1.Introduction

The sixth century B.C. is considered a wonderful century in history. Great thinkers like Buddha, Mahavira, Heraclitus, Zoroaster, Confucius and Lao Tse lived and preached their ideas in this century. In India, the republican institutions were strong in the 6th century B.C. This enabled rise of heterodox sects against the orthodox religion dominated by rites and rituals. Among them the most successful were Jainism and Buddhism whose impact on the Indian society was remarkable.

2.Causes for the Rise of Jainism and Buddhism

The primary cause for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism was the religious unrest in India in the 6th century B.C. The complex rituals and sacrifices advocated in the Later Vedic period were not acceptable to the common people. The superstitious beliefs and mantras confused the people.

Other than the religious factor, social and economic factors also contributed to the rise of these two religions. The rigid caste system prevalent in India generated tensions in the society. Higher classes enjoyed certain privileges which were denied to the lower classes. Also, the Kshatriyas had resented the domination of the priestly class.

It should also to be noted that both Buddha and Mahavira belonged to Kshatriya origin. The growth of trade led to the improvement in the economic conditions of the Vaisyas. As a result, they wanted to enhance their social status but the orthodox Varna system did not allow this. Therefore, they began to extend support to Buddhism and Jainism.

3.Jainism

3.1.Life of Vardhamana Mahavira (539- 467 B.C.)

Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of the Jain tradition. He was born at Kundagrama near Vaisali to Kshatriya parents Siddhartha and Trisala. He married Yasoda and gave birth to a daughter. In the 13th year of his penance, he attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kevala Gnana. Thereafter, he was called Mahavira and Jina. His followers were called Jains and his religion Jainism.

3.2.Teachings of Mahavira

The three principles of Jainism, also known as Triratnas (three gems), are:

- Right faith

 -Right knowledge

 - Right conduct.

Right faith is the belief in the teachings and wisdom of Mahavira. Right Knowledge is the acceptance of the theory that there is no God and that the world has been existing without a creator and that all objects possess a soul.

Right conduct refers to the observance of the five great vows:

- Not to injure life

- Not to lie

- Not to steal

- Not to acquire property

- Not to lead immoral life.

He advocated a very holy and ethical code of life. Even the practice of agriculture was considered sinful as it causes injury to the earth, worms and animals.

Similarly the doctrine of asceticism and renunciation was also carried to extreme lengths by the practice of starvation, nudity and other forms of self-torture.

3.3.Spread of Jainism

Mahavira organised the Sangha to spread his teachings. He admitted both men and women in the Sangha, which consisted of both monks and lay followers. The rapid spread of Jainism was due to the dedicated work of the members of the Sangha.

By the end of the fourth century B.C., there was a serious famine in the Ganges valley. Many Jain monks led by Bhadrabagu and Chandragupta Maurya came to Sravana Belgola in Karnataka. Those who stayed back in north India were led by a monk named Sthulabahu who changed the code of conduct for the monks. This led to the division of Jainism into two sects Svetambaras (whiteclad) and Digambaras (Sky-clad or Naked).

The first Jain Council was convened at Pataliputra by Sthulabahu, the leader of the Digambaras, in the beginning of the 3rd century B.C. The second Jain Council was held at Vallabhai in 5th century A.D. The final compilation of Jain literature called Twelve Angas was completed in this council.

3.4.Decline of Jainism:

• Took concept of Ahimsa too far, said medicines shouldn’t be consumed as it kills germs.
• Unpopular with commoners.
• Observance of extreme penance & austerity was tough.
• Jains didn’t take any special efforts to spread the religion.

3.5.Jain architecture

Caves:

Udaygiri & Khandagiri (Orissa); Hathigumpha; Baghagumpa

Temples:

Dilvara temples in Mt. Abu, Tejapala & Vimalavasai temples.

Girnar & Palitan temples (Gujarat) Pavapuri & Rajgriha (Bihar).

Statue of Gomateshwar /Bahubali at Shravanbelagola (Mysore).

4.Buddhism

4.1.Life of Gautama Buddha (567- 487 B.C.)

Gautama or Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in 567 B.C. in Lumbini Garden near Kapilavastu. His father was Suddodhana of the Sakya clan and mother Mayadevi. As his mother died at child birth, he was brought up by his aunt Prajapati Gautami.

The sight of an old man, a diseased man, a corpse and an ascetic turned him away from worldly life. He left home at the age of twenty nine in search of truth. He wandered for seven years and met several teachers but could not get enlightenment. At last, he sat under the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya and did not intense penance, after which he got Enlightenment (Nirvana) at the age of thirty five.

The most important disciples of Buddha were Sariputta, Moggallanna, Ananda, Kassapa and Upali. Kings like prasenajit of Kosala and Bimbisara and Ajatasatru of Magadha accepted his doctrine and became his disciples. Buddha in his life time spread his message far and wide in north India and visited places like Benaras, Rajagriha, Sravasti, Vaisali, Nalanda and Pataligrama.

4.2.Teachings of Buddha

Four Noble truths of Buddha are

• The world is full of suffering.
• The cause of suffering is desire.
• If desires are get rid off, suffering can be removed.
• This can be done by following the Eightfold path.

The Eightfold path consists of right view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Buddha neither accepts god nor rejects the existence of god. He laid great emphasis on the law of Karma. He argued that the condition of man in this life depends upon his own deeds.

He was a rationalist who tried to explain things in the light of reason and not on the basis of blind faith. Though he did not make a direct attack on the caste system, he was against any social distinctions and threw open his order to all. Therefore, Buddhism was more a social than religious revolution. It taught the code of practical ethics and laid down the principle of social equality.

4.3.Spread of Buddhism

Buddha had two kinds of disciples-monks (bhikshus) and lay worshippers (upasikas). The monks were organized into the Sangha for the purpose of spreading his teachings.

The members were open to all persons, male or female and without any caste restrictions. There was a special code for nuns restricting their residence and movement. Sariputta, Moggallana and Ananda were some of the famous monks. The Sangha was governed on democratic lines and was empowered to enforce discipline among its members.

Pali, language of people spread Buddhist doctrine amongst the masses.

200 hundred years after Buddha’s death, Mauryan King, Ashoka embraced Buddhism. This was an epoch making event.

Ashoka made it a world religion by spreading it in Sri-Lanka, Central Asia, and Western Asia.

Lord Kanishka became its patron in 1st Century AD.

Though Buddhism disappeared from the land of its birth, it is still practiced in South Asia, South East Asia & East Asia. Spread of 2 sects: Mahayanism in C. Asia, China & Japan; Hinayanism in Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand & other South East Asia.

4.4.Buddhist Councils

The first Buddhist council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha.

The second Buddhist council was convened at Vaisali around 383 B.C.

The Third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka. Moggaliputta Tissa presided over it. The final version of Tripitakas was completed in this council.

The fourth Buddhist council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Ashvaghosha participated in this council. The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council. The Buddhism preached by the Buddha and propagated by Ashok was known as Hinayana.

4.5.Contributions of Buddhism to Indian Culture

Buddhism has made a remarkable contribution to the development of Indian Culture.

The concept of ahimsa was its chief contribution. Later, it became one of the cherished values of our nation.

Its contribution to the art and architecture of India was notable. The stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut and Gaya are wonderful pieces of architecture. Buddhism takes the credit for the Chaityas and Viharas in different parts of India.

It promoted education through residential universities like those at Vikramshila, Taxshila and Nalanda.

The language of Pali and other local languages developed through the teachings of Buddhism.

It had also promoted the spread of Indian culture to other parts of Asia.