GODDESS LAKSHMI

Goddess Lakshmi, the embodiment of wealth and prosperity, is celebrated and welcomed into homes during Diwali. Over the centuries, artists have interpreted and represented her in various ways, creating a rich tapestry of visual depictions across different regions of India.

2. Ancient References and Iconography in History

• Lakshmi is mentioned in the Rig Veda as a 'sign of good fortune,' and her personality evolved over time, gaining prominence by the Atharva Veda (c. 1000 BCE).
• The legend associated with Vishnu's Kurma avatar, involving the churning of the primaeval ocean, connects Lakshmi to the emergence of ambrosia and treasures, symbolizing her association with good luck.
•  Historical depictions on coins from Gandhara, Ayodhya, Kaushambi, and Ujjayini showcase Lakshmi standing on a lotus, flanked by elephants or portrayed as Gaja Lakshmi.

3. Popular Depictions Across India

• During the Gupta Period (4th to 6th centuries CE) Lakshmi gained high esteem, appearing on coins and often depicted seated on a lion as 'Simha-vahini.'
• The association of Lakshmi with the lotus, symbolizing purity and enlightenment, remains a defining feature of her iconography.
•  In West Bengal, Lakshmi is worshipped with a snowy owl, while Eastern India recognizes Ashta Lakshmi, bestowing eight specific blessings. In South India, Tanjore's paintings portray her seated on a golden couch.

4. Impact of Calendar Art

• Lakshmi's imagery became more widely accessible with the advent of the printing press, making prints affordable for household altars.
• Raja Ravi Varma's oleograph depicted Lakshmi standing on a lotus in a stream, surrounded by nature, a departure from traditional depictions. This image gained popularity and was utilized in marketing and advertising.

5. Contemporary Interpretations in Indian Art

•  In 1990, M.F. Husain painted Lakshmi as part of the holy trinity of Ganesh, Lakshmi, and Saraswati, showcasing her in a different artistic context.
• As part of a photo-performance project, Pushpamala recreated Varma's Lakshmi image, offering a modern perspective.
• In 2002 Atul Dodiya's Social Commentary art installation depicted Lakshmi as Mahalaxmi on a foldable shop shutter, carrying a social message against societal issues like dowry.

6. Conclusion

From ancient scriptures to modern interpretations, the iconography of Goddess Lakshmi has evolved, reflecting the diversity of beliefs and artistic expressions across India's rich cultural landscape.