Rousseau's "The Social Contract" is a departure from his earlier works, focusing on constructing a philosophical framework for legitimate governance. Unlike his more popular and eloquent discourses, this work faced immediate criticism and censorship, yet it laid the groundwork for Rousseau's political thought.

The General Will

1. Ambiguity and Tension: Rousseau's concept of the general will, introduced earlier, is further explored. It balances individual freedom with collective welfare, creating a tension between liberalism and communitarianism. Some argue that Rousseau's ideas lack consistency, while others seek a middle ground.
2. True Sovereignty: For Rousseau, Sovereignty isn't mere power but a commitment to the public good. The general will represents the collective interest of society, ensuring decisions benefit the whole rather than specific factions or individuals.
3. Abstract Nature: The general will remains abstract, focusing on societal well-being rather than individual desires. It aims to prevent the dominance of private interests over the common good, emphasizing collective decision-making for societal benefit.

Equality, Freedom, and Sovereignty

1. Protecting Individual Freedom: Rousseau grapples with the challenge of reconciling individual freedom with the general will's emphasis on collective welfare. He argues that true Sovereignty protects individual freedom by intervening only when it benefits society as a whole.
2. Delicate Balance: The state's supreme authority, derived from the general will, must strike a delicate balance. It should secure citizens' equality and freedom while preventing factions and extreme wealth disparities that undermine societal harmony.

Rousseau's "The Social Contract" reflects a deep concern for balancing individual liberties with the common good, offering insights into the foundations of legitimate governance and social cohesion.

3. Rousseau's Philosophy of Education

"The Emile" or "On Education" is a blend of novel and philosophical treatise, showcasing Rousseau's ideas on education and religion. While it aims to detail a philosophy of education, its controversial views on religion led to its ban in France shortly after publication.

Education

1. Philosophy of Education: Rousseau believes education should nurture natural tendencies rather than impose artificial structures. The goal isn't a return to the primitive state but to develop individuals who can engage with society naturally.
2. Amour-propre vs. Amour de soi: Rousseau distinguishes between natural self-love (amour de soi) and relational self-love (amour-propre). The education of Emile focuses on cultivating healthy self-worth and morality to prevent the corruption of amour-propre.
3. Character Development: Emile's education spans infancy to adulthood, emphasizing moral lessons such as humility, chastity, and honesty. The tutor manipulates the environment to instil these virtues.

Women, Marriage, and Family

Gender Roles: Rousseau presents specific gender roles, with men being stronger and more independent. Sophie's education is tailored to her role as a supportive wife to Emile. However, Rousseau acknowledges women's talents and practical reasoning abilities.

 The Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar

1. Metaphysical Account: The Vicar's speech delves into metaphysical questions about free will, the nature of the soul, and the existence of God. It emphasizes inner truths and personal conviction over dogmatic beliefs.
2. Controversial Religious Views: The Vicar's discussion challenges orthodox Christian views, advocating for a natural religion based on observing the natural order and moral principles. This view clashed with the established religious doctrines of Rousseau's time.

"The Emile" reflects Rousseau's holistic approach to education, focusing on character development, moral virtues, and a nuanced understanding of human nature and social roles.