GREAT ANDAMAN NICOBAR

1. Context

2. The proposal for a greenfield city

• A greenfield city has been proposed including an International Container Transhipment Terminal (ICTT), a greenfield international airport, a power plant and a township for the personnel who will implement the project.
• The proposed port will allow Great Nicobar to participate in the regional and global maritime economy by becoming a major player in cargo transhipment.
• The port will be controlled by the Indian Navy, while the airport will have dual military-civilian functions and will cater to tourism as well.
• Roads, public transport, water supply and waste management facilities and several hotels have been planned to cater to tourists.

• Development activities are proposed to commence in the current financial year and the port is expected to be commissioned by 2027-28.
• More than 1 lakh new direct jobs and 1.5 lakh indirect jobs are likely to be created on the island throughout development.

Image source: Research Gate

3. About the Island

• Great Nicobar, the southernmost of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, has an area of 910 sq km.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a cluster of about 836 islands in the eastern Bay of Bengal, the two groups of which are separated by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel.
• The Andaman Islands lie to the north of the channel and the Nicobar Islands to the South.
• Indira Point on the Southern tip of Great Nicobar Island is India's southernmost point, less than 150 km from the northernmost island of the Indonesian archipelago.
• Great Nicobar is home to two national parks, and a biosphere reserve and the Shompen and Nicobarese tribal peoples, along with ex-servicemen from Punjab, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh were settled on the island in the 1970s.

4. Shompen

• The Shompen are hunter-gatherers who depend on forest and marine resources for sustenance.
• The Nicobarese, who lived along the west coast of the island mostly relocated after the 2004 tsunami.
• An estimated 237 Shompen and 1,094 Nicobarese individuals now live in a 751 sq km tribal reserve 84 sq km of which is proposed to be denotified.
• The approximately 8, 000 settlers who live on the island are engaged in agriculture, horticulture and fishing.

5. The purpose

• The island has a lot of tourism potential, but the government's greater goal is to leverage the locational advantage of the island for economic and strategic reasons.
• Great Nicobar is equidistant from Colombo to the southwest and Port Klang and Singapore to the southeast and positioned close to the East-West international shipping corridor, through which a very large part of the world's shipping trade passes.
• The proposed ICTT can potentially become a hub for cargo ships travelling on this route.
• The proposal to develop Great Nicobar was first floated in the 1970s and its importance for national security and consolidation of the Indian Ocean Region has been repeatedly underlined.
• Increasing Chinese assertion in the Bay of Bengal and the Indo-Pacific has added great urgency to this imperative in recent years.

6. The concerns

• The proposed massive infrastructure development in an ecologically important and fragile region, including the feeling of almost a million trees, has alarmed many environmentalists.
• The loss of tree cover will not only affect the flora and fauna on the island, but it will also lead to increased runoff and sediment deposits in the ocean, impacting the coral reefs in the area, they have cautioned.
• Coral reefs, already under threat from warming oceans are of enormous ecological importance.
• Environmentalists have also flagged the loss of mangroves on the islands as a result of the development project.
• India successfully translocated a coral reef from the Gulf of Mannar to the Gulf of Kutch earlier.
• The Zoological Survey of India is currently in the process of assessing how much of the reef will have to be relocated for the project.
• The government has said that a conservation plan for the leatherback turtle is also being put in place.
• According to the government, expediting the project is of paramount national security and strategic importance.
• Officials said that after the grant of stage I clearance on October 27, all aspects will be carefully weighed before final approval is granted.
• The project site is outside the eco-sensitive zones of Campbell Bay and Galathea National Park.
• The Centre has said that the development area is only a small percentage of the area of the island and its forest cover and that 15 per cent of the development area itself will be green cover and open spaces.