CIVIL UNION

1. Context 

2. Key points

• While the Centre, through Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, Contested the maintainability of the petitions and also the judiciary's right to confer legal recognition of the "Socio-legal institution" of marriage.
• The CJI clarified that the hearing's scope would be limited to developing a notion of a "civil union" that finds legal recognition to develop a notion of a "civil union" that finds legal recognition under the Special Marriage Act.

• A civil union refers to the legal status that allows same-sex couples specific rights and responsibilities normally conferred upon married couples.
• Although a civil union resembles a marriage and brings with it employment, inheritance, property and parental rights, there are some differences between the two.

• Before the 2015 ruling, a majority of the US states had civil union laws that allowed same-sex couples to marry, without providing them formal recognition of the same.
• These civil unions would be accompanied by rights such as inheritance rights, employment benefits to spouses, joint parenting or joint ownership rights and the right to abstain from testifying against one's partner similar to the spousal privilege given under Section 122 of the Indian Evidence Act when it comes to disclosure of communication between two spouses.
• A big difference between civil unions and marriages was that the former was recognised solely by issuing states and not by federal law.
• This created a situation where such couples could not enjoy the benefits of being in a civil union, uniformly, across all states.
• Since the US had a system where states had to determine their marriage laws, this disparity of recognition existed.
• In the wake of the legalisation of same-sex marriages, several civil unions were converted into marriages.
• In the year 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) legalised same-sex marriages across the nation with its landmark ruling in "Obergefell v. Hodges".

5. Countries that allow civil unions

• The United States is just one of the countries that allow same-sex unions.
• Before 2009, the year that Sweden legalised same-sex marriages, LGBTQ couples there could apply for civil unions and enjoy benefits such as the right to adopt.
• Similarly, from 1993, couples in Norway enjoyed the right to enter into civil unions, which gave way to a new law 15 years later, allowing such couples to marry, adopt and undergo state-sponsored artificial insemination.
• In Austria, same-sex couples could form civil partnerships between the years 2010-2017.
• However, this changed with a court ruling that deemed civil unions discriminatory in January 2019, when such marriages were legalised.
• Similarly, countries like Brazil, Uruguay, Andorra and Chile had also recognised the right of same-sex couples to enter into civil unions, even before they formally recognised their legal right to marriage.