In recent years, there have been several notable developments in the field of agriculture, driven by technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and sustainability concerns.
- Precision Agriculture: The adoption of precision agriculture technologies, such as drones, GPS-guided machinery, and sensors, has increased. These technologies enable farmers to monitor and manage their fields more efficiently, leading to improved yields and reduced resource use.
- Vertical Farming: Vertical farming, which involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers, often indoors, has gained popularity. This method allows for year-round production, reduced water use, and the ability to grow crops in urban areas.
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: Advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering have led to the development of genetically modified (GM) crops with traits such as pest resistance, drought tolerance, and increased nutritional content. These crops have the potential to address various challenges in agriculture, such as pest control and food security.
- Organic and Sustainable Agriculture: There has been a growing interest in organic and sustainable agriculture practices, driven by consumer demand for healthier and environmentally friendly products. Farmers are increasingly adopting practices such as organic farming, agroforestry, and conservation agriculture to reduce their environmental impact.
- Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate-smart agriculture practices, which aim to increase resilience to climate change while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, have gained traction. These practices include crop diversification, improved water management, and agroforestry.
- Blockchain Technology: Blockchain technology is being explored to improve transparency and traceability in the agricultural supply chain. It can help track the origin of food products, ensure fair prices for farmers, and reduce food fraud.
- Urban Agriculture: Urban agriculture, which involves growing food in urban areas, has seen increased interest. Rooftop gardens, community gardens, and hydroponic systems are being used to produce fresh food in cities.
- Digital Agriculture Platforms: Digital agriculture platforms, such as mobile apps and online marketplaces, are being used to connect farmers with buyers, provide weather forecasts and agronomic advice, and facilitate access to financial services.
- Regenerative Agriculture: Regenerative agriculture practices, which focus on restoring soil health and biodiversity, have gained attention for their potential to sequester carbon and improve ecosystem resilience.
- Agricultural Robotics: The use of robots and autonomous machinery in agriculture is increasing, leading to more efficient and precise farming operations.
These recent developments are shaping the future of agriculture, with a focus on sustainability, efficiency, and resilience to climate change. They are expected to continue to evolve as technology advances and consumer preferences change.
1. NITI Aayog proposed the idea of taxation of agricultural income
The NITI Aayog, which is a policy think tank of the Government of India, has not officially proposed the idea of taxing agricultural income. However, there have been discussions and debates in India regarding the taxation of agricultural income.
Under the current Income Tax Act, agricultural income is exempt from taxation in India. This exemption is based on the principle that agriculture is a state subject under the Indian Constitution, and the central government does not have the authority to tax agricultural income.
The idea of taxing agricultural income has been debated for several reasons
- Equity: Some argue that taxing agricultural income would make the tax system more equitable, as it would bring agricultural income earners under the tax net, similar to other income earners.
- Revenue Generation: Taxing agricultural income could potentially increase revenue for the government, which could be used for various developmental projects.
- Subsidies and Exemptions: Some argue that the current exemption of agricultural income from taxation leads to misuse of exemptions and subsidies, as individuals may claim to be engaged in agriculture to avoid paying taxes.
- Modernization of Agriculture: Taxing agricultural income could encourage the modernization and commercialization of agriculture, as it would incentivize farmers to adopt more efficient and productive farming practices.
However, there are also arguments against taxing agricultural income
- Constitutional Provisions: Agriculture is a state subject under the Indian Constitution, and the central government does not have the authority to tax agricultural income.
- Agricultural Distress: Agriculture in India is often characterized by low productivity, small landholdings, and high dependence on monsoons. Taxing agricultural income could further burden farmers who are already facing economic challenges.
- Administrative Challenges: Taxing agricultural income would require significant administrative infrastructure, including accurate assessment of agricultural income, which can be challenging in a country with a large informal agricultural sector.
- Political Sensitivity: Agriculture is a politically sensitive issue in India, and any move to tax agricultural income could face strong opposition from various stakeholders, including farmers' organizations and political parties.
It is important to note that while there have been discussions and debates on this issue, no concrete proposal has been made by the NITI Aayog or the central government to tax agricultural income. Any decision on this matter would require careful consideration of the various economic, social, and political factors involved.
The NITI Aayog, which is a policy think tank of the Government of India, has proposed the idea of removing agricultural commodities from the Essential Commodities Act (ECA). The Essential Commodities Act is legislation that empowers the central government to control the production, supply, and distribution of essential commodities like food, drugs, and petroleum products, among others, in the interest of the general public.
The NITI Aayog's proposal to remove agricultural commodities from the ECA is based on the following reasons
- Market-based Pricing: Removing agricultural commodities from the ECA is expected to promote market-based pricing for these commodities. Currently, the ECA allows the government to impose stock limits on essential commodities to prevent hoarding and black marketing, which can distort market prices. By removing agricultural commodities from the ECA, the government aims to create a more competitive and transparent market for agricultural produce.
- Encouraging Private Investment: The proposal aims to encourage private investment in agricultural infrastructure and value chains by reducing government intervention in the market. Private players often hesitate to invest in the agricultural sector due to the uncertainty created by government interventions like stock limits and price controls. Removing agricultural commodities from the ECA is expected to create a more conducive environment for private investment in the sector.
- Boosting Agricultural Exports: The proposal is also expected to boost agricultural exports by creating a more competitive market environment. Currently, the imposition of stock limits and price controls under the ECA can discourage farmers from producing surplus crops for export. By removing agricultural commodities from the ECA, the government aims to promote agricultural exports and enhance farmers' income.
- Improving Farmers' Income: The proposal is aimed at improving farmers' income by creating a more market-oriented approach to agricultural marketing. By allowing market forces to determine prices, farmers are expected to receive better prices for their produce, which can contribute to higher income levels.
It is important to note that the proposal to remove agricultural commodities from the ECA is part of a broader reform agenda aimed at transforming India's agricultural sector. The government has been implementing various reforms, including the introduction of new farm laws, to promote a more competitive and efficient agricultural market. The proposal to remove agricultural commodities from the ECA is seen as a continuation of these efforts to modernize the agricultural sector and improve farmers' income.
The term "feminization of agriculture" refers to the increasing participation of women in agricultural activities and their growing role in the agricultural sector. This phenomenon is observed globally and is particularly significant in developing countries like India.
There are several factors contributing to the feminization of agriculture
- Male Outmigration: In many rural areas, men are migrating to urban areas or other countries in search of better economic opportunities, leaving women to manage agricultural activities. This has led to an increase in the number of women working in agriculture.
- Land Ownership: In some regions, women are increasingly becoming landowners due to inheritance laws or government initiatives. As landowners, they are actively involved in decision-making and management of agricultural activities.
- Access to Education: Improvements in education and awareness have empowered women to take up agricultural activities and contribute to household income.
- Technology Adoption: The adoption of technology in agriculture has made it easier for women to participate in farming activities. For example, the use of mechanized tools and equipment has reduced the physical labour required in farming.
- Market Access: Access to markets and market information has improved, enabling women to sell their produce and generate income.
- Government Policies and Programs: Various government policies and programs aimed at empowering women in agriculture have also contributed to the feminization of agriculture. These include initiatives to provide training, credit, and support services to women farmers.
The feminization of agriculture has both positive and negative implications
Positive
- Increased economic opportunities for women.
- Improved food security and nutrition for households.
- Enhanced agricultural productivity and efficiency.
Negative
- Gender disparities in access to resources and decision-making power.
- Limited access to credit, extension services, and markets for women farmers.
- Increased workload and time poverty for women due to dual roles as farmers and caregivers.
The feminization of agriculture highlights the changing dynamics of rural economies and the need for policies and programs that address the specific needs and challenges faced by women in agriculture.
e-Rakam is an e-auction portal launched by the Government of India to facilitate the sale of agricultural produce. It is part of the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) initiative, which aims to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities by integrating existing agricultural markets (mandis) through an online trading platform.
e-Rakam provides a transparent and efficient platform for farmers and traders to buy and sell agricultural produce. It enables farmers to list their produce on the platform, set a minimum price, and participate in online auctions conducted by registered traders and buyers.
Key features of e-Rakam include
- Online Auctions: Farmers can list their produce for sale and participate in online auctions conducted by registered traders and buyers.
- Transparent Pricing: The platform provides real-time information on prices, enabling farmers to make informed decisions about selling their produce.
- Payment Security: e-Rakam ensures that payments are made securely and promptly to farmers after the completion of transactions.
- Market Access: The platform provides farmers with access to a wider market, allowing them to sell their produce to buyers from different regions.
- Reduced Transaction Costs: By eliminating the need for physical presence at mandis and reducing intermediaries, e-Rakam helps reduce transaction costs for farmers.
- Quality Assurance: The platform ensures that the quality of agricultural produce is maintained through standardized grading and certification processes.
e-Rakam aims to empower farmers by providing them with a transparent and efficient platform to sell their produce, thereby improving their income and livelihoods.
5. “AGRI-UDAAN” – Food and agri-business acceleration 2.0 to bring startup revolution
AGRI-UDAAN is an initiative launched by the Government of India to support startups and entrepreneurs in the food and agri-business sector. It is part of the Startup India program and aims to accelerate the growth of innovative startups in the agriculture and food processing industries.
AGRI-UDAAN 2.0 is the second edition of the program, and it focuses on providing mentoring, funding, and market access to startups in the agri-business sector. The program aims to foster innovation and entrepreneurship in agriculture and food processing by providing startups with the necessary support and resources to scale their businesses.
Key features of AGRI-UDAAN 2.0 include
- Mentorship: Startups selected for the program will receive mentorship from industry experts and experienced entrepreneurs. Mentors will provide guidance and support to help startups navigate challenges and grow their businesses.
- Funding: AGRI-UDAAN 2.0 will provide funding to selected startups to help them develop and commercialise their products or services. The program aims to bridge the funding gap for early-stage startups in the agriculture and food processing sectors.
- Market Access: Startups will have the opportunity to showcase their products and services to potential customers, investors, and partners. AGRI-UDAAN 2.0 will facilitate networking and collaboration opportunities for startups to expand their market reach.
- Capacity Building: The program will offer training and capacity-building workshops to help startups enhance their skills and knowledge in areas such as business development, marketing, and technology adoption.
- Incubation Support: Selected startups will have access to incubation facilities and infrastructure to support their growth and development.
AGRI-UDAAN 2.0 aims to create a conducive ecosystem for startups in the agriculture and food processing sectors, enabling them to innovate, scale, and contribute to the growth of the Indian economy.
The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) is an autonomous body established by the Government of India under the APEDA Act, 1985. It is responsible for the promotion and development of the export of agricultural and processed food products from India.
The APEDA Act, 1985, provides a legal framework for the establishment of APEDA and outlines its functions, powers, and structure.
The Act defines the objectives of APEDA, which include
- Promoting the export of agricultural and processed food products from India.
- Developing and expanding the export market for such products.
- Providing financial assistance, information, and guidance to exporters.
- Conducting research and development activities to improve the quality and competitiveness of Indian agricultural and processed food products.
- Regulating the export of scheduled products (agricultural and processed food products) by issuing licenses and certificates.
Under the APEDA Act, 1985, APEDA has the authority to regulate the export of scheduled products and issue licenses and certificates to exporters. It also has the power to impose penalties on exporters who violate the provisions of the Act or the rules and regulations made under it.
APEDA is governed by a Board of Directors, which includes representatives from various government departments, industry associations, and export promotion councils. The Board is responsible for formulating policies and programs for the promotion and development of agricultural and processed food product exports.
APEDA plays a crucial role in promoting the export of agricultural and processed food products from India and ensuring their quality and competitiveness in the global market.
The Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) is a centrally sponsored scheme launched by the Government of India in 2014-15 to promote the adoption of farm mechanization technologies in agriculture. The scheme aims to enhance the productivity and efficiency of agricultural operations by reducing the drudgery of manual labour and increasing the timeliness of farm operations.
Objectives of SMAM
- To promote the use of appropriate farm machinery and equipment for various agricultural operations, such as land preparation, sowing, planting, harvesting, and post-harvest management.
- To facilitate the availability and accessibility of farm machinery and equipment to small and marginal farmers, women farmers, and other vulnerable groups.
- To encourage the adoption of sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices through the use of mechanization technologies.
- To provide training and capacity building to farmers, farm machinery manufacturers, and service providers on the operation, maintenance, and repair of farm machinery and equipment.
- To support research and development activities in the field of agricultural mechanization to improve the performance, efficiency, and affordability of farm machinery and equipment.
Components of SMAM
- Farm Machinery Banks: Under this component, financial assistance is provided to farmers' groups, cooperatives, and other organizations for the establishment of farm machinery banks, where farmers can rent or hire farm machinery and equipment on a need basis.
- Custom Hiring Centers (CHCs): Financial assistance is provided to entrepreneurs, self-help groups, cooperatives, and other organizations for the establishment of CHCs, where farmers can hire farm machinery and equipment for various agricultural operations.
- Training and Capacity Building: The scheme supports training and capacity-building programs for farmers, farm machinery manufacturers, and service providers to enhance their skills and knowledge in agricultural mechanization.
- Research and Development: The scheme provides financial support for research and development activities in the field of agricultural mechanization to develop new and improved farm machinery and equipment.
- Awareness and Extension: The scheme promotes awareness and extension activities to educate farmers about the benefits of agricultural mechanization and the available support under SMAM.
Implementation: SMAM is implemented by the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India. The scheme is implemented through the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations, which are responsible for the formulation and implementation of state-specific action plans for agricultural mechanization.
Funding: The scheme is a centrally sponsored scheme, with a 60:40 funding pattern between the Government of India and the State Governments/Union Territory Administrations (90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States). The central government provides financial assistance to the states/UTs for the implementation of the scheme, and the states/UTs are required to contribute their share of the funding.
SMAM aims to promote the adoption of farm mechanization technologies in agriculture to improve productivity, reduce drudgery, and enhance the livelihoods of farmers. It is an important initiative to modernize and transform the agricultural sector in India.
8. Jute-ICARE Project
Jute-ICARE, also known as Jute-Improved Cultivation and Advanced Retting Exercise, is a government initiative launched in 2015 by the National Jute Board (NJB) in collaboration with the Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (ICRIJAF) and the Jute Corporation of India (JCI).
Objectives
- Promote improved agronomic practices: Encourage the adoption of better farming practices for jute cultivation to increase yield, quality, and income for farmers.
- Introduce microbial-assisted retting: Promote the use of microbial consortia to accelerate the retting process (natural fibre separation) for jute, leading to reduced processing time and water usage.
- Support small and marginal farmers: Primarily target small and marginal farmers who often face challenges in accessing information, technology, and resources.
Key Activities
- Distribution of certified seeds: Providing subsidized high-quality certified jute seeds (JRO 204 and JBO 2003H) to farmers.
- Mechanization support: Promoting the use of mechanized equipment like multi-row seed drills and weeders to reduce labour costs and improve efficiency.
- Training and demonstrations: Organizing training sessions and field demonstrations for farmers on improved agronomic practices and the use of microbial consortia for retting.
- Financial assistance: In some cases, offering financial assistance to farmers for purchasing seeds and equipment.
Benefits
- Increased yield and quality: Improved farming practices and high-quality seeds can potentially lead to higher jute yields and better fibre quality.
- Reduced processing time and water usage: Microbial retting can significantly reduce retting time and water consumption compared to the traditional method.
- Increased income for farmers: By lowering production costs and potentially increasing yields, the Jute-ICARE project aims to improve the income of jute farmers.
Challenges
- Reaching all farmers: Ensuring effective program reach and participation from all targeted small and marginal farmers across different regions.
- Sustainability and long-term adoption: Encouraging sustained adoption of improved practices and addressing long-term challenges like seed availability and access to technology.
- Market fluctuations and price stability: Addressing the issue of fluctuating jute prices in the market to ensure sustained benefits for farmers.
The Jute-ICARE project holds promise for improving the livelihoods of jute farmers in India. However, addressing existing challenges and ensuring its effective and sustainable implementation is crucial for maximizing its positive impact on the jute sector.
9. Project CHAMAN
Project CHAMAN (Coordinated Horticulture Assessment and Management using Geoinformatics) is an initiative launched by the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India in 2014. The project aims to promote the use of geoinformatics and satellite-based technologies for the assessment and management of horticulture crops in India.
Key Objectives of Project CHAMAN
- Geoinformatics for Crop Assessment: The project utilizes satellite imagery and geoinformatics tools to assess the area, production, and yield of horticulture crops such as fruits, vegetables, spices, and plantation crops across different regions of India.
- Precision Farming: By analyzing satellite data and ground-level information, the project aims to promote precision farming techniques to enhance the productivity and quality of horticulture crops.
- Crop Health Monitoring: Project CHAMAN focuses on monitoring the health of horticulture crops using satellite-based remote sensing techniques. This helps in the early detection of crop diseases, pests, and other stress factors, enabling timely interventions.
- Weather Forecasting and Advisory Services: The project provides weather forecasting and advisory services to horticulture farmers based on satellite data and meteorological information. This helps farmers in making informed decisions related to crop management and harvesting.
- Capacity Building: Project CHAMAN includes training programs and workshops for farmers, extension workers, and other stakeholders to enhance their knowledge and skills in using geoinformatics and satellite-based technologies for horticulture management.
- Market Linkages: The project facilitates market linkages for horticulture farmers by providing information on market demand, prices, and market access points through geoinformatics tools and platforms.
- Policy Support: Project CHAMAN provides policy support to the government by generating data-driven insights and recommendations for policy formulation and implementation related to horticulture crop management.
Implementation: Project CHAMAN is implemented by the Directorate of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India, in collaboration with various state governments, agricultural universities, research institutions, and private sector partners. The project is implemented in horticulture-growing regions across India, with a focus on states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
Funding: The project is funded by the Government of India through the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, with support from state governments and other implementing agencies. Financial assistance is provided for the procurement of satellite data, development of geoinformatics tools, training programs, and capacity-building activities.
Project CHAMAN aims to leverage the power of geoinformatics and satellite-based technologies to revolutionize horticulture crop management in India, improve the livelihoods of horticulture farmers, and contribute to the growth and development of the horticulture sector in the country.
10. Doubling the farmer's income: Ashok Dalwai Committee
The Ashok Dalwai Committee was constituted by the Government of India in April 2016 to recommend strategies for doubling the income of farmers in India by 2022. The committee was chaired by Ashok Dalwai, a senior bureaucrat and agricultural economist. The committee submitted its report titled "Report of the Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income" in September 2017. The report outlined a comprehensive strategy and roadmap for achieving the goal of doubling farmers' income.
Key Recommendations of the Ashok Dalwai Committee
- Diversification of Agriculture: The committee emphasized the need to diversify agriculture beyond traditional crops and promote high-value crops, horticulture, livestock, fisheries, and allied sectors to enhance farmers' income.
- Crop Intensification: The committee recommended the adoption of modern agricultural practices, including precision farming, the use of high-yielding varieties, efficient water management, and soil health improvement to increase crop productivity.
- Market Reforms: The committee suggested reforms in agricultural marketing to ensure better price realization for farmers, including the establishment of a unified national market, e-trading platforms, and contract farming arrangements.
- Agri-Infrastructure: The committee emphasized the need for investment in agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation, storage facilities, cold chains, and rural roads, to improve market access and reduce post-harvest losses.
- Technology Adoption: The committee recommended the adoption of modern technologies, including biotechnology, digital agriculture, and artificial intelligence, to enhance agricultural productivity and efficiency.
- Institutional Reforms: The committee proposed reforms in agricultural institutions, extension services, and farmer-producer organizations (FPOs) to strengthen farmer support systems and promote farmer entrepreneurship.
- Risk Management: The committee suggested the promotion of crop insurance, weather-based insurance, and other risk management tools to protect farmers from production and price risks.
- Skill Development: The committee recommended skill development programs for farmers to enhance their knowledge and skills in modern agricultural practices, marketing, and entrepreneurship.
- Policy Support: The committee called for supportive policies and regulatory frameworks to create an enabling environment for agricultural growth and income enhancement.
Implementation of Recommendations: The Government of India has taken several initiatives to implement the recommendations of the Ashok Dalwai Committee, including the launch of flagship schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN), Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), and others. These initiatives aim to address the key challenges facing Indian agriculture and support farmers in doubling their income.
The Ashok Dalwai Committee's report provides a comprehensive roadmap for transforming Indian agriculture and achieving the goal of doubling farmers' income, thereby contributing to the overall growth and development of the agricultural sector in the country.
11. RKVY-RAFTAAR
RKVY-RAFTAAR (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana – Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied Sector Rejuvenation) is a revamped version of the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), which was launched in 2007-08 as a central sector scheme. RKVY-RAFTAAR was launched in 2017-18 to make agriculture more remunerative, reducing production and post-harvest losses, and increasing the income of farmers.
The scheme focuses on the following key areas
- Strengthening Infrastructure: RKVY-RAFTAAR aims to strengthen agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation, storage, cold chains, and marketing facilities, to improve market access and reduce post-harvest losses.
- Promoting Agri-Entrepreneurship: The scheme encourages agri-entrepreneurship by providing financial support for setting up agri-business ventures, food processing units, and value-addition facilities.
- Enhancing Productivity: RKVY-RAFTAAR supports initiatives to enhance agricultural productivity through the adoption of modern technologies, best practices, and improved crop varieties.
- Sustainable Agriculture: The scheme promotes sustainable agriculture practices, including organic farming, soil health management, and water conservation, to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.
- Skill Development: RKVY-RAFTAAR focuses on skill development and capacity building of farmers and agricultural workers to enhance their knowledge and skills in modern agricultural practices and entrepreneurship.
- Market Linkages: The scheme facilitates better market linkages for farmers by supporting the establishment of farmer-producer organizations (FPOs), agri-marketing infrastructure, and e-trading platforms.
- Strengthening Extension Services: RKVY-RAFTAAR strengthens agricultural extension services by providing training, information, and advisory services to farmers to improve their agricultural practices and productivity.
- Livelihood Diversification: The scheme supports livelihood diversification by promoting allied sectors such as animal husbandry, fisheries, and agro-forestry, which can provide additional income opportunities for farmers.
- Climate Resilience: RKVY-RAFTAAR promotes climate-resilient agriculture by supporting initiatives related to climate-smart agriculture, disaster management, and risk mitigation.
- Innovation and Research: The scheme encourages innovation and research in agriculture by providing financial support for research and development projects, technology demonstrations, and pilot projects.
RKVY-RAFTAAR is implemented through a decentralized approach, with states and union territories preparing their own agricultural development plans based on local needs and priorities. The scheme is funded through a 60:40 sharing pattern between the central government and the states (90:10 for northeastern and Himalayan states).
Agro Irradiation Centers are facilities equipped with irradiation technology used for treating agricultural commodities to control pests, extend shelf life, and reduce post-harvest losses. The process involves exposing the agricultural produce to ionizing radiation, typically gamma rays or X-rays, which disrupts the DNA of pests and microorganisms, thereby inhibiting their growth and reproduction.
The primary objectives of agro irradiation are
- Pest Control: Irradiation helps in controlling pests, insects, and pathogens present in agricultural commodities, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and spices. It is an effective method for disinfesting food and agricultural products without the use of chemicals.
- Shelf Life Extension: Agro irradiation can extend the shelf life of perishable agricultural commodities by reducing spoilage and microbial contamination. This helps in preserving the quality and freshness of the produce for a longer duration, thereby reducing post-harvest losses.
- Quarantine Treatment: Irradiation is used as a quarantine treatment for agricultural commodities being exported to countries with strict phytosanitary regulations. It helps in meeting the quarantine requirements by eliminating pests and pathogens that may be present in the produce.
- Food Safety: Agro irradiation is recognized as a safe and effective method for ensuring food safety. It helps in reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses by eliminating harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, from agricultural products.
- Nutritional Quality: Irradiation does not significantly affect the nutritional quality of agricultural commodities. It helps in preserving the nutritional content of the produce by minimizing the loss of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients during storage and transportation.
Agro Irradiation Centers are established and operated by government agencies, research institutions, and private companies. These facilities are equipped with irradiation chambers, radiation sources, and monitoring systems to ensure the safe and effective treatment of agricultural commodities. The irradiation process is regulated and monitored by national and international organizations, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), to ensure compliance with safety standards and guidelines.
13. Agricultural Marketing and Farm-Friendly Reforms Index
The Agricultural Marketing and Farm Friendly Reforms Index (AMFFRI) is a comprehensive tool developed by the NITI Aayog in 2016 to assess and rank states and union territories (UTs) in India based on their efforts to implement agricultural marketing and farm-friendly reforms. The index aims to promote competition among states and UTs to improve agricultural marketing infrastructure, enhance farmers' income, and boost the overall agricultural sector.
Key Objectives of AMFFRI
- Evaluate Agricultural Marketing Reforms: The index assesses the progress made by states and UTs in implementing agricultural marketing reforms, including the establishment of agricultural markets (mandis), the adoption of electronic trading platforms (e-NAM), and the implementation of contract farming and direct marketing initiatives.
- Measure Farmers' Welfare: AMFFRI focuses on measuring the impact of agricultural marketing reforms on farmers' welfare, including their access to markets, price realization, and overall income from agricultural activities.
- Promote Competition: By ranking states and UTs based on their performance in implementing agricultural marketing and farm-friendly reforms, AMFFRI aims to encourage healthy competition among them to improve their rankings and enhance the overall agricultural marketing ecosystem.
- Encourage Policy Reforms: The index serves as a tool to identify policy gaps and areas for improvement in agricultural marketing and farm-friendly reforms. It provides insights to policymakers and stakeholders to formulate and implement targeted policies and interventions to address the challenges faced by farmers and enhance agricultural marketing efficiency.
Components of AMFFRI
The AMFFRI consists of various components that assess the performance of states and UTs in implementing agricultural marketing and farm-friendly reforms. Some of the key components include:
- Establishment of Agricultural Markets (Mandis): The index evaluates the number of agricultural markets (mandis) established by each state and UT, their infrastructure, and the availability of facilities such as auction platforms, cold storage, and warehousing.
- Adoption of Electronic Trading Platforms (e-NAM): AMFFRI assesses the adoption and utilization of electronic National Agricultural Market (e-NAM) platforms by states and UTs to facilitate transparent and efficient trading of agricultural commodities.
- Implementation of Contract Farming: The index evaluates the extent to which states and UTs have implemented contract farming policies and initiatives to enable farmers to enter into agreements with agribusinesses and corporations for the production and sale of agricultural commodities.
- Direct Marketing Initiatives: AMFFRI assesses the implementation of direct marketing initiatives, such as farmers' markets, farm-gate sales, and online platforms, to enable farmers to sell their produce directly to consumers without intermediaries.
- Price Realization for Farmers: The index measures the extent to which farmers can realize remunerative prices for their produce, taking into account factors such as market access, price transparency, and the role of intermediaries.
- Access to Agricultural Credit: AMFFRI evaluates the availability and accessibility of agricultural credit to farmers, including the implementation of credit-linked schemes and initiatives to enhance farmers' access to institutional credit.
- Adoption of Agricultural Technology: The index assesses the adoption of agricultural technology and innovations by states and UTs to improve agricultural productivity, reduce post-harvest losses, and enhance the overall efficiency of the agricultural marketing ecosystem.
- Policy Environment: AMFFRI evaluates the policy environment in each state and UT, including the presence of supportive policies, regulations, and incentives to promote agricultural marketing reforms and enhance farmers' income.
- Institutional Mechanisms: The index assesses the institutional mechanisms and governance structures in place to facilitate agricultural marketing reforms, including the role of state agricultural marketing boards, regulatory bodies, and other stakeholders.
Current Status
- The latest edition of the AMFFRI was released in 2019.
- Maharashtra consistently ranks first in the index, followed by Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Bihar and Kerala were not included in the 2019 ranking due to the revocation of their agricultural produce marketing Acts.
The AMFFRI provides a comprehensive framework to assess and rank states and UTs based on their performance in implementing agricultural marketing and farm-friendly reforms. It serves as a valuable tool for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to monitor progress, identify best practices, and drive continuous improvement in the agricultural marketing ecosystem.
The National Food Security Act (NFSA) was enacted by the Government of India in 2013 to provide food and nutritional security to the people of India. The Act aims to ensure that no person goes hungry and that every citizen has access to adequate food at affordable prices. The NFSA is one of the most significant pieces of legislation in India's history, and it has had a profound impact on the country's food security landscape.
Key Provisions of the National Food Security Act
- Universal Coverage: The NFSA aims to provide food security to two-thirds of the country's population, which is approximately 800 million people. It covers both rural and urban areas and includes pregnant women, lactating mothers, children aged 6 months to 14 years, and destitute and homeless individuals.
- Entitlements: Under the NFSA, eligible households are entitled to receive 5 kg of food grains per person per month at subsidized rates. The Act specifies the prices at which food grains are to be provided, which are much lower than the market prices. The food grains provided under the NFSA include rice, wheat, and coarse grains.
- Identification of Beneficiaries: The NFSA mandates the use of the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data to identify eligible households. The SECC data is used to determine the socio-economic status of households and their eligibility for food security benefits.
- Maternity Benefits: The NFSA provides maternity benefits to pregnant women and lactating mothers. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to receive a maternity benefit of ₹6,000 in instalments.
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme: The NFSA also includes provisions related to the Mid-Day Meal Scheme, which aims to provide nutritious meals to school children. The Act mandates the provision of hot-cooked meals to children in government and government-aided schools.
- Transparency and Accountability: The NFSA includes provisions for transparency and accountability in the implementation of the Act. It mandates the use of information technology for the identification of beneficiaries, the issuance of ration cards, and the distribution of food grains. The Act also provides for the setting up of State Food Commissions to oversee the implementation of the Act and to address grievances related to food security.
- Grievance Redressal: The NFSA includes provisions for the establishment of District Grievance Redressal Officers (DGROs) and State Food Commissions (SFCs) to address grievances related to food security. The Act also provides for the setting up of toll-free helplines and the use of information technology for grievance redressal.
The National Food Security Act is a landmark legislation that aims to ensure food and nutritional security for all citizens of India. The Act has the potential to significantly improve the lives of millions of people by providing them with access to affordable and nutritious food. However, the successful implementation of the Act depends on effective coordination between the central and state governments, as well as the active participation of civil society organizations and other stakeholders.
Digitization has revolutionized the agriculture sector in India, bringing about significant changes in the way farming is practised, managed, and monitored.
- Precision Agriculture: Digitization has enabled precision agriculture, where farmers use technology to optimize inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides based on the specific needs of their crops. This leads to increased efficiency and reduced wastage.
- Remote Sensing and GIS: Technologies like remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to monitor crop health, soil moisture, and other parameters from a distance. This helps farmers make informed decisions about irrigation, pest control, and crop management.
- Weather Forecasting: Access to accurate weather forecasts through mobile apps and other digital platforms helps farmers plan their activities better, such as sowing, harvesting, and irrigation.
- Market Information: Digital platforms provide farmers with real-time market information, helping them make informed decisions about when and where to sell their produce for the best prices.
- E-Commerce Platforms: Online marketplaces for agricultural inputs and equipment have made it easier for farmers to access quality seeds, fertilizers, and machinery without having to travel long distances.
- Financial Inclusion: Digital banking and payment systems have made it easier for farmers to access credit, insurance, and other financial services, reducing their dependence on informal moneylenders.
- Agricultural Extension Services: Digital platforms are used to disseminate information about best practices, new technologies, and government schemes to farmers, improving their knowledge and skills.
- Supply Chain Management: Digital tools are used to track the movement of agricultural produce from farm to market, ensuring better quality and reducing wastage.
- Data Analytics and Predictive Modelling: Advanced data analytics and predictive modelling are used to analyze large datasets and provide insights into crop yields, disease outbreaks, and other factors affecting agriculture.
- Smart Farming Solutions: The Internet of Things (IoT) and other smart farming solutions are used to automate and monitor various aspects of farming, such as irrigation, pest control, and soil health.
Digitization has the potential to transform Indian agriculture by making it more efficient, productive, and sustainable. However, challenges such as digital literacy, connectivity, and affordability need to be addressed to ensure that all farmers can benefit from these technologies.
The Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) in the fertilizer sector is a government initiative aimed at streamlining the distribution of fertilizers to farmers and preventing leakages and diversion of subsidized fertilizers. Here's how it works:
- Identification of Beneficiaries: The government identifies eligible farmers who are entitled to receive subsidized fertilizers. This is typically done through Aadhaar-based identification or other unique identification methods.
- Subsidy Payment: Instead of providing subsidized fertilizers directly to farmers, the government transfers the subsidy amount directly into the bank accounts of farmers. This ensures that the subsidy reaches the intended beneficiaries and reduces the scope for corruption and diversion.
- Purchase of Fertilizers: Farmers can then purchase fertilizers from authorized dealers at market prices. The subsidy amount is adjusted at the time of purchase, and farmers pay the remaining amount.
- Monitoring and Oversight: The government uses technology and data analytics to monitor the distribution of fertilizers and ensure that the subsidy is being utilized properly. This helps in preventing hoarding, black marketing, and diversion of subsidized fertilizers.
- Feedback Mechanism: Farmers can provide feedback on the quality and availability of fertilizers through digital platforms. This helps in improving the overall efficiency and transparency of the system.
The DBT in the fertilizer sector is part of the government's broader efforts to reform the agricultural sector and ensure that subsidies reach the intended beneficiaries. It aims to make the fertilizer distribution system more transparent, efficient, and accountable, ultimately benefiting farmers and promoting sustainable agriculture.
This draft regulation aims to
- Establish a framework for the mandatory fortification of staple food items with specific micronutrients to address identified deficiencies in the Indian population.
- Ensure the safety and quality of fortified food products through standards and regulations.
- Promote public awareness and education regarding the benefits and importance of fortified foods.
Definitions
- Fortification: Deliberate addition of essential micronutrients to a food to prevent or correct a demonstrated deficiency in the population.
- Staple food: A food that contributes a significant proportion of the daily energy and micronutrient intake of a population.
- Micronutrient: A dietary essential nutrient required in small quantities for normal body functions.
- Fortificant: A substance containing one or more micronutrients added to a food for fortification purposes.
- Recommended Daily Intake (RDI): The average daily dietary intake level of a nutrient sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a given population group.
Scope and Coverage
- This regulation will apply to the mandatory fortification of specific staple food items commonly consumed by a large proportion of the Indian population. These may include, but are not limited to: Rice, Wheat flour (atta and maida), Milk, Vegetable oil, Salt and Other staple foods as may be notified by the competent authority in the future.
- The regulation may also address voluntary fortification of other food products by manufacturers, subject to specific guidelines.
Standards and Specifications
- This will define the specific micronutrients to be added to each mandatory fortified food item, along with their minimum and maximum permissible levels.
- These levels will be based on scientific evidence and considerations such as:
- RDI of the micronutrient for various population groups.
- Bioavailability of the fortificant used.
- Potential for overconsumption and adverse effects.
- Technological feasibility and compatibility with food processing methods.
- The regulation will also establish standards and specifications for the quality and safety of fortificants used, including purity, stability, and potential interactions with other food components.
Food Fortification Processes and Monitoring
- This will outline the requirements for food businesses involved in the fortification process, including
- Obtaining a license from the competent authority for fortification activities.
- Implementing quality control and assurance measures to ensure the accuracy and consistency of fortification levels.
- Maintaining records of all fortification activities, including types and quantities of fortificants used, production and distribution details.
- The regulation will also establish a monitoring system for regular testing and analysis of fortified food products to ensure compliance with the established standards.
Labelling and Packaging
- This will define the mandatory labelling requirements for fortified food products, including:
- Clear and prominent declaration of the presence of added fortificants and their specific amounts.
- Information on the RDI of the added micronutrients.
- Instructions for storage and handling to maintain the efficacy of fortificants.
- The regulation will also address packaging requirements to ensure the protection of fortificants from degradation during storage and transportation.
Enforcement and Penalties
- This will outline the responsibilities of the designated enforcement authority to ensure compliance with the regulations.
- The regulation will specify the penalties and consequences for non-compliance by food businesses, including fines, suspension or cancellation of licenses, and product recalls.
Public Awareness and Education
- This will highlight the importance of public awareness and education regarding the benefits and importance of fortified foods.
- The regulation may outline various strategies to educate consumers about fortified food products, such as:
- Public awareness campaigns through various media channels.
- Collaboration with schools and community organizations to promote education on nutrition and healthy eating habits.
- Developing dedicated platforms to provide information and address consumer concerns about fortified foods.
The Law Commission of India has made several recommendations on food laws to address various issues related to food safety, nutrition, and regulatory frameworks.
- Amendments to Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 2006: The Law Commission has proposed amendments to the FSSA to strengthen food safety regulations, improve enforcement mechanisms, and enhance penalties for violations. These amendments aim to ensure better compliance with food safety standards and protect consumers from adulterated or unsafe food products.
- Food Adulteration Laws: The Law Commission has recommended stricter penalties for food adulteration offences to deter food adulterators and ensure the safety and quality of food products. It has also suggested the establishment of special courts to fast-track food adulteration cases and expedite legal proceedings.
- Food Fortification: The Commission has advocated for the promotion of food fortification as a strategy to address malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. It has recommended the formulation of regulations to mandate the fortification of staple foods such as wheat flour, rice, edible oil, and salt with essential vitamins and minerals.
- Consumer Rights: The Law Commission has emphasized the need to protect consumer rights and interests in the food sector. It has proposed measures to enhance consumer awareness, strengthen consumer grievance redressal mechanisms, and ensure transparency in food labelling and advertising.
- Food Safety Enforcement Agencies: The Commission has recommended the establishment of specialized food safety enforcement agencies at the national, state, and local levels to enforce food safety regulations effectively. These agencies would be responsible for inspection, surveillance, and enforcement activities to ensure compliance with food safety standards.
The recommendations of the Law Commission aim to modernize and strengthen India's food laws and regulatory framework to promote food safety, nutrition, and consumer welfare. These recommendations provide valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders involved in the formulation and implementation of food-related policies and regulations.
Modern terminal markets, also known as wholesale markets or terminal markets, are centralized locations where agricultural commodities are bought and sold in bulk quantities. These markets play a crucial role in the agricultural supply chain by facilitating the efficient distribution of produce from farmers to consumers, as well as providing a platform for price discovery and market information.
The concept of modern terminal markets has evolved, with the introduction of advanced technologies and infrastructure to improve the efficiency and transparency of trade. These markets typically feature the following characteristics:
- Centralized Location: Modern terminal markets are usually located in or near major urban centres, making them easily accessible to both producers and buyers.
- Infrastructure: These markets are equipped with modern infrastructure, including cold storage facilities, sorting and grading facilities, packaging units, and transportation facilities.
- Electronic Trading Platforms: Many modern terminal markets have adopted electronic trading platforms, such as online trading portals or mobile applications, to facilitate transparent and efficient transactions.
- Quality Control: Quality control measures, such as grading and certification of produce, are often implemented to ensure that only high-quality products are traded in the market.
- Market Information: These markets provide market information, such as prices, demand-supply dynamics, and weather forecasts, to help traders make informed decisions.
- Regulatory Framework: Modern terminal markets are often governed by a regulatory framework that ensures fair trade practices and protects the interests of both buyers and sellers.
- Logistics and Transportation: Efficient logistics and transportation networks are essential for the smooth functioning of modern terminal markets, ensuring that produce reaches its destination promptly.
Modern terminal markets play a vital role in the agricultural economy by providing a platform for efficient trade, price discovery, and market information dissemination. They contribute to the overall development of the agricultural sector by improving market access for farmers, reducing post-harvest losses, and promoting fair and transparent trade practices.
Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries are three distinct but interrelated sectors of agriculture that deal with the rearing, breeding, and management of animals for various purposes.
-
Animal Husbandry: Animal husbandry involves the care and management of domesticated animals, primarily to produce food, fibre, and other products. This includes livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. Animal husbandry practices vary widely depending on the type of animal and the desired end product. Key activities in animal husbandry include breeding, feeding, housing, health management, and marketing of animals and their products.
-
Dairying: Dairying is a specialized branch of animal husbandry that focuses on the production of milk and dairy products. Dairy animals, primarily cows and buffaloes, are raised for their milk, which is processed into various products such as milk, butter, ghee, cheese, yoghurt, and ice cream. Dairying involves specialized practices such as artificial insemination, fodder management, milking, and milk processing.
-
Fisheries: Fisheries is the branch of agriculture that deals with the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish and other aquatic organisms. It includes both freshwater and marine fisheries. Fisheries can be divided into two main categories: capture fisheries and aquaculture. Capture fisheries involve the harvesting of wild fish stocks from natural water bodies such as oceans, rivers, and lakes. Aquaculture, also known as fish farming, involves the controlled cultivation of fish and other aquatic organisms in ponds, tanks, or cages.
These three sectors play a crucial role in global food security and nutrition, providing a significant source of protein, essential nutrients, and income for millions of people worldwide. They also contribute to the livelihoods of millions of small-scale farmers and fishers, particularly in developing countries. However, these sectors also face various challenges, including disease outbreaks, environmental degradation, and market fluctuations. Sustainable and efficient management practices are essential to ensure the long-term viability of animal husbandry, dairying, and fisheries.
The e-Pashuhaat Portal is an online platform developed by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) to facilitate the buying and selling of livestock, including cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. The portal aims to connect livestock buyers and sellers across India, providing a transparent and efficient marketplace for trading animals.
Key features of the e-Pashuhaat Portal include
- Online Livestock Marketplace: The portal allows livestock sellers to list their animals for sale, including details such as breed, age, weight, and price. Buyers can browse through the listings and contact sellers directly to purchase animals.
- Livestock Information: The portal provides detailed information about different livestock breeds, their characteristics, and management practices. This helps buyers make informed decisions when purchasing animals.
- Livestock Health and Nutrition: The portal also offers information on livestock health, nutrition, and management practices to help farmers improve the productivity and well-being of their animals.
- Online Payments: The e-Pashuhaat Portal supports online payments, making it convenient for buyers and sellers to complete transactions securely.
- Livestock Auctions: The portal also hosts online livestock auctions, allowing buyers to bid on animals and purchase them at competitive prices.
- Livestock Insurance: The portal facilitates the purchase of livestock insurance policies to protect farmers against the risk of livestock mortality due to diseases, accidents, or natural disasters.
The e-Pashuhaat Portal aims to promote the efficient and transparent trading of livestock, enhance the productivity and profitability of livestock farming, and contribute to the overall development of the livestock sector in India.
The Bio-Tech Kisan and Cattle Genomics schemes are initiatives launched by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, to promote the application of biotechnology in agriculture and animal husbandry, specifically in the areas of crop improvement and livestock breeding.
Bio-Tech Kisan: This scheme focuses on the application of biotechnology in agriculture to enhance crop productivity, improve crop quality, and develop stress-tolerant and disease-resistant crop varieties. The key objectives of the Bio-Tech Kisan scheme include:
- Developing genetically modified (GM) crops with traits such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and drought tolerance to improve crop yield and reduce the use of chemical pesticides and herbicides.
- Promoting the use of molecular markers and genetic mapping techniques to accelerate the breeding of high-yielding and disease-resistant crop varieties.
- Supporting research and development in areas such as plant genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth, development, and stress responses.
Cattle Genomics: This scheme focuses on the application of genomics and biotechnology in animal husbandry, specifically in the breeding and management of cattle. The key objectives of the Cattle Genomics scheme include:
- Developing molecular markers and genetic tests for the identification of desirable traits in cattle, such as milk yield, meat quality, disease resistance, and heat tolerance.
- Promoting the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), and in vitro fertilization (IVF) to improve the breeding efficiency and genetic diversity of cattle.
- Supporting research and development in areas such as animal genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to understand the molecular basis of cattle traits and diseases.
Both schemes aim to harness the potential of biotechnology to address the challenges faced by Indian agriculture and animal husbandry, improve the livelihoods of farmers, and contribute to the sustainable development of the agricultural sector.
The Rashtriya Gokul Mission is a flagship program of the Government of India aimed at conserving and developing indigenous breeds of bovines, primarily cattle and buffalo, to enhance their productivity and genetic diversity. The mission was launched in December 2014 under the aegis of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
The key objectives of the Rashtriya Gokul Mission include
- Conservation of Indigenous Breeds: The mission aims to conserve and protect indigenous breeds of bovines that are well-adapted to local agro-climatic conditions and possess unique genetic traits. This includes breeds like Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar, and others.
- Enhancement of Productivity: The mission seeks to improve the productivity of indigenous breeds through selective breeding, use of advanced reproductive technologies, and adoption of best management practices.
- Promotion of Sustainable Livelihoods: By conserving and enhancing the productivity of indigenous breeds, the mission aims to improve the livelihoods of farmers, especially those engaged in traditional livestock farming.
- Creation of Infrastructure: The Rashtriya Gokul Mission focuses on creating infrastructure such as Gokul Grams (cattle villages), Gokul Gram Yojana (GGY) units, and Integrated Indigenous Cattle Centres (IICCs) for the conservation and development of indigenous breeds.
- Capacity Building and Training: The mission provides training and capacity-building programs for livestock farmers, veterinarians, and other stakeholders involved in the conservation and development of indigenous breeds.
- Promotion of Value-Added Products: The mission aims to promote value-added products from indigenous breeds, such as A2 milk, ghee, and other dairy products, to enhance their marketability and economic viability.
The Rashtriya Gokul Mission is a significant initiative to safeguard India's rich biodiversity of indigenous bovine breeds, which play a crucial role in the country's agricultural and rural economy. It also aligns with the government's vision of doubling farmers' income and promoting sustainable agriculture.
24. Mission Fingerling
Mission Fingerling is a flagship program of the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India. It was launched in 2017 with the primary objective of enhancing fish production and productivity in the country by promoting fish fingerling production and stocking in reservoirs, rivers, and other water bodies.
The key components of Mission Fingerling include
- Fish Fingerling Production: The mission aims to ramp up the production of fish fingerlings (young fish) through various means, including hatcheries, nurseries, and community-based fish breeding programs.
- Stocking of Fingerlings: The produced fingerlings are then stocked in reservoirs, rivers, lakes, and other water bodies to enhance fish production and biodiversity.
- Capacity Building: The mission focuses on the capacity building of fish farmers, hatchery operators, and other stakeholders involved in fish fingerling production and stocking.
- Technology Adoption: Mission Fingerling encourages the adoption of modern fish farming technologies, including improved breeds, feed management, water quality management, and disease control measures.
- Promotion of Fish Farming: The mission promotes fish farming as a viable and sustainable livelihood option, especially among small and marginal farmers, women, and rural youth.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: There is a strong emphasis on monitoring and evaluation of the mission's progress and impact to ensure effective implementation and achievement of objectives.
Mission Fingerling is part of the broader strategy to boost fish production in India and contribute to food security, nutrition, and livelihoods in rural areas. It aligns with the government's vision of doubling farmers' income and promoting sustainable agriculture and fisheries.
Ornamental fish farming, also known as ornamental fish culture or ornamental fish breeding, is the practice of breeding and rearing ornamental fish species to sell them as pets or for ornamental purposes. This type of fish farming is distinct from commercial aquaculture, which focuses on raising fish for food.
Ornamental fish farming is a specialized niche within the broader aquaculture industry. It involves the breeding, rearing, and selling of various species of fish that are valued for their aesthetic appeal, vibrant colours, and unique patterns. These fish are often kept in aquariums or ponds as pets or for decorative purposes in homes, offices, and public spaces.
Some of the popular ornamental fish species include
- Goldfish: Goldfish are one of the most common and popular ornamental fish species. They come in various colours, shapes, and sizes, making them a favourite among aquarium enthusiasts.
- Guppies: Guppies are small, colourful freshwater fish known for their vibrant colours and active behaviour. They are relatively easy to breed and are popular in community aquariums.
- Tetras: Tetras are small, peaceful fish that come in a variety of colours and patterns. They are popular for their schooling behaviour and are often kept in groups in aquariums.
- Betta Fish: Betta fish, also known as Siamese fighting fish, are known for their vibrant colours and flowing fins. They are popular for their unique appearance and are often kept in small aquariums or bowls.
- Angelfish: Angelfish are known for their distinctive shape and graceful swimming behaviour. They come in various colours and patterns and are popular in larger aquariums.
- Discus Fish: Discus fish are prized for their vibrant colours and unique body shape. They require specific water conditions and are popular among experienced aquarium enthusiasts.
Ornamental fish farming requires specialized knowledge of fish breeding, water quality management, and disease prevention. It also involves careful selection of breeding stock to produce high-quality fish with desirable traits. Ornamental fish are typically sold to pet stores, aquarium hobbyists, and online retailers.
The Agricultural Science Congress (ASC) is a prominent event organized by the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) in India. It serves as a significant platform for bringing together various stakeholders in the agricultural sector for knowledge exchange, discussion, and collaboration.
Key Features
- Facilitate discussion and dissemination of recent research findings in various agricultural disciplines.
- Promote interaction and collaboration among scientists, researchers, students, farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector.
- Address key challenges and opportunities facing Indian agriculture through collective brainstorming and knowledge sharing.
- Plenary sessions: Featuring keynote addresses by prominent experts on relevant topics.
- Thematic presentations: Focused on specific areas like crop production, horticulture, livestock management, agricultural economics, and so on.
- Poster presentations: Allowing researchers to showcase their ongoing work and engage in discussions with peers.
- Exhibitions: Featuring innovative technologies, agricultural inputs, and products related to the sector.
- Stimulating advancements in agricultural research and development by fostering knowledge exchange and collaboration.
- Identifying and addressing emerging challenges faced by the agricultural sector, such as climate change, resource scarcity, and market fluctuations.
- Promoting the adoption of innovative technologies and best practices among farmers for increased productivity and sustainability.
- Connecting farmers and researchers to bridge the gap between knowledge generation and on-ground application for improved agricultural practices.
Recent Edition (16th ASC - October 2023)
- Theme: "Transformation of Agri-Food Systems for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)"
- Focus: Highlighting the need for transforming India's agri-food systems to ensure food security, promote sustainable practices, and contribute to achieving the UN SDGs.
- Participants: Over 1500 delegates from India and abroad, including scientists, researchers, policymakers, farmers, and entrepreneurs.
The Agricultural Science Congress plays a vital role in driving innovation, collaboration, and knowledge-sharing within the Indian agricultural sector. By bringing together diverse stakeholders, the ASC contributes to addressing critical challenges, promoting sustainable practices, and ultimately paving the way for a more resilient and prosperous agricultural future for India.
27. RubSiS
Rubber Soil Information System (RubSiS) is an online platform developed by the Rubber Board in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala (IIITM-K), the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP), and the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC).
Objective
RubSiS aims to provide rubber growers with soil-specific fertilizer recommendations based on the unique characteristics of their plantations. This helps them apply the optimal mix and quantities of fertilizers, leading to
- Increased productivity and yield
- Improved rubber quality
- Reduced fertilizer costs
- Enhanced soil health and sustainability
Features of RubSiS
- Soil data collection: A detailed survey was conducted to collect soil samples from rubber-growing regions across South India.
- Data analysis: The collected soil samples were analyzed for various parameters like pH, organic carbon content, and macro and micronutrient levels.
- Spatial mapping: Advanced geospatial techniques were used to create maps depicting the spatial distribution of various soil fertility parameters across the rubber-growing regions.
- Mobile and web-based app: A user-friendly mobile app and web-based application were developed to provide easy access to RubSiS functionalities.
How to use RubSiS
- Register on the RubSiS app or web portal.
- Enter the location of your rubber plantation. This can be done by entering the GPS coordinates or selecting the location on a map.
- The app/portal will retrieve soil data specific to your location.
- Based on the soil data, RubSiS will recommend the optimal fertilizer mix and quantities for your plantation.
Benefits of RubSiS
- Improved decision-making: RubSiS empowers rubber growers with data-driven insights to make informed decisions about fertilizer application, leading to improved resource use efficiency and cost savings.
- Increased sustainability: By promoting targeted fertilizer application, RubSiS helps to reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
- Enhanced soil health: By avoiding excessive or imbalanced fertilizer application, RubSiS contributes to maintaining soil health and fertility in the long run.
RubSiS is a valuable tool for rubber growers in India, assisting them in optimizing fertilizer use, enhancing productivity, and promoting sustainable rubber cultivation.
28. Ethanol Blending
Ethanol blending is a process where ethanol, a type of alcohol, is mixed with gasoline to create a blended fuel. This practice is primarily used in the automotive industry to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Ethanol is a renewable fuel that can be produced from various plant sources, such as corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. When blended with gasoline, it can improve the octane rating of the fuel and reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and other pollutants.
In many countries, including Brazil and the United States, ethanol blending is mandated by law to promote the use of renewable fuels and reduce dependence on petroleum-based fuels. In Brazil, for example, ethanol blending is widespread, with most gasoline sold containing up to 27% ethanol (known as E27). In the United States, the most common ethanol blend is E10, which contains up to 10% ethanol.
Ethanol blending has several benefits, including
- Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: Ethanol is a renewable fuel that produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions than fossil fuels when burned. By blending ethanol with gasoline, the overall carbon footprint of the fuel is reduced.
- Improved octane rating: Ethanol has a higher octane rating than gasoline, which means it can improve the performance of the fuel and reduce engine knocking.
- Reduced dependence on fossil fuels: Ethanol is produced from renewable plant sources, which means it can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote energy security.
- Support for agriculture: Ethanol production can create new markets for agricultural products, such as corn and sugarcane, which can benefit farmers and rural economies.
Challenges and drawbacks
- Lower energy content: Ethanol has a lower energy content than gasoline, which means vehicles may experience reduced fuel efficiency when using ethanol blends.
- Compatibility with older vehicles: Some older vehicles may not be compatible with ethanol blends, and using them can cause damage to engine components.
- Food vs. fuel debate: The use of food crops, such as corn, for ethanol production has raised concerns about the impact on food prices and food security.
Ethanol blending is a complex issue with both benefits and challenges, and its widespread adoption depends on various factors, including government policies, technological advancements, and consumer preferences.
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) is an autonomous institute under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India. It was established in 1976 with the mandate to collect, conserve, evaluate, and utilize plant genetic resources (PGR) for research and development in agriculture.
The primary objectives of the NBPGR are
- Collection and conservation: The NBPGR collects and conserves plant genetic resources, including seeds, germplasm, and other plant materials, from various parts of India and the world. It maintains a large gene bank with over 4,50,000 accessions to different crops and their wild relatives.
- Documentation and characterization: The NBPGR documents and characterizes the collected plant genetic resources to understand their genetic diversity, traits, and potential uses in agriculture.
- Evaluation and utilization: The NBPGR evaluates the collected plant genetic resources for their agronomic, nutritional, and other traits to identify potential candidates for crop improvement and the development of new varieties.
- Capacity building: The NBPGR conducts training programs, workshops, and seminars to build the capacity of scientists, researchers, and other stakeholders in the field of plant genetic resources.
- Research and development: The NBPGR conducts research and development activities to improve crop varieties, enhance agricultural productivity, and address challenges related to climate change, pests, and diseases.
- International collaboration: The NBPGR collaborates with national and international organizations, research institutions, and gene banks to exchange germplasm, share knowledge, and promote the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources.
The NBPGR plays a crucial role in the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources for the improvement of agriculture, food security, and sustainable development in India.
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Amendment) Act, 2017, was passed by the Parliament of India to amend the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) Act, 1981. The amendment was aimed at strengthening the governance and operational aspects of NABARD to better serve the needs of rural areas and agriculture.
Key amendments introduced by the Act include
- Composition of the Board: The Act increased the number of directors on the Board of NABARD from 14 to 18. The Board now includes representatives from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Finance, Reserve Bank of India, and other stakeholders.
- Appointment of Managing Director: The Act introduced provisions for the appointment of a Managing Director of NABARD, who shall be a person with experience in rural development or agriculture finance.
- Term of Office: The Act specified that the term of office of the Managing Director and other directors on the Board shall be five years, subject to certain conditions.
- Powers of the Board: The Act empowered the Board of NABARD to make regulations for the conduct of its business and the performance of its functions.
- Audit and Accounts: The Act provided for the audit of NABARD's accounts by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and the submission of annual reports to the Central Government.
- Financial Provisions: The Act allowed NABARD to borrow funds from the Central Government, the Reserve Bank of India, or other sources, subject to certain conditions.
- Miscellaneous Provisions: The Act made various other provisions related to the administration, management, and functioning of NABARD.
The amendments to the NABARD Act, 1981, aimed to enhance the effectiveness, transparency, and accountability of NABARD in its role as a development financial institution for rural areas and agriculture in India.
The Revenue Insurance Scheme for Plantation Crops (RISPC) is a crop insurance scheme launched by the Government of India, in 2016 to provide financial protection to farmers growing plantation crops against losses due to natural calamities, pest attacks, and diseases. The scheme aims to stabilize the income of farmers and encourage them to adopt modern agricultural practices.
Key features of the Revenue Insurance Scheme for Plantation Crops include
- Coverage: The scheme covers plantation crops such as tea, coffee, rubber, and cardamom, which are prone to risks like natural calamities, pest attacks, and diseases.
- Premium: The premium rates under the scheme are fixed by the government and are subsidized for small and marginal farmers. The premium rates are based on the value of the crop and the level of coverage chosen by the farmer.
- Insurance Coverage: The scheme provides coverage against yield losses due to natural calamities, pest attacks, and diseases. It also covers losses due to adverse weather conditions, fire, lightning, and other perils.
- Sum Insured: The sum insured under the scheme is based on the value of the crop at the time of planting and is fixed by the government.
- Claim Settlement: In case of crop loss, farmers can file a claim with the insurance company within a specified time frame. The claim is assessed based on the extent of crop loss and the sum insured.
- Premium Payment: Farmers are required to pay the premium at the time of enrollment in the scheme. The premium rates are subsidized by the government for small and marginal farmers.
- Duration: The scheme is implemented on an annual basis, and farmers need to enrol in the scheme every year to avail of the insurance coverage.
The Revenue Insurance Scheme for Plantation Crops provides financial protection to farmers growing plantation crops against crop losses due to various risks. The scheme aims to promote the adoption of modern agricultural practices and ensure the sustainability of plantation crop cultivation in India.
Neem Coating of Urea is a sustainable agricultural practice that involves coating urea fertilizer with neem oil to enhance its efficiency and reduce nitrogen losses. The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is native to the Indian subcontinent and has been traditionally used in agriculture and medicine for its pesticidal, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties.
The process of Neem Coating of Urea involves the following steps
- Preparation of Neem Oil: Neem oil is extracted from the seeds of the neem tree. The seeds are crushed and pressed to extract the oil, which is then purified and filtered to remove impurities.
- Coating Process: The urea granules are coated with neem oil using a specialized coating machine. The neem oil is mixed with a suitable carrier material to form a coating solution, which is then sprayed onto the urea granules. The coating process is typically carried out in a controlled environment to ensure uniform coating and adherence of the neem oil to the urea granules.
- Drying and Packaging: After the coating process, the neem-coated urea granules are dried to remove excess moisture. The dried granules are then packaged and stored in airtight containers to prevent moisture absorption and maintain the quality of the coated urea.
- Application: Neem-coated urea is applied to the soil as a fertilizer. The neem oil coating helps in the slow and controlled release of nitrogen, which reduces nitrogen losses through volatilization and leaching. The neem oil also acts as a natural pesticide, protecting crops from pests and diseases.
Benefits of Neem Coating of Urea
- Enhanced Efficiency: Neem-coated urea releases nitrogen slowly, providing a sustained supply of nutrients to the crops. This helps in improving crop yield and quality.
- Reduced Nitrogen Losses: The neem oil coating reduces nitrogen losses through volatilization and leaching, thereby improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing environmental pollution.
- Pest and Disease Control: Neem oil has natural pesticidal properties, which help in controlling pests and diseases in crops.
- Sustainable Agriculture: Neem coating of urea is an eco-friendly and sustainable agricultural practice that promotes the use of natural resources and reduces the reliance on chemical fertilizers.
Neem Coating of Urea is a cost-effective and sustainable agricultural practice that can contribute to improved crop productivity, reduced environmental pollution, and sustainable agricultural development.
The National Agriculture Market (eNAM) is a pan-India electronic trading platform for agricultural commodities. It was launched by the Government of India in April 2016 to create a unified national market for agricultural produce. The eNAM platform is designed to facilitate transparent and efficient trading of agricultural commodities, reduce intermediaries, and ensure fair prices for farmers.
Key features of the National Agriculture Market (eNAM) include
- Online Trading Platform: The eNAM platform provides a digital marketplace where farmers can sell their produce directly to buyers across the country. It eliminates the need for physical marketplaces and intermediaries, thereby reducing transaction costs and improving price discovery.
- Unified Market: The eNAM platform is designed to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities, enabling farmers to access a larger pool of buyers and get better prices for their produce.
- Transparent Pricing: The eNAM platform provides real-time information on prices and demand for agricultural commodities, enabling farmers to make informed decisions about when and where to sell their produce.
- Quality Certification: The eNAM platform provides quality certification for agricultural commodities, ensuring that buyers receive high-quality produce.
- Payment Security: The eNAM platform provides secure payment options, ensuring that farmers receive timely and fair payments for their produce.
- Market Intelligence: The eNAM platform provides market intelligence and analytics, enabling farmers to understand market trends and make informed decisions about crop planning and production.
The National Agriculture Market (eNAM) is a transformative initiative that aims to modernize India's agricultural marketing system, improve farmers' incomes, and promote inclusive growth in the agriculture sector.
|
Previous Year Questions 1. With references to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: (upsc 2018)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B
3. Why does the Government of India promote the use of 'Neem-coated Urea' in agriculture? (UPSC 2016) (a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms (b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil (c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields (d) It is a combination of a 1,veedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops Answer: B 4. In the context of food and nutritional security of India, enhancing the 'Seed Replacement Rates' of various crops helps in achieving the food production targets of the future. But what is/are the constraint/constraints in its wider/greater implementation? (UPSC 2014)
Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 (d) None Answer: B 5. Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India? (UPSC 2015) (a) Saltwater crocodile (b) Olive ridley turtle (c) Gangetic dolphin (d) Gharial Answer: C Mains 1. What are the forces that influence ocean currents? Describe their role in fishing industry of the world. (UPSC 2022)
2. Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents? How do they influence regional climates, fishing and navigation? (UPSC 2015)
|
