ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Context 

2. Key points

• The start-up, Rumin8, has received funding worth $12 million from Breakthrough Energy Ventures, which Gates created in 2015.
• Amazon Chief executive Jeff Bezos and Chinese entrepreneur and Alibaba co-founder Jack Ma have also backed the Breakthrough fund.
• Rumin8 is developing a variety of dietary supplements to feed to cows in a bid to reduce the amount of methane they emit into the atmosphere.
• The supplement includes red seaweed, which is believed to drastically cut methane output in cows.

3. Cows and other animals produce methane

• Ruminant species are hooved grazing or browsing herbivores that chew the cud.
• Ruminants such as cows, sheep, goats and buffaloes have a special type of digestive system that allows them to break down and digest food that non-ruminant species would be unable to digest.
• Stomachs of ruminant animals have four compartments, one of which, the rumen, helps them to store partially digested food and let it ferment.
• This partially digested and fermented food is regurgitated by the animals who chew through it again and finish the digestive process.
• However, as grass and other vegetation ferments in the rumen, it generates methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
• Ruminant animals such as cows and sheep release this methane mainly through burping.
• Given the very large numbers of cattle and sheep on farms in dairy-producing countries, these emissions add up to a significant volume.
• It is estimated that the ruminant digestive system is responsible for 27 per cent of all methane emissions from human activity.

4. Impact of Methane on Climate Change

• Methane is one of the main drivers of climate change, responsible for 30 per cent of the warming since preindustrial times, second only to carbon dioxide.
• Over 20 years, methane is 80 times more potent at warming than carbon dioxide, according to a United Nations Environment Programme report.
• It is also the primary contributor to the formation of ground-level ozone, a colourless and highly irritating gas that forms just above the Earth's surface.
• According to a 2022 report, exposure to ground-level ozone could contribute to 1 million premature deaths yearly.
• Several studies have shown that the amount of methane in the atmosphere has dramatically shot up in recent years.
• In 2022, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said that the atmospheric levels of methane jumped 17 parts per billion in 2021, beating the previous record set in 2020.
• While carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for much longer than methane, methane is roughly 25 times more powerful at trapping heat in the atmosphere and has an important short-term influence on the rate of climate change.

5. Mitigation of methane emissions

• Rumin8 is not the first to find a dietary solution to curb methane emissions from ruminant species.
• Scientists have been working on it for quite some time now, as they are looking to make these animals more sustainable and less gassy.
• A 2021 study, published in the journal PLUS ONE, found that adding seaweed to a cow the feed can reduce methane formation in their guts by more than 80 per cent.
• Apart from this, researchers are also trying to find gene-modifying techniques to curtail methane emissions in these animals.

6. New Zeland's genetic programme

• Last year, scientists in New Zealand announced they had started the world's first genetic programme to address the challenge of climate change by breeding sheep that emit lower amounts of methane.
• New Zealand is also one of the first nations to come up with policy-related solutions to this problem.
• In October 2022, it proposed taxing the greenhouse gases that farm animals produce from burping and urinating.
• Then Prime Minister had said that the money raised from taxes would be used to "finance new technologies, research and incentive payments for farmers".

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