them is the impending Teesta dispute, which holds a central position in the agenda of the Hasina-led government.
- This dispute revolves around the equitable sharing of Teesta's waters, with Bangladesh seeking a fair distribution.
- Another source of contention is the Rohingya issue. The Hasina government aims for the peaceful repatriation of Rohingyas to Myanmar, but talks with the military junta have proven unsuccessful thus far.
- Bangladesh seeks India's cooperation to influence Myanmar, but the Modi government, with ties to the junta, asserts its intention to deport Rohingyas from its mainland.
- Cross-border terrorism and infiltration pose additional threats to internal security. The rise of majoritarian forces adds complexity to the already intricate landscape.
- While violence against Muslims has increased in India in recent years, Prime Minister Hasina has consistently condemned these attacks and expressed dissatisfaction with comments by Indian leaders concerning "illegal" immigrants.
6. Global Influences on the India-Bangladesh Relationship
- The Awami League government under Sheikh Hasina has faced vocal criticism from the U.S., particularly concerning "democratic backsliding."
- In 2021, the Biden administration imposed sanctions on a Bangladeshi anti-crime and anti-terrorism task force, citing human rights violations.
- Tensions escalated further as the U.S. announced a policy to restrict visas for Bangladeshis deemed responsible for undermining the election process in the country. This external pressure has implications for the global ties of Bangladesh.
- Adding to India's concerns is the deepening relationship between Bangladesh and China, marked by substantial Chinese investments in infrastructure in recent years.
- According to the Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh, China has undertaken the construction of 12 highways, 21 bridges, and 27 power and energy projects in Bangladesh.
- However, Prime Minister Hasina has asserted that her government is "very much careful" about its partnership with China.
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For Prelims: India-Bangladesh, Free Trade Agreement, Rohingyas, Teesta River, BIMSTEC, Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
For Mains:
1. Assess the role of China's growing influence in Bangladesh and its implications for the India-Bangladesh relationship. How can India navigate this complex geopolitical landscape? (250 Words)
2. Discuss the potential benefits of the BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity for India, Bangladesh, and the broader region. What are the key considerations for effective implementation and ensuring equitable benefits? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 2. Consider the following countries: (UPSC 2018)
1. Australia
2. Canada
3. China
4. India
5. Japan
6. USA
Which of the above are among the free-trade partners' of ASEAN?
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 B. 3 , 4, 5 and 6 C. 1, 3, 4 and 5 D. 2, 3, 4 and 6
3. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if (UPSC 2018) (a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output. 4. The SEZ Act, 2005 which came into effect in February 2006 has certain objectives. In this context, consider the following: (UPSC 2010)
Which of the above are the objectives of this Act? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
5. A “closed economy” is an economy in which (UPSC 2011) (a) the money supply is fully controlled
6. Consider the following pairs:(UPSC 2016)
Community is sometimes mentioned in the news In the affairs of
1. Kurd Bangladesh
2. Madhesi Nepal
3. Rohingya Myanmar
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 D. 3 only
7. With reference to the BIMSTEC, which of the following statements is/are true? (UPPSC 2022)
1. P. M. Narendra Modi addressed the 5th BIMSTEC Summit on 30th March 2022.
2. 5th Summit of BIMSTEC had been chaired by India.
Select the correct answer from the code given below:
A. Neither 1 nor 2
B. Both 1 and 2
C. Only 2
D. Only 1
8. Which of the following statement/s is/are true about the three-day international Seminar on 'Climate Smart Farming System' for BIMSTEC countries held during December 11-13, 2019? (UPPSC 2020)
1. It was held at Katmandu, Nepal.
2. It was aimed to have experience sharing for more resilience to climate change through an ecological approach to enable the improvement of tropical small-holding farming systems.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
A. Only 1 B. Only 2 C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
9. The term 'Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; often appears in the news in the context of the affairs of a group of countries known as (UPSC 2016)
A. G20 B. ASEAN C. SCO D. SAARC
10. Recently, with which one of the following countries did India sign the 'Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement' ? (UPSC CAPF 2022)
A. Egypt B. Israel C. South Africa D. United Arab Emirates
Answers: 1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-A, 5- D, 6-C, 7-D, 8-B, 9-B, 10- D
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UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (UGC)
The primary functions of the UGC include:
- Allocating funds to universities and colleges.
- Formulating and implementing academic standards for higher education institutions.
- Monitoring and maintaining the quality of teaching, research, and examinations in universities.
- Providing guidance and coordination among universities and colleges in the country.
- Supporting and promoting innovations and improvements in the education system
University Grants Commission (UGC) Appointment, Tenure, and Eligibility
| Position | Appointment Method | Tenure | Minimum Eligibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chairperson | Appointed by the President of India | 5 years, extendable for another 5 years (subject to review) | Distinguished academician with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in a University system or 10 years in equivalent position at a reputed research/academic administrative organization. * Eminence in higher education. * No connection with the concerned university or its colleges. |
| Member | Appointed by the President of India | 5 years, extendable for another 5 years (subject to review) | Renowned scholar/expert with: * Proven track record in teaching/research/administration in relevant field. * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor/equivalent in a University/College/Institute of national importance. * Demonstrated commitment to higher education development. |
| Vice-Chancellor (University) | Appointed by Executive Council of the University | 5 years, extendable for another 5 years | Distinguished academician with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in a University system or 10 years in equivalent position at a reputed research/academic administrative organization. * Eminence in the sphere of higher education. * No connection with the concerned university or its colleges. |
| Dean (Faculty) or Director (School/Institute) | Appointed by Executive Council of the University/Governing Council of the Institute | 5 years, extendable for another 5 years | Eminent scholar with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in relevant field. * Exceptional research record and contributions to the discipline. * Strong administrative and leadership skills. |
| Professor | Through Selection Committee constituted by the University | Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review | Ph.D. in relevant subject with: * Proven track record of research publications in peer-reviewed journals. * Significant contribution to the discipline. * Experience in research supervision. |
| Associate Professor | Through Selection Committee constituted by the University | Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review | Ph.D. in relevant subject with: * Good academic record and publications. * Minimum 8 years of teaching/research experience in relevant field. |
| Assistant Professor | Through Selection Committee constituted by the University | Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review | Master's degree with at least 55% marks and Ph.D. in relevant/allied/cognate discipline OR Master's degree with NET/SLET/SET qualification. |
The University Grants Commission (UGC) operates under statutory provisions outlined primarily in the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. Here are some of the key statutory provisions governing the UGC:
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University Grants Commission Act, 1956: This is the primary legislation that established the UGC. It defines the roles, functions, powers, and responsibilities of the Commission. It also outlines the composition of the UGC, appointment procedures, and its authority to allocate funds to universities and colleges.
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UGC (Institutions Deemed to be Universities) Regulations, 2016: These regulations provide guidelines for institutions seeking the status of "Deemed to be University." They specify the criteria, application process, and conditions for granting this status.
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UGC (Minimum Standards of Instruction for the Grant of the First Degree through Non-formal/Distance Education) Regulations, 2017: These regulations specify the minimum standards for offering programs through distance education mode, ensuring quality education delivery.
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UGC (Open and Distance Learning) Regulations, 2017: These regulations govern the standards and norms for open and distance learning programs offered by universities and institutions in India.
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UGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Standards in Private Universities) Regulations, 2003: These regulations outline the norms and standards for the establishment and functioning of private universities, ensuring quality education.
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UGC (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal of Sexual Harassment of Women Employees and Students in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2015: These regulations mandate higher educational institutions to establish mechanisms for preventing and addressing sexual harassment.
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UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2012: These regulations aim to promote equity in higher education, focusing on providing opportunities to disadvantaged sections of society.
- UGC allocates funds to universities and colleges for their development, improvement, and maintenance
- Provides financial assistance to encourage and support research activities in various academic disciplines
- UGC establishes and maintains academic standards in higher education to ensure quality across universities and colleges
- Develops frameworks and guidelines for curriculum development in different academic programs
- UGC recognizes universities in India and provides approval for the establishment of new universities
- Monitors the quality of education, teaching, research, and examinations in universities to ensure adherence to set standards
- UGC promotes and supports research activities by providing grants, fellowships, and scholarships to students and faculty members
- Facilitates coordination and cooperation among universities and other higher educational institutions
- Advises the Central and State governments on matters related to higher education policies, regulations, and development
- Provides guidance, assistance, and recommendations to universities for enhancing their academic and research standards
- Conducts assessments and accredits higher education institutions to ensure and improve quality
- Undertakes periodic reviews and assessments to maintain and enhance the quality of education
- Implements programs and initiatives to promote access to higher education for underprivileged and marginalized sections of society
- Develops and revises regulations and guidelines governing various aspects of higher education, such as distance education, deemed universities, private universities, etc
- Collects, analyzes, and maintains data related to higher education for policy formulation and decision-making purposes
- Central Universities: Established by an Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the central government.
- State Universities: Established by state governments within their respective states.
- Deemed Universities: Granted the status of "Deemed to be University" by the University Grants Commission (UGC)
- Many colleges are affiliated with universities and offer undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The degrees awarded by these colleges are conferred by the affiliated university
- Some colleges have been granted autonomy by the University Grants Commission or the respective university. These colleges have the authority to design their curriculum and conduct examinations, and they award degrees on their own
- Certain institutes, like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), and others designated as Institutes of National Importance, have the authority to award degrees
- Institutions like Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and others recognized by the Distance Education Bureau (DEB) offer distance education programs and award degrees
The University Grants Commission (UGC) in India has a rich historical background that traces back to the pre-independence era and has evolved significantly over time:
Pre-Independence Era:
- 1920s-1940s: Before India gained independence, the idea of a body to oversee and promote higher education emerged. The need for such an institution was discussed during the 1920s and 1930s.
Post-Independence Formation:
- 1947: After India gained independence in 1947, discussions intensified regarding the establishment of a commission to oversee higher education and allocate funds to universities and colleges.
- 1950: The UGC was initially set up as an ad-hoc committee to oversee the allocation of grants to universities and colleges.
- 1956: The University Grants Commission Act was passed on December 28, 1956, establishing the UGC as a statutory body. This formalized its role in overseeing and promoting higher education.
Evolution and Functions:
- Early Years: Initially, the UGC focused on disbursing grants and fostering the development of universities and colleges.
- Expanding Role: Over time, the UGC's role expanded to encompass setting academic standards, promoting research, and advising the government on higher education policies.
- Regulatory Functions: It started playing a more regulatory role by formulating guidelines and regulations for various aspects of higher education.
Milestones and Amendments:
- 1960s-1970s: The UGC underwent amendments to accommodate changes in the higher education landscape and to enhance its effectiveness.
- Subsequent Decades: The UGC continued to evolve, adapting to the changing needs of higher education, introducing reforms, and addressing emerging challenges.
GAGANYAAN
1. Context
India's Gaganyaan Mission is the country's first human spaceflight programme and represents a major step towards achieving indigenous human spaceflight capability. Since astronauts will be onboard, every mission component must meet stringent human-rating standards to ensure maximum safety, reliability, and mission success. To validate these standards, ISRO has undertaken several critical development activities. The Human Rated Launch Vehicle (HLVM3) has been upgraded with enhanced reliability, redundant systems, and rigorous quality assurance to safely transport astronauts into low Earth orbit
2. Gaganyaan Mission
- Gaganyaan, meaning "Sky Craft" in Sanskrit, is India's ambitious human spaceflight program aimed at sending Indian astronauts to space.
- It is a testament to India's growing prowess in the field of space exploration and a source of immense national pride.
- The program, spearheaded by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), envisions launching a crewed orbital spacecraft into low Earth orbit (LEO) for a period of up to seven days.
- The spacecraft will carry three astronauts, marking a historic first for India.
3. About The TV-D1 Mission
- The TV-D1 mission consists of two abort missions designed to test the safety mechanisms that will allow the Gaganyaan crew to escape the spacecraft during emergencies.
- In this mission, a rocket will ascend to an altitude of nearly 17 km before an abort signal triggers the separation of the crew module.
- The crew module will then descend using a parachute for a splashdown in the Bay of Bengal.
- The TV-D1 mission will have a total duration of 532 seconds, from liftoff at 8 a.m. to the crew module's splashdown about 10 km from the Sriharikota coast.
- The rocket used for this mission is ISRO's low-cost Test Vehicle, designed specifically for system testing.
- During the flight, the rocket will reach a peak relative velocity of 363 meters per second, approximately 1307 km per hour. It's important to note that the crew module will be empty for this test.
4. Key Objectives of the TV-D1 Mission
The TV-D1 mission serves two primary objectives.
- It aims to demonstrate the capabilities of the new Test Vehicle, hence its name Test Vehicle-Demonstration 1 (TV-D1).
- It will showcase a basic version of the crew module, testing the systems responsible for separating the crew module from the rocket during an abort mission and ensuring the safe escape of astronauts.
The TV-D1 mission simulates an abort condition during the ascent trajectory, corresponding to a Mach number of 1.2, as anticipated in the Gaganyaan mission.
5. The Low-Cost Test Vehicle
- Unlike the upcoming full-fledged test flight of the crew module into space and back, which will use the human-rated LVM3 rocket in 2024, the TV-D1 mission employs a low-cost basic rocket.
- This Test Vehicle utilizes existing liquid propulsion technology but introduces innovations such as the throttleable and restartable L110 Vikas engine, capable of controlling propellant use.
- ISRO developed this cost-effective solution as each GSLV Mk III launch, which was previously used for such missions, costs between Rs 300-400 crore.
6. Safety and Crew Escape System
- Safety remains a top priority for ISRO in the Gaganyaan project, especially in light of international incidents involving space missions.
- The TV-D1 mission aims to test the systems ensuring the crew module's safety, such as environmental control, life support systems, and an integrated vehicle health management system.
- This system can detect anomalies that may jeopardize astronauts' safety and initiate mission abort procedures.
7. Preparations and Timeline for Gaganyaan
- ISRO has set a target timeframe for the Gaganyaan mission in 2024, with flexibility based on the development stages and ensuring the mission's safety.
- The schedule includes an unmanned mission at the beginning of the next year, abort missions this year, and discussions of the manned mission for late 2024 or early 2025.
- ISRO has completed the human rating of the LVM 3 rocket and performed static tests for human-rated solid rocket boosters.
8. Conclusion
The TV-D1 mission represents a significant milestone in the Gaganyaan program, as it integrates a near-complete system for a flight test. The success of this mission paved the way for further qualification tests and unmanned missions, ultimately leading to the first Gaganyaan mission with Indian astronauts. ISRO's dedication to safety and rigorous testing is paramount as India advances its space exploration endeavours.
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For Prelims: Gaganyaan programme, TV-D1 mission, Low Earth Orbit, Isro, LVM3, GSLV Mk III,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the key objectives of the TV-D1 mission within the Gaganyaan program. How does this mission contribute to astronaut safety and the overall success of Gaganyaan? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 only
Answer: A
2. India's first human space mission "Gaganyaan" will be launched in which year? (ESIC UDC 2022)
A. 2022 B. 2023 C. 2024 D. 2025 E. 2026
Answer: B
3. Find the incorrect statements, about the Gaganyaan Mission of India. (MPSC 2020)
1. Four pilots from Indian Air Force were shortlisted to be astronauts of Gaganyaan.
2. They will be trained at Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Centre in Russia.
3. This mission was announced by Prime Minister in 2014.
4. It is scheduled for 2022 with a team of 5 crew members and a month-long stay in space.
A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 2, 3, 4 C. 3, 4 D. 2, 3
Answer: C
4. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020)
A. space research B. agricultural research C. seed research D. marine research Answer: A
5. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (UPSC 2014) Spacecraft Purpose
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B 6. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2016) The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO 1. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: C |
Source: The Indian Express
EL NINO AND MONSOON
1. Context
2. Key Takeaways
- The monsoon rains have helped to improve crop yields, which has led to higher production and incomes for farmers.
- This has also helped to reduce food prices and improve food security in India.
- The monsoon rains are a welcome respite for India, which has been hit by several droughts in recent years.
- The good rains have helped to improve the lives of millions of farmers and their families and have boosted the Indian economy.
3. La Nina Brings Bountiful Rainfall to India
- La Nina is a climate pattern that occurs every few years when the central and eastern Pacific Ocean cools.
- This cooling leads to changes in the atmosphere, including stronger trade winds and increased evaporation.
- These changes can lead to increased rainfall in India, which is why the country has experienced four consecutive years of good monsoons since 2019.
- La Nina is caused by a natural cycle of ocean and atmospheric changes. The cycle is called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
- During La Nina, the trade winds blow stronger than usual, which pushes warm water away from the western Pacific Ocean and towards the east. This leaves the eastern Pacific Ocean cooler than usual.
- The cooler water in the eastern Pacific Ocean leads to increased evaporation, which creates more clouds and rain.
- The monsoon rains have helped to improve crop yields and boost agricultural production in India.
- This has led to higher incomes for farmers and reduced food prices for consumers.
- The good rains have also helped to improve food security in India by reducing the risk of drought and famine.
- The La Nina event that occurred from July-September 2020 to December-February 2022-23 was one of the longest ever.
- It brought copious rains to India, just as two previous “strong” La Ninas in 2007-08 and 2010-11, followed by one “moderate” episode in 2011-12, had done.
- The most recent Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) value, which is a three-month running average of sea surface temperature (SST) deviation from the normal in the east-central equatorial Pacific, was minus 0.4 degrees Celsius for January-March 2023.
- Since La Nina is characterized by a negative ONI exceeding or equal to minus 0.5 degrees, it means that the so-called ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) cycle has entered a “neutral” phase.
- It is important to note that La Nina is a natural climate pattern and its effects can vary from year to year.
- However, the good monsoon rains that India has experienced since 2019 are a clear sign of the benefits that La Nina can bring to the country.
4. El Nino effect on India's Monsoon
- While La Nina brings good rainfall to India, the opposite "warm" phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle poses a threat.
- During El Nino, the trade winds weaken or reverse, causing warm water masses to shift towards the central and eastern equatorial Pacific.
- This results in increased rainfall in western Latin America, the Caribbean, and the US Gulf Coast, while Southeast Asia, Australia, and India experience reduced convective currents.
6. Forecasts and Implications
- The Australian Bureau of Meteorology forecasts a 50% chance of El Nino development later in 2023, which is double the normal likelihood.
- Warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have already emerged in parts of the eastern tropical Pacific.
- The India Meteorological Department is scheduled to release its first long-range forecast for the 2023 southwest monsoon.
7. Historical Impact of El Nino on Indian Agriculture
- Drought years and monsoon failures in India have been closely associated with El Nino events of varying intensity since Independence.
- The only exception was 1966-67, while the preceding year experienced a "strong" El Nino. However, not all El Nino years have resulted in agricultural decline.
- Examples include 1982-83 and 1997-98, which saw only marginal decreases in foodgrain output.
- Positive agricultural GDP growth was observed in 1951-52, 1963-64, 1968-69, and 1994-95, coinciding with "moderate" El Nino events.
8. Outlook for 2023
- There is a high statistical probability that 2023 could break the streak of good rainfall years since 2019.
- The likelihood of this outcome remains high, regardless of the presence or strength of El Nino. However, even if El Nino occurs, it may manifest as a "weak" event.
9. Implications and Challenges
- In light of the potential decrease in monsoon rainfall, policymakers and industries, including tractor companies that have experienced record-high sales in recent years, must prepare for a subpar monsoon season.
- The associated political challenges are also significant, given the upcoming national Lok Sabha polls in April-May 2024, heightening the importance of managing the situation effectively.
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For Prelims: El Nino, La Lina, GDP, Rainfall, sea surface temperatures, El Nino Southern Oscillation, Monsoon, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic Nino Index,
For Mains:
1. What is El Nino? Explain El Nino Threat to India's Monsoon and discuss its impact on Indian Agriculture. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. A new type of El Nino called El Nino Modoki appeared in the news. In this context, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. Normal El Nino forms in the Central Pacific ocean whereas El Nino Modoki forms in the Eastern Pacific ocean.
2. Normal El Nino results in diminished hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean but El Nino Modoki results in a greater number of hurricanes with greater frequency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
2. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (UPSC 2011)
1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has an adverse effect on the south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on the monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
3. Consider the following statements: (MPSC 2017)
a. La Nina is a little girl.
b. During the time of La Nina cold water in the ocean rises to the surface.
c. La Nina strengthens the Indian monsoon.
d. During the time of El Nino, trade winds weaken, and warm water moves east in the ocean. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. Only a and b B. a, b and c C. Only b and c D. All of the above
Answer: D
4. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is (SSC CGL 2022)
A. Total value of tradable goods produced in a year.
B. Total value of monetary and non-monetary goods and services within a year.
C. Total value of economic transactions done within a country within a year.
D. None of the above
Answer: D
5. With reference to India economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)
1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade. 2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
6. With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2020)
1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.
2. OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
7. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an EI Nino's impact on the monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
8. "EL Nino" refers to a temperature anomaly in the ________ ocean. (NTPC 2017)
A. Indian B. Pacific C. Southern D. Atlantic
Answer: B
9. The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? (UPSC 2012)
1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected.
2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected.
3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected.
4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: A
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DARK PATTERNS
- Dark patterns, often referred to as deceptive design practices, are intentionally crafted user interface techniques embedded in websites or applications to influence users into revealing personal information or making decisions they would not ordinarily choose. These tactics exploit user behaviour through misleading or coercive design elements.
- Common examples of dark patterns include requiring users to disclose personal details before accessing products or services, making the process of cancelling subscriptions unnecessarily complicated, and using persistent promotional calls or messages to pressure consumers into purchasing products.
- A simple illustration of a dark pattern is a pop-up advertisement that repeatedly appears on a webpage, where the close button ("X") is deliberately made tiny, hidden, or difficult to click. As a result, users may accidentally click on the advertisement instead of closing it, increasing unwanted engagement.
- These deceptive strategies commonly involve manipulative interface designs such as automatic subscription renewals, complicated cancellation procedures, misleading price displays, confusing consent requests, personalised recommendations designed to influence choices, gamification techniques, and behavioural nudges that steer consumers towards decisions that primarily benefit the service provider.
- The expression "dark patterns" was introduced by Harry Brignull, a user experience (UX) designer based in London, in 2010 to describe these unethical design practices
On 1 December 2023, the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) released comprehensive guidelines aimed at preventing and regulating the use of dark patterns in digital platforms. The guidelines identify 13 specific categories of deceptive practices that businesses must avoid.
(i) False Urgency:
This practice creates an artificial feeling of scarcity or time pressure to influence consumers into making quick decisions. Examples include falsely claiming that a product is in limited supply or exaggerating its popularity to encourage immediate purchases.
(ii) Basket Sneaking:
Additional products or services are secretly added to a consumer's shopping cart without their explicit knowledge or approval, increasing the final purchase amount.
(iii) Confirm Shaming:
Users are manipulated through guilt-inducing messages or criticism for choosing not to accept an offer, subscribe, or complete a transaction.
(iv) Forced Action:
Consumers are compelled to perform actions they may not otherwise choose, such as creating an account, sharing personal information, or subscribing to a service before accessing desired content or features.
(v) Nagging:
Users are repeatedly interrupted by persistent notifications, reminders, pop-ups, or prompts encouraging them to complete a purchase or engage with a service, even when they have not consented to such repeated interactions.
(vi) Subscription Traps:
Signing up for a service is made simple, while cancelling it is intentionally made difficult through hidden options, multiple procedural steps, ambiguous instructions, or compulsory payment authorisations, including for free trial subscriptions.
(vii) Bait and Switch:
Consumers are attracted through advertisements promoting one product or service, but are ultimately provided with a different or inferior alternative.
(viii) Rogue Malware:
Users are deceived into believing that their device is infected with harmful software through fake security alerts or ransomware messages, prompting them to purchase fraudulent antivirus tools that may actually install malicious software.
(ix) Disguised Advertisements:
Advertisements are intentionally designed to resemble editorial content, news reports, reviews, or user-generated material, making it difficult for consumers to distinguish promotional content from genuine information.
(x) Interface Interference:
The design of a website or application is manipulated to emphasise certain choices while concealing or downplaying other important information, thereby steering users toward decisions that primarily benefit the platform.
(xi) Drip Pricing:
The complete cost of a product or service is not disclosed at the beginning of the purchase process. Additional charges are gradually introduced later, after users have invested time in the transaction. Similarly, products advertised as "free" may require undisclosed in-app purchases or payments for continued use.
(xii) Trick Questions:
Confusing wording, double negatives, ambiguous language, or misleading questions are deliberately used to influence consumers into selecting options they did not intend to choose.
(xiii) SaaS Billing:
In Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) business models, recurring subscription payments are collected through billing practices that exploit automatic renewals, making it difficult for users to recognise, control, or discontinue recurring charges
Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) has been established under Section 10(1) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. This legislation replaced the earlier Consumer Protection Act, 1986, with the objective of expanding the legal framework to address emerging consumer protection challenges. The Act came into effect on 24 July 2020. The primary mandate of the CCPA is to safeguard consumer rights by preventing and addressing unfair trade practices, misleading or false advertisements, and other activities that adversely affect the interests of consumers and the general public. |
- The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has introduced several measures to prevent the use of dark patterns in the insurance sector and promote fair, transparent, and consumer-friendly practices.
- Insurers and insurance intermediaries are required to provide clear, accurate, and easily understandable information about policy features, premiums, exclusions, terms, and conditions, enabling customers to make informed decisions.
- IRDAI has directed insurers to avoid misleading advertisements, hidden charges, pre-selected options, deceptive consent mechanisms, and other manipulative digital practices that may influence consumer choices unfairly.
- The regulator has also strengthened disclosure requirements, simplified policy documents, and established robust grievance redressal mechanisms to ensure that policyholders can easily resolve complaints.
- In addition, IRDAI encourages insurers to adopt ethical digital interface designs, enhance transparency in online sales, and ensure that customers can purchase, renew, or discontinue insurance products without unnecessary obstacles or coercive practices.
- These initiatives aim to protect policyholders, improve consumer confidence, and promote accountability within the insurance industry.
Ethical Implications
Dark patterns raise significant ethical concerns because they undermine consumer autonomy and exploit behavioural biases for commercial gain.
- Violation of Informed Consent: Users are often manipulated into making decisions without fully understanding the consequences, compromising genuine and informed consent.
- Erosion of Consumer Autonomy: Deceptive interface designs restrict users' ability to make free and rational choices.
- Breach of Trust: The use of misleading tactics damages consumer confidence in digital platforms and online businesses.
- Privacy Concerns: Many dark patterns encourage or coerce users into sharing excessive personal data, threatening their privacy and data security.
- Manipulation of Vulnerable Groups: Children, elderly individuals, and digitally inexperienced users are particularly susceptible to deceptive design practices.
- Unfair Business Practices: Companies employing dark patterns gain an unfair competitive advantage over businesses that follow ethical and transparent practices.
- Lack of Transparency: Hidden fees, disguised advertisements, and misleading interfaces reduce openness and accountability in digital transactions.
Economic Implications
Dark patterns have far-reaching economic consequences for consumers, businesses, and the digital economy.
- Financial Losses for Consumers: Hidden charges, unintended subscriptions, and automatic renewals increase consumer expenditure without informed approval.
- Higher Consumer Complaints: Misleading practices result in increased disputes, refund requests, and litigation, raising compliance and operational costs for businesses.
- Reduced Market Efficiency: When consumers make decisions based on manipulated information, competition becomes distorted and efficient allocation of resources is affected.
- Loss of Consumer Confidence: Declining trust in digital platforms can reduce online transactions and slow the growth of the digital economy.
- Regulatory and Compliance Costs: Businesses may incur substantial penalties, legal expenses, and compliance costs due to stricter consumer protection regulations.
- Reputational Damage: Companies found using deceptive practices may suffer long-term brand erosion, customer attrition, and reduced market value.
- Innovation Disincentives: Firms relying on manipulative designs may prioritise deceptive marketing over improving product quality and customer experience, thereby discouraging genuine innovation.
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For Prelims: Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), Dark Patterns, Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
For Mains: GS II-Government policies and interventions
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