INTEGRATED MAINS AND PRELIMS MENTORSHIP (IMPM) 2025 Daily KEY
| Exclusive for Subscribers Daily:
Kuki - Zomi Tribe and Conference of the Parties its significance for the UPSC Exam? Why are topics like Right to Vote in India, Representation of the People Act (RP), 1951 , Article 19(1)(a) important for both preliminary and main exams? Discover more insights in the UPSC Exam Notes for November 12, 2025 |
For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international Significance like Conference of Parties (CoP)
For Mains Examination: GS III - Environment and Ecology
Context:
The 30th edition of the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30), the annual two-week climate talks beginning in Belem, Brazil, on Monday, is as much about restoring the credibility of this UN-mandated negotiating process as it is about saving global climate.
Read about:
What is Conference of the Parties or COP?
What were the major outcomes of the COP29?
Key takeaways:
- In 1992, during the Rio Earth Summit, a total of 154 nations signed a global environmental agreement known as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
- The primary objective of this treaty was to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at levels that would prevent harmful human-induced interference with the Earth’s climate system.
- The Convention came into effect two years later, and since then, member countries have been meeting annually at various global venues under what are called Conferences of the Parties (COPs). Presently, the UNFCCC has 198 member nations.
- Despite over three decades of negotiations and numerous climate-friendly initiatives, these efforts have had limited success in halting the rise in global temperatures. Greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, and at the current rate, the world remains far from achieving the 2030 target of cutting emissions by 43% below 2019 levels.
- Developing nations have consistently voiced dissatisfaction over inadequate attention to their needs, especially regarding climate finance and technology transfer, which developed nations are obliged to support.
- Adding to the challenge, the United States, the largest historical emitter, has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement once again, without any punitive consequences.
- Brazil, as the host and president of COP30, has emphasized rebuilding trust in the multilateral process to pave the way for stronger and more cooperative climate outcomes.
- Unlike earlier summits that focused on landmark decisions, the Belem COP is expected to center around enhancing multilateral cooperation, improving the implementation of commitments, and prioritizing climate adaptation—a pressing concern for developing countries.
- The meeting also seeks to make progress on establishing a Global Goal on Adaptation, with measurable indicators to track reductions in vulnerability and improvements in resilience among communities, ecosystems, and biodiversity.
- From India’s perspective, the country’s key focus areas include the possible release of its updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). India has yet to announce its NDC for 2035, as required under the Paris Agreement.
- While the preparation of a national adaptation plan is voluntary, India has already completed its first NAP and is expected to unveil it soon. Though not formally tied to COP30, India may use the platform to announce these crucial climate policy documents