DANUBE DELTA
1. Context
The Danube delta has provided Ukraine with an alternative passage for its grain after Russia withdrew from the Black Sea grain deal last month. The deal, brokered by the UN and Turkey, used to provide safe passage for cargo ships carrying grain from Ukrainian Black Sea ports of Odessa, Chornomorsk and Pivdennyi.
2.The Path which Provided passage for Ukraine
- Europe's second-longest river, the Danube, has historically served as a vital artery for freight transportation. Located near Tulcea, Romania, approximately 80 kilometers from its mouth, the river begins to disperse into its delta, featuring three primary channels: Chilia, Sulina, and St. George.
- Among these channels, the Sulina Channel stands out as it has been dredged and widened, rendering it suitable for the transportation of goods. It functions akin to a riverine "expressway," facilitating the movement of freight from inland regions to the Black Sea.
- Ships transporting grain from Ukraine typically depart from Ukrainian ports like Izmail and Reni situated along the mainstream, or the Chilia Channel.
- They then navigate to the port of Sulina, positioned at the mouth of the Sulina Channel. Subsequently, they travel approximately 140 kilometers southward to reach Constanta, Romania's largest seaport.
- At Constanta, the cargo is transferred to larger vessels for further transit out of the Black Sea and into the Mediterranean via the Bosphorus straits. It's worth noting that this route remains under continuous monitoring and safeguarding by NATO forces
3.Congestion and lack of capacity
- While appearing to offer a solution to disruptions caused by Russia to Ukraine's grain exports, this route also presents its own set of challenges. Russia, thus far, has refrained from attacking territories under NATO control, but the continued targeting of Ukrainian ports and grain facilities along the Danube could have devastating consequences.
- Furthermore, Ukraine has traditionally relied on its rail network and Black Sea ports rather than utilizing the Danube for grain exports. Consequently, Ukrainian ports may struggle to accommodate the sudden influx of grain volume.
- One proposed solution, advocated by Sorin Grindeanu, Romania's transport minister, involves transporting grain from Ukraine to Romania via rail and utilizing Romanian ports instead. However, this approach would result in significant loss of revenue for Ukraine in terms of loading fees and additional expenses.
- Another issue stems from congestion at the mouth of the channel due to high traffic volume. Boats are experiencing lengthy wait times before they can access the channel, leading to significant shipping delays
4. Danube Delta
- The Danube Delta is a vast and biodiverse region located at the mouth of the Danube River, where it empties into the Black Sea in southeastern Europe. This unique ecosystem spans parts of Romania and Ukraine and is characterized by a complex network of marshes, lakes, channels, and sandbars.
- The Danube Delta is renowned for its rich biodiversity, serving as a habitat for numerous plant and animal species, including rare and endangered ones. It is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and designated as a Biosphere Reserve due to its ecological importance.
- The delta plays a crucial role in supporting diverse ecosystems and providing essential ecological services such as flood control, water purification, and fish spawning grounds. It is also a haven for birdwatchers, attracting millions of migratory birds each year during their seasonal migrations.
- Human communities have inhabited the Danube Delta for centuries, relying on its resources for fishing, agriculture, and tourism. However, human activities such as habitat alteration, pollution, and unsustainable fishing practices pose significant threats to the delta's delicate ecosystem.
- Efforts are underway to conserve and sustainably manage the Danube Delta to ensure its preservation for future generations while balancing the needs of local communities and the environment. Conservation initiatives, scientific research, and ecotourism contribute to raising awareness and protecting this valuable natural heritage
5.Sulina Channel
- The Sulina Channel is a significant waterway within the Danube Delta, located in southeastern Europe where the Danube River meets the Black Sea. It is one of the three primary channels of the Danube Delta, alongside the Chilia and St. George channels.
- The Sulina Channel is of particular importance due to its depth and width, making it suitable for navigation by large vessels. Over time, it has been dredged and straightened to facilitate the passage of ships, earning it the reputation of a vital maritime route often referred to as a riverine "expressway."
- This channel plays a crucial role in facilitating freight transportation, serving as a conduit for goods moving from inland regions to the Black Sea. Ships carrying various commodities, including grain from Ukraine, commonly utilize the Sulina Channel for export purposes.
- Given its strategic significance, the Sulina Channel has historically been a focal point for trade, commerce, and transportation activities in the region. However, challenges such as congestion, maintenance, and environmental concerns pose ongoing issues that need to be addressed to ensure the effective and sustainable utilization of this waterway
6. Danube River
- The Danube River is one of the major rivers in Europe, flowing through ten countries on its course from its source in the Black Forest of Germany to its mouth at the Black Sea. It is the second-longest river in Europe after the Volga.
- The Danube River has a rich history and cultural significance, serving as a vital trade and transportation route since ancient times. It has been a key artery for the exchange of goods, people, and ideas between Central and Eastern Europe.
- Throughout its journey, the Danube passes through diverse landscapes, including scenic valleys, rolling hills, and fertile plains. It traverses countries such as Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Moldova, each contributing to the river's unique character and charm.
- The Danube River also holds ecological importance, supporting a wide variety of plant and animal species along its banks and in its waters. It provides habitats for numerous species of fish, birds, and mammals, and its floodplains are crucial for maintaining biodiversity and supporting agricultural productivity.
- In addition to its economic and ecological significance, the Danube River has inspired countless works of art, literature, and music throughout history. It continues to attract tourists and adventurers who seek to explore its picturesque landscapes, historic cities, and cultural heritage.
- Despite its importance, the Danube River faces various challenges, including pollution, habitat loss, and the impacts of climate change. Efforts are underway to protect and preserve this valuable natural resource through conservation initiatives, sustainable development practices, and international cooperation among the countries sharing its waters
7. Way Forward
The Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve encompasses a complex network of waterways and landmasses shared by Romania and Ukraine.
It comprises numerous lakes, channels, and islands at the terminus of the 2,860-kilometer-long Danube River. Renowned as the largest wetland and reed bed in Europe, the Danube Delta also serves as the continent's most extensive water purification system. This region is celebrated for its remarkable avian diversity, hosting 312 significant bird species, many of which utilize the Delta for breeding and migratory purposes. Additionally, the Delta sustains approximately 90 species of fish, including populations of sturgeon (Acipenser). Notably, the Delta serves as a sanctuary for various endangered species such as the European mink (Mustela lutreola), wildcat (Felis silvestris), freshwater otter (Lutra lutra), and the globally imperiled monk seal (Monachus monachus)
Source: Indianexpress
SELECTION OF ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA
1. Context
Recently, The President has appointed Gyanesh Kumar and Sukhbir Singh Sandhu, both retired IAS officers, as Election Commissioners (ECs) to fill up two vacancies in the three-member Election Commission of India. The two officials are the first to be appointed under the new law governing appointments to the constitutional body, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023
2. The Selection Process of New Election Commissioners
Under the new law, the selection of the two Election Commissioners (ECs) was conducted by a three-member Selection Committee. This committee consisted of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Union Home Minister Amit Shah, and Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, the Leader of the Indian National Congress in the Lok Sabha as the leader of the largest party in the Opposition. The ECs were chosen from a shortlisted panel of six names. The initial shortlisting process was carried out by a committee headed by the Union Minister for Law and Justice, as mandated by the Act, and included two government officials holding the rank of Secretary.
3. Appointing the Election Commission Before the Current Process
- Before the recent changes, the appointment process for Election Commissioners (ECs) was not explicitly defined by law. Article 324 of the Constitution granted the power of "superintendence, direction and control of elections" to the Election Commission, which could include the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other ECs as determined by the President.
- However, for about four decades after the Constitution's adoption, only a single CEC was in office. It wasn't until October 1989 that the Election Commission became a multi-member body, but this arrangement was short-lived, as the appointment of two Election Commissioners was rescinded in January 1990.
- In 1991, a law was enacted to establish the conditions of service for the CEC and ECs, later amended in 1993. However, this legislation did not outline a specific appointment process for ECs.
- Consequently, the President appointed the CEC and ECs based on a panel of names typically presented by the Law Ministry to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister would then recommend one of the candidates from this panel to the President for appointment as an EC.
- It was customary to appoint officials as ECs initially, and then upon the completion of the CEC's tenure, the senior EC would be elevated to the position of CEC. This process lacked a formalized selection mechanism and relied on established conventions rather than a structured legal framework.
4. Supreme Court Verdict on the Process
- In the case of Anoop Baranwal versus Union of India, a five-member Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court made a significant ruling regarding the appointment process of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election Commissioners (ECs).
- The court emphasized that the power to appoint these officials was not intended to be solely vested in the executive branch, as stated in the Constitution. Instead, this power was subject to any law enacted by Parliament.
- Since no such law had been passed since the Constitution's inception, the court established an interim arrangement for appointments until Parliament formulated its own law.
- According to this interim arrangement, appointments were to be made by a three-member committee consisting of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest party in the Opposition), and the Chief Justice of India.
- In response to this ruling, Parliament passed the 2023 Act, which received presidential assent and was officially notified in late December 2023.
- This Act established a formal process for the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, aligning with the guidelines set by the Supreme Court's interim arrangement.
5. The criticism against the Act
- Criticism against the Act primarily centers on the composition of the selection panel for appointing Election Commissioners and the perceived imbalance of power in favor of the executive branch. The Act has faced backlash for removing the Chief Justice of India (CJI) from the selection committee and replacing this position with a Union Minister, thereby creating a two-one majority for the executive in the three-member committee.
- Critics argue that this change undermines the principle of independence and impartiality in the appointment process. By giving the executive a significant majority in the selection panel, there are concerns about potential political influence or bias in the appointment of Election Commissioners, which could compromise the integrity of the Election Commission.
- The government's defense that the Act does not entirely remove the CJI from the appointment process is met with skepticism. Critics view the inclusion of the CJI in the selection committee as a crucial safeguard to ensure a balanced and fair appointment process, free from undue influence or partisan considerations.
- Despite these criticisms and legal challenges, the Supreme Court has consistently declined requests to stay the implementation of the new Act. However, petitioners continue to challenge the Act's provisions, particularly regarding the appointment of Election Commissioners, arguing that it contravenes the core principle established by the Constitution Bench judgment – the necessity to depoliticize the appointment process and ensure independence from the executive branch.
6. Election Commission of India
- The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for overseeing and conducting elections in India.
- Established on January 25, 1950, under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution, the Election Commission plays a vital role in upholding the democratic principles of the country by ensuring free and fair elections.
- The Election Commission of India (ECI) is vested with significant powers and functions to ensure the conduct of free, fair, and transparent elections in the country.
- These powers and functions are outlined in the Indian Constitution and various laws related to elections.
Some of the key powers and functions of the Election Commission of India include:
- Conducting Elections: The ECI is responsible for organizing and conducting elections to the Lok Sabha (House of the People), State Legislative Assemblies, and offices of the President and Vice-President of India.
- Voter Registration: The ECI oversees the process of voter registration, which includes the preparation and revision of electoral rolls, and the issuance of Voter ID cards to eligible citizens.
- Delimitation of Constituencies: The ECI determines the boundaries and delimits constituencies for parliamentary and assembly elections. This process aims to ensure equitable representation and prevent gerrymandering.
- Nomination of Candidates: The ECI supervises the filing of nominations by candidates, verifies their eligibility, and ensures compliance with nomination procedures.
- Model Code of Conduct: The ECI enforces the Model Code of Conduct, which provides guidelines for political parties and candidates to maintain ethical and fair campaigning practices during elections.
- Election Monitoring and Supervision: The ECI monitors all stages of the electoral process, including the conduct of polls, to ensure that elections are free from malpractices and irregularities.
- Election Schedule: The ECI announces the schedule for elections, including polling dates and result declaration dates, and ensures that elections are held within a specified time frame.
- Campaign Finance Regulation: The ECI monitors and regulates campaign financing to curb the use of illegal funds and maintain transparency in election spending.
- Media Management: The ECI regulates media coverage during elections to ensure equal opportunities for all candidates and parties and prevent any undue influence.
- Disqualification of Candidates: The ECI has the authority to disqualify candidates who violate election laws or engage in corrupt practices.
- Counting of Votes and Results: The ECI oversees the counting of votes and the declaration of election results, ensuring accuracy and transparency in the process.
- Dispute Resolution: The ECI adjudicates election-related disputes, addresses complaints of violations, and takes necessary actions to ensure a fair electoral process.
- Voter Education: The ECI conducts voter education campaigns to raise awareness among citizens about the electoral process, their voting rights, and the importance of participating in elections.
- Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and VVPATs: The ECI is responsible for the use and maintenance of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs), which enhance the transparency and integrity of the voting process.
- Code of Conduct for Political Parties: The ECI monitors the conduct of political parties and can take action against parties that violate election laws or engage in unethical practices.
7. The Way Forward
By adopting the measures and fostering a collaborative approach involving various stakeholders, it is possible to address concerns regarding the appointment process of Election Commissioners and reinforce the credibility and effectiveness of the Election Commission of India.
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For Prelims: Election Commission of India, Supreme Court, Article 324, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023
For Mains:
1. Describe the selection process for new Election Commissioners outlined in the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023. Analyze the key stakeholders involved in this process and their roles. (250 Words)
2. Propose recommendations for enhancing the transparency, fairness, and independence of the Election Commission's appointment process. Discuss the measures that can be taken to address the criticisms and improve electoral governance in India. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017) 1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.
2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections.
3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only
2. Consider the following statements : (UPSC 2021) 1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.
2. In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.
3. As per the- existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 3
Answers: 1-D, 2-B Mains 1. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (UPSC 2018) |
Source: The Hindu
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (UNHRC)
1. Context
India abstained from a vote in the United Nations General Assembly on a Pakistan-sponsored resolution on measures to combat Islamophobia, averring that while New Delhi condemns all "acts motivated by anti-Semitism, Christianophobia or Islamophobia, it is crucial to acknowledge that such phobias extend beyond the Abrahamic religions"
2.Human Rights Council
The Human Rights Council (HRC) is a body within the United Nations (UN) system responsible for promoting and protecting human rights around the world. It was established in 2006 to replace the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which had faced criticism for being ineffective and politicized.
The HRC is comprised of 47 member states elected by the UN General Assembly for staggered three-year terms. Members are chosen based on their commitment to human rights and their willingness to uphold high standards in this regard. The council meets several times a year in Geneva, Switzerland, to discuss and address human rights issues globally.
The council's responsibilities include:
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The HRC examines human rights situations in different countries, receives reports from special rapporteurs, and can establish commissions of inquiry or fact-finding missions to investigate specific situations.
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The council plays a key role in developing and promoting international human rights standards and norms. It adopts resolutions, decisions, and declarations on various human rights issues.
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The HRC supports countries in strengthening their human rights institutions and practices through technical assistance, advisory services, and capacity-building programs.
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The council conducts periodic reviews of the human rights records of all UN member states through the UPR mechanism. During these reviews, countries' human rights records are examined, and recommendations are made to address any shortcomings
3. Working of the Council
- The Human Rights Council was established by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on March 15, 2006, succeeding the former UN Commission on Human Rights. Its inaugural session took place from June 19 to June 30, 2006.
- In 2007, the Council implemented an "institution-building package" to establish its operational procedures and mechanisms. These included the introduction of the Universal Periodic Review mechanism, designed to evaluate the human rights conditions in all UN Member States.
- Additionally, the Advisory Committee was established to serve as a repository of expertise for the Council, offering guidance on thematic human rights matters. Moreover, the Complaint Procedure was introduced, enabling individuals and organizations to bring instances of human rights violations to the Council's attention.
- Furthermore, the Council collaborates with the UN Special Procedures, originally established by the former Commission on Human Rights. This framework comprises special rapporteurs, special representatives, independent experts, and working groups tasked with monitoring, examining, advising, and reporting on specific human rights issues or conditions in individual countries
4. Membership of the Council
- The Council convenes at the UN Office located in Geneva, Switzerland, and comprises 47 UN Member States elected through a direct and confidential ballot by majority vote at the UNGA. The selection process, as outlined on the Council's website, considers the candidate States' efforts in advancing and safeguarding human rights, alongside their voluntary commitments in this domain.
- Membership distribution within the Council ensures geographical equity. African and Asia-Pacific states hold 13 seats each, Latin American and Caribbean states possess 8 seats, Western European and other states have 7 seats, and Eastern European states hold 6 seats.
- Each member serves a term of three years and is ineligible for immediate re-election after serving two consecutive terms. Membership entails a responsibility to uphold rigorous human rights standards, a criterion underscored by States themselves during the adoption of resolution 60/251 in March 2006, which established the Human Rights Council, according to the Council.
- Allegedly, Russia has breached this responsibility in Ukraine. Russia commenced its three-year term as a member of the Council on January 1, 2021
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Leadership of the Council
The Council is governed by a Bureau comprising five individuals: a president and four vice-presidents, with each representing a different regional group. Their terms last for one year, aligned with the Council's annual cycle. Leading the Human Rights Council during the 16th Cycle (2022) is Federico Villegas, who serves as the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the UN and other international bodies in Geneva. Villegas assumed the presidency of the Human Rights Council for the year 2022 following his election in December 2021.
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5. Meetings of the Council
- The Human Rights Council convenes at least three regular sessions annually, totaling a minimum of 10 weeks. These sessions occur in March (4 weeks), June (3 weeks), and September (3 weeks). The most recent regular session (49th) of the Council took place from February 28 to April 1, 2022.
- In the event that a third of the Member states request it, the Council has the authority to convene a special session at any point to address urgent human rights violations and crises.
- During the presidency of Nazhat S Khan from Fiji, the Council held a notable five special sessions in 2021, focusing on issues concerning Myanmar, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Israel, Afghanistan, Sudan, and Ethiopia
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For Prelims: UNHRC, UNGA, Amnesty International
For Mains: 1.Discuss the role and significance of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in addressing global human rights issues. Highlight its key functions, mechanisms, and achievements, with a particular emphasis on its Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which one of the following statements regarding the Human Rights Council is not correct? (CDS GK 2018)
A.It is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system made up of all members of the UN.
B.It is responsible for the promotion and protection of all human nights around the globe.
C.It replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
D.It is made up of 47 UN Member States which are elected by the UN General Assembly.
Answer (A)
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Source: Indianexpress
IPCC REPORTS
1. Context
A recent study, published and examined over 500 future emissions scenarios evaluated by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its latest reports. These scenarios focus on mitigation efforts such as decreasing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion and enhancing carbon sequestration through forestry practices. The study revealed that in all 556 scenarios analyzed, disparities in income, energy consumption, and emissions between developed and developing nations are expected to persist until 2050.
2. About IPCC assessment reports
IPCC assessment reports are comprehensive evaluations that usually consist of three Working Group reports covering physical science, climate adaptation, and mitigation actions, along with a synthesis report that summarizes key findings from these groups. Additionally, thematic special reports may be included. These reports collectively analyze scientific literature to present the current understanding of climate change, including its scientific, technical, and socio-economic aspects. The IPCC is currently conducting its Seventh Assessment cycle (AR7).
3. IPCC and Climate Modelling
- The IPCC assesses future scenarios by employing "modelled pathways" to project the actions necessary to limit global surface warming.
- These pathways are constructed using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which depict interactions between human activities and Earth systems.
- IAMs are sophisticated tools that explore potential trajectories for energy systems, economies, and climate outcomes.
- They incorporate macroeconomic models to forecast GDP growth, energy models to estimate future consumption patterns, vegetation models to analyze land-use changes, and earth-system models to understand climate dynamics based on physics principles.
- Through this interdisciplinary integration, IAMs aim to offer actionable insights for policymakers regarding climate actions.
- However, they also have limitations. IAMs often prioritize least-cost assessments, which may favor actions with lower absolute costs in certain regions.
- Critics suggest that these models could better address equity concerns by considering options where wealthier nations bear a more significant burden of immediate and substantial mitigation efforts.
4. A New Study findings on IPCC AR6
- The recent study, conducted by the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, and Research Foundation, Chennai, analyzed 556 scenarios from the IPCC's AR6 report. Their findings highlight significant disparities in economic and environmental projections between regions.
- The study revealed that by 2050, per-capita GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, West Asia, and other parts of Asia (which represent 60% of the global population) is projected to remain below the global average. It also identified disparities in consumption patterns and energy/fossil fuel usage between the Global North and Global South.
- Furthermore, the scenarios indicated a higher emphasis on carbon sequestration through land-based sinks (like forests) and increased adoption of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies in developing nations compared to developed ones. This implies that poorer countries would disproportionately bear the burden of both mitigation efforts and carbon removal strategies.
- These scenarios for neglecting the historical responsibility of the Global North and overlooking the future energy requirements of the Global South for achieving development objectives. The analysis underscores the need for more equitable and balanced approaches in climate mitigation strategies that consider the varying capacities and responsibilities of different regions.
5. Why Equity is Crucial in Climate Action
- Equity holds significant importance in climate action for several reasons. Firstly, it is rooted in the principles outlined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), emphasizing fairness and shared responsibilities among nations. Article 3 of the Convention underscores the need for countries to protect the climate system based on equity and respective capabilities, with developed nations taking a leading role in addressing climate change and its adverse effects.
- Equity matters because it recognizes that different countries have varying capacities and historical responsibilities in contributing to climate change. Wealthier nations have typically emitted higher levels of greenhouse gases and have more resources to implement mitigation measures and adapt to climate impacts. On the other hand, poorer countries often bear a disproportionate burden of climate-related challenges despite contributing less to emissions historically.
- Climate models and pathways developed using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) often prioritize technical and economic feasibility without adequately considering equity principles. This can lead to scenarios where the burden of climate action and mitigation falls disproportionately on less developed regions, contradicting the principles of fairness and shared responsibility.
- In essence, equity in climate action implies a fair distribution of responsibilities and resources, with developed regions taking on more significant roles, including accelerating efforts towards achieving net-negative emissions and supporting less developed regions in their climate endeavors. Ignoring equity can perpetuate inequalities and hinder collective global efforts to address climate change effectively.
6. About IPCC
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- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.
- IPCC was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the objective of the IPCC is to provide governments at all levels with scientific information that they can use to develop climate policies.
7. The Way Forward
Addressing equity in climate action requires a holistic approach that integrates social, economic, and environmental considerations into policy frameworks and implementation strategies. Collaboration among nations, civil society, academia, and private sectors is key to advancing equitable and effective climate solutions on a global scale.
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For Prelims: IPCC, Climate Change, UNFCCC
For Mains:
1. Climate change is a global challenge, but its impacts are not equally distributed. Discuss the concept of equity in climate action and its importance in achieving sustainable development. (250 Words)
2. Developed nations have historically contributed more to greenhouse gas emissions. Discuss the economic implications of transitioning to a low-carbon economy for both developed and developing countries. Suggest strategies for promoting a just transition. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
2. The IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. IPCC stands for: (RRB NTPC CBT 2 2022)
A. Intergovernmental Provision on Climate Change
B. International Panel on Climate Change
C. International Provision on Climate Change
D. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Answers: 1-A, 2-D
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Source: The Hindu
ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH TESTBED (ART)
1. Context
On March 12 2024, the first phase of India’s Atmospheric Research Testbed in Central India (ART-CI) was inaugurated at Silkheda in Sehore district, located about 50 km northwest of Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh
2. What is the Atmospheric Research Testbed (ART)?
- The Silkheda Atmospheric Research Testbed (ART) is an expansive open-field research program geared towards comprehensive observational and analytical studies.
- Its primary objective is to carry out on-site observations of various weather parameters including temperature, wind speeds, etc., as well as monitoring transient synoptic systems like low-pressure areas and depressions originating in the Bay of Bengal, particularly during the southwest monsoon season spanning from June to September.
- The research conducted at ART focuses on gathering extensive data over an extended duration, particularly concerning cloud parameters associated with these weather systems. This data is then utilized for comparative analysis with existing weather models, with the aim of enhancing accuracy in rainfall predictions.
- Additionally, the facility serves as a platform for calibrating and validating satellite-based observations integral to weather forecasting and prediction processes.
- Spanning across 100 acres, ART has been developed by the Ministry of Earth Sciences with an investment of Rs 125 crore. Operations at the facility are overseen by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
- In its initial phase, the research involves remote sensing-based observations alongside in-situ measurements utilizing 25 meteorological instruments. Subsequent phases will see the deployment of additional instruments such as a radar wind profiler, balloon-bound radiosonde, and soil moisture and temperature measuring equipment
3. Why is having an Atmospheric Research Testbed important?
- Currently, 45% of India's workforce is engaged in the agricultural sector. A significant portion of Indian agriculture relies on rainfall, particularly in regions within the Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ), which stretches from Gujarat to West Bengal in central India.
- The southwest monsoon season contributes approximately 70% of the country's total annual rainfall, averaging 880mm.
- Across India, the primary cultivation for the Kharif season occurs predominantly between July and August, with average monthly rainfall of 280.4mm and 254.9mm, respectively, based on the 1971–2020 average.
- During this four-month period, various synoptic systems, such as low pressures or depressions, develop in the Bay of Bengal. These systems typically move westwards or northwestwards towards the Indian mainland, passing through the MCZ and resulting in significant rainfall
4. Why is it important to have data about monsoons over central India?
- Studies have established a correlation between the overall rainfall performance in India and the rainfall specifically received in the central India region, underscoring its significance.
- The India Meteorological Department (IMD) issues rainfall forecasts for the country's four distinct regions—north, west, east, and south peninsular India. Additionally, it provides a specialized forecast for the Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ), recognized as India's primary agricultural region.
- Nevertheless, there remains a limited understanding regarding the role played by synoptic systems, as well as their associated cloud physics, properties, and their overall contribution to augmenting monsoon rainfall.
- Central India serves as a natural laboratory for scientists and meteorologists to conduct hands-on research into Indian monsoons. Here, they can collect data and observations concerning related systems, clouds, and various atmospheric parameters.
- Furthermore, climate change is causing erratic rainfall patterns in tropical regions like India. It has also intensified low-pressure systems, which are exacerbated by high temperatures, resulting in exceptionally heavy rainfall along their path during the monsoon season.
- The establishment of the Atmospheric Research Testbed (ART) will enable scientists to gather extensive and long-term data on cloud microphysics, precipitation, convection, land-surface properties, and other relevant parameters.
- This data will be integrated into numerical weather models to improve forecast accuracy, particularly in rainfall predictions. Enhanced forecasts will ultimately assist the agricultural community in better planning their activities
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Madhya Pradesh
The ART has been established at Silkheda, a location that falls directly in line with the path of major rain-bearing synoptic systems. This will facilitate direct monitoring and tracking. Besides, the locality is pristine and free of anthropogenic and other pollutants, making it the best site in central India for setting up sensitive, high-end meteorological instruments and observatories for recording data. |
5. What instruments are ART equipped with?
In order to maintain continuous surveillance of convection, cloud formations, precipitation, and to monitor significant modes of variability, the Atmospheric Research Testbed (ART) is furnished with over twenty-four advanced instruments, including radars and various others. Standing at a height of 72 meters, ART will be home to India's tallest meteorological tower.
Among the deployed instruments are an aethalometer for conducting aerosol studies, a cloud condensation nuclei counter, a laser ceilometer designed to gauge cloud dimensions, a micro rain radar utilized for determining raindrop size and distribution, and both a Ka-band cloud radar and a C-band Doppler weather radar employed to track the movement of rain-carrying systems across this region.
6. Way Forward
Among the instruments deployed at ART are cutting-edge tools such as an aethalometer for aerosol studies, a cloud condensation nuclei counter, a laser ceilometer for measuring cloud sizes, a micro rain radar for analyzing raindrop characteristics and distribution, as well as Ka-band and C-band Doppler weather radars utilized for tracking the movement of rain-bearing systems across the region
Source: Indianexpress
LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL (LAC)
1.Context
The Sela Tunnel, which was “dedicated to the nation” by Prime Minister Narendra Modi is a key border infrastructure project as it connects Guwahati to the strategic Tawang sector round-the-year, thus aiding faster military movement to the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
Pic credits: TRT WORLD
2.About Line of Actual Control (LAC)
The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km
It is divided into three sectors:
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The eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim,
The middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and the western sector in Ladakh
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3.The disagreement
- The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is along the 1914 McMahon Line, and there are minor disputes about the positions on the ground as per the principle of the high Himalayan watershed
- This pertains to India’s international boundary as well, but for certain areas such as Longju and Asaphila
- The line in the middle sector is the least controversial but for the precise alignment to be followed in the Barahoti plains.
- The major disagreements are in the western sector where the LAC emerged from two letters written by Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai to PM Jawaharlal Nehru in 1959, after he had first mentioned such a ‘line’ in 1956.
- In his letter, Zhou said the LAC consisted of “the so-called McMahon Line in the east and the line up to which each side exercises actual control in the west”
- After the 1962 War, the Chinese claimed they had withdrawn to 20 km behind the LAC of November 1959
- During the Doklam crisis in 2017, the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson urged India to abide by the “1959 LAC”
- India rejected the concept of LAC in both 1959 and 1962. Even during the war, Nehru was unequivocal: “There is no sense or meaning in the Chinese offer to withdraw twenty kilometres from what they call ‘line of actual control’
4.India's agreement to LAC
- LAC was discussed during Chinese Premier Li Peng’s 1991 visit to India, where PM P V Narasimha Rao and Li reached an understanding to maintain peace and tranquillity at the LAC.
- India formally accepted the concept of the LAC when Rao paid a return visit to Beijing in 1993 and the two sides signed the Agreement to Maintain Peace and Tranquillity at the LAC
- The reference to the LAC was unqualified to make it clear that it was not referring to the LAC of 1959 or 1962 but to the LAC at the time when the agreement was signed
- To reconcile the differences about some areas, the two countries agreed that the Joint Working Group on the border issue would take up the task of clarifying the alignment of the LAC
5.How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War. It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept – it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
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For Prelims: LAC, LOC For Mains: 1.What is this ‘line of control’? Is this the line China have created by aggression. Comment 2.What we know about the clash between Indian and Chinese soldiers in Arunachal Pradesh |
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Previous Year Questions 1.The Line of Actual Control (LAC) separates (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2020) A.India and Pakistan B.India and Afghanistan C.India and Nepal D.India and China Answer (D) 2.LAC (Line of Actual Control) is an effective border between India and ______. (SSC CHSL 2020) A.Pakistan B.Bhutan C.Sri Lanka D.China Answer (D) |
Source:indianexpress
MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT (MCC)
1. Context
The Election Commission of India (ECI) announced on Saturday (March 16) that the country would vote in seven phases in the Lok Sabha elections, from April 19 to June 1 and the results will be announced on June 4. With this, the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) comes into effect
2.How Election Commission describe MCC?
- The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India (ECI) for political parties and candidates during elections.
- The MCC is designed to ensure free and fair elections by preventing the misuse of government machinery, maintaining a level playing field for all candidates, and avoiding any activities that could unduly influence voters.
- The Election Commission describes the Model Code of Conduct as a set of norms and rules that political parties and candidates must adhere to during the election process.
- The MCC comes into effect as soon as the election dates are announced and remains in force until the results are declared.
- It includes guidelines on various aspects of electioneering, such as campaigning, speeches, processions, polling day activities, and the content of election manifestos.
- The goal is to promote a fair and ethical electoral process, minimizing the chances of corrupt practices and ensuring that the democratic principles are upheld during elections
3.What is the Model Code of Conduct?
- The Model Code of Conduct, issued by the Election Commission, serves as a set of guidelines to oversee the conduct of political parties and candidates before elections.
- These guidelines encompass various aspects such as speeches, polling day procedures, polling booths, ministerial portfolios, election manifesto content, processions, and overall behavior. The aim is to ensure the integrity of elections.
- According to information from the Press Information Bureau, a version of the MCC was initially introduced during the 1960 state assembly elections in Kerala.
- It gained widespread adherence in the 1962 elections and has been consistently followed in subsequent general elections. In October 1979, the Election Commission expanded the MCC to include a section regulating the conduct of the 'party in power' to prevent any undue advantage during elections.
- The MCC is activated from the announcement of the election schedule until the declaration of results. Consequently, it comes into effect from the present evening and remains applicable until the conclusion of the entire election process.
- The MCC comprises eight provisions addressing general conduct, meetings, processions, polling day, polling booths, observers, the party in power, and election manifestos
4.When does the Model Code of Conduct come into effect?
- Once the code comes into effect, the governing party, whether at the national or state level, must ensure that its official position is not exploited for campaign purposes.
- Consequently, no policies, projects, or schemes should be announced that could sway voting behavior. The party is also prohibited from utilizing public funds for advertising or using official media platforms to publicize achievements with the intention of enhancing electoral prospects.
- The guidelines further dictate that ministers should refrain from combining official visits with election-related activities or utilizing official resources for such purposes.
- The ruling party is barred from employing government transportation or machinery for campaign activities. Additionally, it is mandated to provide opposition parties with equal access to public spaces like grounds for conducting election meetings, as well as amenities such as helipads, under the same terms and conditions applied to the ruling party.
- Any advertisements at the expense of the public treasury in newspapers and other media outlets are considered an offense. The ruling government is also restricted from making ad-hoc appointments in governmental bodies and public enterprises that may unduly influence voters.
- The Model Code of Conduct strictly prohibits the use of caste and communal sentiments to attract voters, allowing criticism of political parties or candidates solely based on their track record. Places of worship, including mosques, churches, and temples, are not to be employed for election propaganda.
- Practices such as bribery, intimidation, and voter impersonation are explicitly forbidden. Public meetings within the 48-hour period leading up to the poll closing time are also proscribed, known as the "election silence," aiming to provide voters with a campaign-free environment for reflection before casting their votes
5.Is the Model Code of Conduct legally binding?
- The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is not a legally binding document in the sense that it is not enforceable by law. It is a set of guidelines and ethical standards issued by election management bodies, such as the Election Commission of India, to ensure fair play and ethical behavior during elections.
- The MCC is followed by political parties and candidates on a voluntary basis, and adherence is more a matter of political ethics and a commitment to maintaining the integrity of the electoral process.
- While the MCC itself does not have statutory backing, certain aspects of it may be supported by legal provisions. For example, if a political party or candidate violates specific principles outlined in the MCC, they may be subject to legal action under relevant electoral laws. However, the MCC, as a whole, is more of a moral and ethical code that relies on the cooperation and voluntary compliance of political participants.
- The Election Commission, as the custodian of the MCC, can take various actions against those who violate its principles.
- These actions may include issuing warnings, reprimands, and, in severe cases, canceling candidature or disqualification. The idea behind the MCC is to foster a fair and transparent electoral process and to prevent the misuse of power during election campaigns
6. Way forward
The ECI can issue a notice to a politician or a party for alleged breach of the MCC either on its own or on the basis of a complaint by another party or individual. Once a notice is issued, the person or party must reply in writing — either accepting fault and tendering an unconditional apology or rebutting the allegation. In the latter case, if the person or party is found guilty subsequently, he/it can attract a written censure from the ECI — something that many see as a mere slap on the wrist
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance. For Mains: General Studies II: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act. |
Source: Indianexpress
