The SIR is a large-scale field operation requiring trained personnel, coordination among departments, and robust data systems.

• Booth Level Officers (BLOs) are often overburdened with multiple duties and may not have sufficient time or training for thorough verification.

• Limited digital infrastructure in rural areas can also hamper real-time data updates.

• On March 14, 2023, an amendment to Form 2 (Consent of the Surrogate Mother and Agreement for Surrogacy) of the Surrogacy Rules, along with Rule 7, prohibited the use of donor eggs for gestational surrogacy by intending couples.
• However, this restriction has been revised by a notification from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• The new amendment permits married couples to use donor gametes, provided that a District Magistrate Board certifies that either the husband or the wife has a medical condition that prevents conception.
• The notification also specifies that the child born through surrogacy must have at least one gamete from the intending parents. This means that if both partners in a married couple are medically unable to use their own gametes, they cannot pursue surrogacy.
• However, this change does not apply to widowed or divorced women, who are allowed to use self-eggs and donor sperm for surrogacy.
• The modified rules state, "Single woman (widow or divorcee) undergoing surrogacy must use self-eggs and donor sperms to avail surrogacy procedure."

• The 2023 amendment, which prohibited the use of donor eggs for gestational surrogacy by intending couples, was challenged before the Supreme Court by a woman with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) Syndrome.
• The medical records showed that she was unable to produce her own eggs due to absent ovaries or a uterus. Her petition argued that the amendment violated a woman's right to parenthood and contradicted Sections 2(r) and 4 of the Surrogacy Act, 2021 (2021 Act), which recognized situations where a medical condition would necessitate gestational surrogacy for a couple to become parents.
• It was also noted that the petitioner had begun the surrogacy process before the amendment, which could not be applied retroactively.
• The Centre, however, argued that the use of donor eggs was exempted because surrogacy cannot be availed of under existing laws unless the child is "genetically related" to the intending couple.
• The Supreme Court, staying the operation of the law, emphasized that it prevented intending couples from achieving parenthood through surrogacy, which was prima facie contrary to the objective of the parent law—the 2021 Act.
• The court recognized that the law permitting gestational surrogacy was "woman-centric" as it was a woman's choice to have a surrogate child due to existing medical or congenital conditions.
• These conditions included the "absence of a uterus or repeatedly failed pregnancies, multiple pregnancies, or an illness that makes it impossible for her to carry a pregnancy to term or would make the pregnancy life-threatening."
• Agreeing with the petitioner's submissions, the court acknowledged that Rule 14(a) specifically recognized the absence of a uterus or any related condition as a medical indication necessitating gestational surrogacy.
• Addressing the government's contentions, the Bench underscored, "In this regard, it may be noted that the expression 'genetically' related to the intending couple has to be read as being related to the husband when Rule 14(a) applies."
• The Centre informed a bench of Justices B.V. Nagarathna and Sanjay Karol that following its observations, the amendment barring married couples from availing donor gametes was under active reconsideration.

4. Exclusion of Single Women from Surrogacy Regulation Raises Concerns

• The recent regulatory change allowing married couples to use donor gametes for surrogacy does not extend to single women.
• The amendment specifies that a widow or divorcee undergoing surrogacy must use her own eggs and donor sperm. This decision has sparked debate and legal challenges in Indian courts, with questions being raised about the exclusion of single women from accessing surrogacy services and the resulting discrimination.
• In the Delhi High Court, a 44-year-old unmarried woman has filed a petition challenging provisions of the 2021 Surrogacy Act, arguing that the restrictions violate her fundamental rights under Articles 14 (right to equality) and 21 (right to life) of the Constitution.
• She questions the link between marital status and eligibility for surrogacy, especially since medical practitioners recommend the use of donor eggs for women her age. To maintain a genetic connection, the petitioner's brother has agreed to donate his male gametes.
• Experts have also criticized the limitations on surrogacy access for single individuals, live-in couples, and LGBTQ couples.

POCSO ACT

1. Context

2. Development of Legislation Against Child Sexual Abuse in India

Constitutional Provisions and International Commitments

• The Constitution of India includes provisions to protect children's rights.
• India has ratified international instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Protocol on the Sale of Children.

Lack of Dedicated Provision

• India lacked specific legislation addressing child sexual abuse.
• Cases were tried under various provisions of the Indian Penal Code, which were deemed insufficient.

Goa Incident and State-Level Response

• A child sexual abuse racket was exposed in Goa during the 1990s.
• The state government responded by enacting a law in 2003 to promote child rights.

Children's Code Bill, 2000

• The Special Expert Committee under Justice VR Krishna Iyer drafted the Children's Code Bill, presenting a comprehensive framework for child rights in India.

Draft Bill Addressing Offences Against Children

• In 2005, the Department of Women and Child Development prepared a draft bill to address different offenses targeted against children.

Study of Child Abuse Report (2007)

• Published by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
• Covered 13 states with a sample size of 12,447 children, 2,324 young adults, and 2,449 stakeholders.
• Found that 50.76% of children surveyed reported experiencing one or more forms of sexual abuse.
• Boys reported a higher overall percentage of sexual abuse than girls, contrary to prevailing perceptions.

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Bill, 2010

• In September 2010, the Ministry of Women and Child Development prepared a draft bill.
• After several revisions, it came into force as the POCSO Act on Children's Day (November 14, 2012).

3. Analysis of POCSO Act Trials and Case Characteristics

• Acquittals and Convictions: Analysis shows that 43.44% of trials under the POCSO Act end in acquittals, while only 14.03% end in convictions. For every one conviction, there are three acquittals, indicating a significant disparity.
• State-wise Disparity in Acquittals and Convictions: Acquittals are significantly higher than convictions in all states studied. Examples: In Andhra Pradesh, acquittals are seven times more than convictions, and in West Bengal, acquittals are five times more than convictions. Kerala has a relatively lower gap, with acquittals constituting 20.5% and convictions constituting 16.49% of total disposals.
• Relationship Between Victim and Accused: Out of 138 examined judgments, only 6% of cases involved accused who were strangers to the victim. In 44% of cases, the relationship between the victim and accused was unidentified. Known acquaintances constituted 22.9% of the accused, family members accounted for 3.7%, and cases with prior romantic relationships made up 18%.
• Age Distribution of Victims and Accused: Among the 138 cases studied, 5.47% of victims were under 10 years, 17.8% were between 10-15 years, and 28% were between 15-18 years. The age of the victim was unidentified in 48% of cases. Age details of accused individuals were not identified in 63.6% of cases. Identified age ranges of accused: 11.6% between 19-25 years, 10.9% between 25-35 years, 6.1% between 35-45 years, and 6.8% above 45 years.
• Offenses and Severity: Penetrative sexual assault (31.18%) and aggravated penetrative sexual assault (25.59%) collectively account for over half of all POCSO cases. These offenses carry the most stringent punishments under the POCSO Act.

4. Analysis of POCSO Case Disposal and Pendency

• Delayed Disposal: On average, it takes 509.78 days for a POCSO case to be disposed of, exceeding the one-year stipulated timeframe under the Act.
• Increase in Pending Cases: The pendency of POCSO cases had been gradually increasing over the years. Notably, there was a sharp rise in pending cases between 2019 and 2020, attributed to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Reasons for Delay: Slow pace of police investigation and delays in depositing samples with Forensic Science Laboratories were identified as primary reasons for case delays.
• Transfers of Cases: 22.76% of cases were disposed of through transfers from one court to another. One-fifth of the cases in the dataset ended in transfers, indicating administrative mismanagement or wrongful appreciation of facts by the police.
• Increasing Transfer Trend: The percentage of transfers out of total disposals was around 8% in 2013 but rose to a little over 19% in 2019 and a concerning 42% in 2020. This trend is seen as problematic due to the time wasted as cases are transferred between courts.

5. POCSO Trials and Case Statistics in India

• Delhi's POCSO Trials and Case Length: Delhi has the highest number of POCSO trials in the country, with 13.54 cases per 100,000 population in 2018. However, Delhi also had the highest average case length in 2020, at 1,284.33 days.
• Average Time for Convictions: Chandigarh and West Bengal are the only states where the average time taken for convictions is within one year. States like Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Kerala, Sikkim, Chandigarh, and the NCT of Delhi have a higher reporting of POCSO cases.
• Districts with the Highest Number of POCSO Trials: The five districts with the highest number of POCSO trials (pending and disposed of) are Namchi (Sikkim), New Delhi, Central Delhi, Medak (Telangana), and West Garo Hills (Meghalaya).
• Pendency and Disposal Rates: Uttar Pradesh has the highest pendency, with 77.77% of the total POCSO cases filed between November 2012 and February 2021 pending. Tamil Nadu has the highest disposal percentage at 80.2%.
• Districts with Highest Pendency Percentages: The five districts with the highest pendency percentages include Lucknow, Hardoi, Budaun, and Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh and Howrah in West Bengal.

6. Gaps in Implementation

• Absence of Support Persons: According to the study, "support persons" are not appointed in most POCSO cases. The Supreme Court highlighted that in 96% of cases, victims were not provided with a support person.
• Role of support Persons: A support person can be an individual or organization working in child rights or protection, an official from a children's home or shelter home. or a staff member of the District Child Protection Unit (DCPU). Their role is to guide and support the victim throughout the legal process.
• Insufficient Designated POCSO Courts: The analysis reveals that not all districts have designated POCSO courts. As of 2022, 408 POCSO courts have been established in 28 states under the Government's Fast Track Special Court Scheme.
• Lack of Special Public Prosecutors: There is a shortage of special public prosecutors specifically appointed to handle POCSO cases. Even when appointed, they are often engaged in non-POCSO cases, leading to a lack of dedicated focus on POCSO matters.

For Prelims: Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO), Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Protocol on the Sale of Children, Children's Code Bill, 2000,  Child Abuse Report (2007).  For Mains: 1. Critically analyze the findings of the analysis on convictions, acquittals, victim-accused relationships, and offense patterns in POCSO cases in India. (250 words).

Previous year Question

1. In India, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, ____ is a comprehensive law to provide for the protection of children from the offenses of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography, while safeguarding the interests of the child. (SSC CGL 2021) A.2012 B. 2006 C. 2010 D. 2008 Answer: A

Source: The Indian Express

 

 

BRICS

 

1. Context

For over a decade, the BRICS have taken a series of steps showing their increasing determination to reduce dependence on the dollar-dominated international financial system. The Fortaleza Summit in 2014 marked the beginning of this process with the grouping taking the initiative of setting up financial institutions to meet not only their needs but also of other developing countries

2. BRICS

• The BRICS alliance, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has evolved from an economic consortium to a multifaceted geopolitical force.
• Emerging economies with considerable potential, these countries together form a collective that challenges traditional power dynamics and fosters cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.

Formation and Evolution

• BRICS was officially established in 2006, with the objective of fostering economic growth, development, and cooperation among member nations.
• Over time, it has transformed into a platform for addressing a broader spectrum of global challenges, encompassing political, security, and social concerns alongside economic issues.

3.Push back against liberal international order 

 

• A core principle in international relations is the absence of a central global authority. While nations may come to agreements on certain rules, there’s no global body with the power to universally enforce them. Scholars often refer to this as an “anarchic system”—not because it's chaotic, but because there is no supreme governing structure overseeing international conduct.
• States primarily pursue their national interests. Although collaboration between countries is possible, it tends to be unstable. Power dynamics are crucial—stronger nations usually assert their will, while weaker ones often have limited choices, echoing themes from the Melian Dialogue in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. Global power is unevenly shared, and those who hold more influence often shape international norms to benefit themselves.
• Following World War II, the Western powers—led by the United States—established the liberal international order. This system, built through institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO, mirrored Western ideals such as market liberalism, democratic governance, and the central role of the US dollar in global finance.
• This framework functioned effectively for the Western world for decades. However, in the current century, many countries are beginning to question the relevance of a system rooted in the post-1945 era.
• While rising nations like China, India, Brazil, and South Africa once accepted this order, they are now challenging it due to shifting economic power and the emergence of a multipolar world. The BRICS group has become the most prominent symbol of this growing resistance

4. De-dollarisation and global power shift 

 

• One of the strongest themes to emerge from the BRICS summit in Brazil was the push toward de-dollarisation. While the term may sound technical, its implications are heavily political.
• This concept has been gaining momentum over the years, but recent developments—particularly the use of financial systems as tools for sanctions—have made it more urgent. Currently, global trade and finance rely heavily on the US dollar.
• For example, India typically pays in dollars when importing oil from Russia, Brazil often borrows in dollars, and China's overseas investments usually pass through dollar-based networks like SWIFT. This entrenched dependence grants the US both economic power and political influence.
• During the Brazil summit, BRICS nations revisited the proposal of creating a common currency—not as an immediate goal, but as a statement of direction. In the short term, they are encouraging trade using their own national currencies.
• Russia and China now conduct the majority of their bilateral trade in roubles and yuan. India has started settling some payments with countries like Iran and Sri Lanka in rupees, and has begun conducting oil transactions with the UAE in rupees and dirhams.
• The New Development Bank, established by BRICS, is also moving toward issuing loans in local currencies to minimize reliance on the dollar. This shift is not just about cutting transaction fees—it's about gaining independence from a financial system that many nations in the Global South feel is skewed against their interests.
• The path toward de-dollarisation will be challenging. The US dollar continues to dominate global finance due to its stability, global trust, and the strength of America’s financial infrastructure.
• However, the repeated calls by BRICS for alternatives reflect a growing dissatisfaction. While this transition won’t happen quickly, the direction is clear: reduce dependency on a system largely controlled by Washington

5. South-South Cooperation

 

• BRICS positions itself as a collective voice for nations that were excluded from shaping the global order established after World War II. It portrays itself as an advocate for the Global South, promoting equitable development, more inclusive trade frameworks, and the restructuring of major international institutions.
• Unlike the IMF or World Bank, the New Development Bank (NDB) provides financing without the usual political conditions. BRICS members are also collaborating on joint ventures in sectors like infrastructure and renewable energy.
• There have also been discussions about setting up a BRICS-led credit rating agency to reduce reliance on dominant Western agencies. The group consistently calls for changes to institutions such as the UN Security Council and the World Bank, aiming to amplify the influence of emerging economies.
• Within BRICS, countries like Brazil, India, and South Africa act as intermediaries. As democratic nations with expanding economies, they are often seen as relatable leaders among developing states.
• China contributes significant financial resources and geopolitical clout, while Russia, increasingly distanced from Western alliances, is seeking closer ties with non-Western countries.
• This drive to create new systems and mechanisms stems from a common dissatisfaction with a global order that many feel does not account for the realities and needs of the developing world. BRICS is not only advocating for policy reforms but also striving to reshape global perceptions of development and leadership

6. Geopolitical Relevance

• Counterbalance to Western Influence: BRICS serves as a counterweight to the dominance of Western powers. The coalition's diverse representation from different regions empowers non-Western countries to assert their interests on the global stage.
• Global South Unity: BRICS resonates with many countries in the Global South that seek a voice in international affairs. It presents an alternative to the traditional Western-dominated institutions, offering a platform for collaboration and advocacy.

7. Economic Cooperation and Growth

• Economic Powerhouses: Collectively, BRICS nations account for a substantial portion of the world's population and GDP. Their economic potential has led to discussions on reforming global financial institutions to better reflect contemporary realities.
• Intra-BRICS Trade: Trade among BRICS members has grown significantly. Initiatives like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) bolster financial cooperation and stability within the group.

8. Geopolitical Challenges and Opportunities

• Diverse Interests: As BRICS expands and diversifies, differing geopolitical interests may arise, potentially leading to internal divisions. However, this diversity also presents opportunities for creative solutions to global challenges.
• Diplomatic Outreach: BRICS engages with other regional and international organizations, strengthening its influence. The expansion of the group's membership underscores its growing geopolitical relevance.

9. India's Role and Beyond

• India's Diplomacy: India has played an active role within BRICS, emphasizing issues such as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, and climate change. Its strategic partnerships contribute to the coalition's expansion and its influence in shaping its direction.
• Global Impact: BRICS expansion into a broader coalition incorporating West Asian countries like Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE signifies a deliberate shift towards greater global political relevance. This expansion highlights BRICS' adaptability to changing geopolitical dynamics.

10. BRICS New Members Dynamics

• Unanimous Decisions: BRICS decisions require unanimous agreement, reflecting collective decision-making.
• Geopolitical Partnerships: While Russia and China confront West-related challenges, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain significant partnerships with the US and Europe.
• China's Expansion Drive: China spearheads BRICS expansion, prioritizing membership growth.
• Inclusion of Iran: China and Russia's influence is seen in Iran's inclusion, showcasing their collaboration.
• Mediation Efforts: China's role reconciles rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran within the alliance.
• Saudi Arabia's Shift: Saudi Arabia's entry signifies a move towards an independent foreign policy, diverging from the US alliance.
• Global Significance for Russia and Iran: BRICS membership elevates Russia and Iran's global partnerships, challenging Western dominance.

11. Implications for India

• Strategic Role: India played a lead role in drafting BRICS membership criteria, demonstrating its strategic influence within the alliance.
• Expanded Influence: The inclusion of new members who are strategic partners of India enhances its influence within BRICS.
• Geopolitical Balancing: BRICS expansion allows India to navigate between its ties with the West and its position within this non-Western coalition.
• Global Advocacy: With more representation and diverse members, India can push for UN reforms and increased Global South representation.
• Diplomatic Challenges: India might need to exert more effort to assert its influence in an alliance with a wider range of members and potential competing interests.
• Economic Opportunities: Collaboration with economically strong members like China can lead to enhanced trade and investment prospects for India.

For Prelims: BRICS, Global South Unity, Western Influence, New Development Bank (NDB), and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). For Mains: 1. Discuss the Implications of BRICS' Expansion for India's Geopolitical Positioning and Influence within the Alliance. 2. Analyze India's Role in Shaping BRICS' Membership Criteria and Its Strategic Significance in the Expanded Coalition.

 

Previous year Questions 1. With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014) 1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009. 2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: B   2. With reference to BRIC countries, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010) 1. At present, China's GDP is more than the combined GDP of all three other countries. 2. China's population is more than the combined population of any two other countries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: A   3. The 'Fortaleza Declaration', recently in the news, is related to the affairs of  (UPSC 2015) A. ASEAN B. BRICS C. OECD D. WTO Answer: B

Source: The Hindu

 

 

INDIA-UAE

 

 

1. Context

Almost 20 months after the opening of a Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi, another cultural landmark is in the offing — an India House in the capital of the UAE, which as per plan may come up in a couple of years. It will serve as the centre of strengthening ties in art and culture, student exchanges and to highlight shared history. The Gulf nation is also set to declare yoga as a competitive sport.

 

2. India and UAE

ndia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have historically enjoyed friendly and cooperative relations, which have strengthened over time. The relationship encompasses various areas such as trade and investment, defense and security, energy cooperation, cultural exchanges, and people-to-people contacts.

Here are some key points about the India-UAE relations:

1. Economic Relations: The UAE is India's third-largest trading partner and one of the major investors in India. Bilateral trade between the two countries has been growing steadily, with a focus on sectors like energy, information technology, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and agriculture. The UAE is also a significant source of remittances for India due to the large Indian diaspora residing in the UAE.

2. Investment: The UAE has made substantial investments in India across sectors such as infrastructure, real estate, hospitality, logistics, and renewable energy. The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) and the Dubai-based DP World are prominent examples of UAE investments in India.

3. Energy Cooperation: The UAE is a crucial source of energy for India. The Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) supplies crude oil to Indian refineries, and both countries have explored opportunities for collaboration in the energy sector, including renewable energy projects.

4. Defense and Security: India and the UAE have enhanced cooperation in defense and security matters. They conduct joint military exercises, exchange intelligence, and cooperate in countering terrorism and maritime security. The UAE has also supported India's efforts to combat terrorism and extradite wanted individuals.

5. Strategic Partnership: In 2015, India and the UAE elevated their bilateral relationship to a "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership." This designation reflects the deepening ties and shared interests between the two countries.

6. Cultural Exchanges and People-to-People Contacts: There is a significant Indian community in the UAE, comprising professionals, skilled workers, and businesspeople. Both countries have encouraged cultural exchanges, tourism, and educational cooperation to strengthen people-to-people contacts and promote mutual understanding.

7. Diplomatic Engagements: High-level visits between India and the UAE have been frequent, reflecting the importance both countries attach to the relationship. The leaders of both countries have engaged in regular dialogues to enhance bilateral cooperation and address common challenges.

3. Why UAE is important to India?

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) holds significant importance to India for several reasons:

1. Economic Relations: The UAE is one of India's major trading partners and a significant source of investment. Bilateral trade between the two countries has been growing steadily, with the UAE being India's third-largest trading partner. The UAE's investments in India span various sectors, including infrastructure, real estate, hospitality, logistics, and renewable energy. This economic partnership contributes to India's economic growth and development.

2. Energy Security: The UAE is an important source of energy for India. It supplies crude oil to Indian refineries, helping to meet India's energy needs. Ensuring a stable and reliable energy supply is crucial for India's growing economy, and the UAE plays a significant role in fulfilling India's energy requirements.

3. Indian Diaspora: The UAE is home to a large Indian diaspora, comprising professionals, skilled workers, and businesspeople. The Indian community in the UAE plays a vital role in strengthening people-to-people ties and contributing to the UAE's economy through their work and remittances. The UAE's favorable policies towards the Indian community and its contributions have fostered a sense of goodwill and mutual understanding between the two countries.

4. Defense and Security Cooperation: India and the UAE have been strengthening their defense and security cooperation in recent years. They conduct joint military exercises, share intelligence, and collaborate in countering terrorism and ensuring maritime security. The UAE's support to India's counter-terrorism efforts and extradition of wanted individuals have been crucial in addressing shared security concerns.

5. Strategic Location: The UAE's geographic location at the crossroads of Asia, Europe, and Africa makes it an important hub for trade, connectivity, and investment. Its modern infrastructure, world-class ports, and air connectivity make it an attractive destination for Indian businesses looking to expand their reach globally. The UAE's strategic location serves as a gateway for India's trade with the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond.

6. Cultural Exchanges and Tourism: The UAE and India have fostered cultural exchanges and tourism, facilitating people-to-people contacts and enhancing mutual understanding. Millions of Indians visit the UAE for business, tourism, and religious purposes, strengthening the cultural and social ties between the two countries.

7. Diplomatic Engagements: India and the UAE maintain regular high-level engagements, with frequent visits by leaders and officials from both sides. These interactions help in deepening bilateral relations, addressing common challenges, and exploring new avenues of cooperation..

4. Way forward

Overall, the UAE's economic significance, energy cooperation, large Indian diaspora, defense collaboration, strategic location, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic engagements make it an important partner for India across various spheres. The two countries continue to strengthen their relationship for mutual benefit and shared prosperity.

 

For Prelims: India-UAE, Global food security, G20, I2U2, Public Distribution System, POSHAN Abhiyaan, Covid, Conflict and Climate, Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement,  For Mains:  1. Discuss India's role in ensuring global food security during the pandemic and post-pandemic times. (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to the international trade of India at present, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2020)  1. India's merchandise exports are less than its merchandise imports. 2. India's imports of iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizers, and machinery have decreased in recent years. 3. India's exports of services are more than its imports of services. 4. India suffers from an overall trade/current deficit. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 and 2 only       B.  2 and 4 only      C. 3 only        D.  1, 3 and 4 only   Answer: D   2. Consider the following countries: (UPSC 2018) Australia Canada China India Japan USA Which of the above are among the ‘free-trade partners’ of ASEAN? (a) 1, 2, 4 and 5     (b) 3, 4, 5 and 6      (c) 1, 3, 4 and 5     (d) 2, 3, 4 and 6 Answer: C 3. The term ‘Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership’ often appears in the news in the context of the affairs of a group of countries known as (UPSC 2016) (a) G20           (b) ASEAN          (c) SCO         (d) SAARC Answer: B 4. The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events related to ( UPSC 2015) (a) Central Asia   (b) Middle East   (c) South-East Asia    (d) Central Africa Answer: B 5. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (UPSC 2017) To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only    (b) 1, 2 and 3 only    (c) 1, 2 and 4 only    (d) 3 and 4 only Answer: A

Source: indianexpress

 

 

EARTHQUAKE

 

1. Context

A 6.3-magnitude earthquake struck near the northern Afghan city of Mazar-e Sharif early on Monday, killing at least seven people and injuring about 150, just months after a quake and strong aftershocks killed more than 2,200 people at the end of August.

2. What is an Earthquake?

 

• An earthquake is an intense shaking of the ground caused by movement under the earth’s surface. It happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another, according to USGS.
• This releases stored-up ‘elastic strain’ energy in the form of seismic waves, which spreads through the earth and cause the shaking of the ground.
• An earthquake is the sudden shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface caused by the release of energy stored in the earth’s crust.
• This energy is usually released when rocks deep underground break or slip along faults due to accumulated stress, sending out seismic waves that make the ground vibrate

• The earth’s crust is made of huge slabs of rock called tectonic plates, which are constantly moving slowly.

• When these plates grind against, collide, or move past each other, stress builds up at their boundaries or within faults.

• Once the stress exceeds the strength of rocks, they break suddenly, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves.

 

3. How do exactly Earthquakes Occur?

• As we know, the earth’s outermost surface, crust, is fragmented into tectonic plates. The edges of the plates are called plate boundaries, which are made up of faults.
  The tectonic plates constantly move at a slow pace, sliding past one another and bumping into each other.
• As the edges of the plates are quite rough, they get stuck with one another while the rest of the plate keeps moving.
• Earthquake occurs when the plate has moved far enough and the edges unstick on one of the faults.
• The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.”

4. Earthquake waves

The release of energy during an earthquake generates waves which are called Earthquake Waves. Earthquake waves are basically of two types body waves and surface waves.

Body waves: They are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions traveling through the body of the earth. Hence, the name body waves. The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate a new set of waves called surface waves.

Surface waves: These waves move along the surface. The velocity of waves changes as they travel through materials with different densities. The denser the material, the higher the velocity. Their direction also changes as they reflect or refract when coming across materials with different densities.

There are two types of body waves. They are called P and S-waves.

P-waves or ‘primary waves’ move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface. The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They travel through gaseous, liquid, and solid materials.

P-waves vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave. This exerts pressure on the material in the direction of propagation. As a result, it creates density differences in the material leading to stretching and squeezing of the material.

S-waves or secondary waves arrive at the surface with some time lag. They can travel only through solid materials. This characteristic of the S-waves is quite important. It has helped scientists to understand the structure of the interior of the earth.

The direction of vibrations of S-waves is Perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane. Hence, they create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass. Surface waves are considered to be the most damaging waves.

5. Measuring of Earthquakes

• The earthquake events are scaled either according to the magnitude or intensity of the shock.
• The magnitude scale is known as the Richter scale. The magnitude indicates the energy released during the quake. It is expressed in absolute numbers 0-10.
• The intensity scale is named after Mercalli, an Italian seismologist. The intensity scale indicates the visible damage caused by the event. The range of intensity scale is from 1-12.

6. Turkey and Syria lie in a seismically active region

• The region where the earthquake struck lies along a well-known seismic fault line called the Anatolia tectonic block that runs through northern, central, and eastern Turkey.
• It is a seismically active zone-though not as active as, say, the Himalayan region which is one of the most dangerous regions in the world from the perspective of earthquakes.
• Large earthquakes, of magnitude 5 or higher, have not been very frequent in recent years. According to USGS, only three earthquakes of magnitude 6 or more have happened in the region since 1970. The last major quake in this area came in January 2020.
• The seismicity in this region is a result of interactions between the African, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. The Arabian plate is known to be pushing northward, which results in a slight westward movement for the Anatolian plate, where Turkey is located.
• The earthquake happened around the near-vertical fault line on the eastern Anatolian block, close to the Syrian border.

7. Shallow Earthquakes cause much greater damage

• Earthquakes in Turkey emerged from relatively shallow depths which made them devastating. The first earthquake, of magnitude 7.8, originated 17.9 km below the earth's surface.
• All the subsequent ones, including one of 7.5 magnitudes, emerged from even closer to the surface.
• Shallow earthquakes are generally more devastating because they carry greater energy when they emerge on the surface.
• Deeper earthquakes lose much of their energy by the time they come to the surface. The deeper quakes spread farther though- the seismic waves move conically upwards to the surface even as they lose energy while traveling greater distances and hence cause less damage.

8. Can earthquakes be predicted?

• An accurate prediction of an earthquake requires some sort of a precursory signal from within the earth that indicates a big quake is on the way.
• Moreover, the signal must occur only before large earthquakes so that it doesn’t indicate every small movement within the earth’s surface. Currently, there is no equipment to find such precursors, even if they exist.
• Theoretically, it is possible to offer a lead time of a few seconds between the time of the origin of the earthquake and the time it reaches the Earth’s surface.
• Seismic waves travel significantly slower than the speed of light between 5 and 13 km
  per second. So if the earthquake is detected as soon as it is triggered, information about it can be related a few seconds ahead of it reaching the ground.
• Such systems are already in use in some locations to issue alerts about earthquakes. However, these are not predictions. The alerts are issued post-event.
• Attempts to find reliable predictors of earthquakes have not been fruitful so far. Scientists have been able to map the areas that are earthquake-prone, and are likely to generate earthquakes in the future, but there is no way to predict when.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Earthquake, Tectonic plates, Hypocenter, Epicenter, Body waves, Surface waves, P-waves or ‘primary waves’, S-waves or secondary waves, Richter scale, and Seismic waves. For Mains: 1. What is an Earthquake? How do exactly Earthquakes Occur? Discuss the effects of Earthquakes.

 

Previous Year Questions   1.Consider the following: (2013) Electromagnetic radiation  Geothermal energy  Gravitational force  Plate movements  Rotation of the earth  Revolution of the earth  Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?  (a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only  (b) 1, 3, 5 and 6 only  (c) 2, 4, 5 and 6 only  (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

 

Source: The Indian Express

 

 

GURU NANAK JAYANTI

 

 

1. Context

Guru Nanak Jayanti, also known as Gurpurab or Prakash Utsav, is being celebrated across India and abroad on Wednesday (Nov 5). The occasion marks the 556th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev, the first among the ten gurus and the founder of the Sikh religion.

 

2. About Guru nanak or Baba Nanak

• Nanak, born on April 15, 1469, into a Hindu family in the present-day city of Nankana Sahib in Pakistan, displayed an early fascination with profound inquiries regarding life's purpose and religious aspects.
• After an early marriage and becoming a parent, he revisited these contemplations. Working as an accountant in Sultanpur for a period, he later partnered with a Muslim minstrel named Mardana, as detailed in Khushwant Singh's book "A History of the Sikhs." Together, they engaged in nightly hymn singing and hospitably fed all visitors.
• Nanak adhered to a routine of bathing in the river before sunrise and attending to his duties in the durbar during the day. He is believed to have journeyed extensively, reaching places like Sri Lanka, Baghdad, and Central Asia to disseminate his teachings.
• His final travels included visits to Mecca and Madina, sacred in Islam, as well as revered sites in other religions—a series of journeys known as 'udaasis.'
• In one such instance, He was staying in a mosque and fell asleep with his feet towards the Kaba (a cube-shaped structure in Mecca that is considered holy). The act was considered of grave disrespect to the House of God
• When the mullah came to say his prayers, he shook Nanak rudely and said: “O servant of God, thou hast thy feet towards Kaba, the house of God; why hast thou done such a thing?” Nanak replied: “Then turn my feet towards some direction where there is no God nor the Kaba.’”
• Singh traces the word ‘Sikhs’, used for Nanak’s followers, to the Sanskrit words ‘sisya’ (meaning disciple) or ‘siksha’ (instruction or education), also found in the Pali language as sikkhii

 

3. Teachings of Guru Nanak

Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, imparted several fundamental teachings that form the core principles of Sikh philosophy:

Oneness of God: Nanak preached the concept of Ik Onkar, emphasizing the belief in a single, formless, and all-pervasive God. He taught that God exists in everyone and everything.

Equality: He advocated for equality among all human beings, irrespective of caste, creed, gender, or social status. Nanak denounced the caste system and believed in the inherent dignity and equality of all individuals.

Service and Compassion: Nanak emphasized the importance of selfless service (Seva) and compassion towards others. Sikhs are encouraged to engage in acts of kindness and service to humanity.

Honest Livelihood: He promoted the idea of earning an honest living through hard work and integrity. Nanak discouraged exploitation or deceit in earning wealth.

Naam Simran: Nanak stressed the significance of remembering God through meditation and repetition of the divine name (Naam Simran). This practice helps in connecting with the divine and maintaining spiritual consciousness.

Rejecting Rituals: He criticized empty rituals and formalities, instead emphasizing the importance of a sincere and loving relationship with God through devotion and righteous living.

Social Justice: Nanak spoke out against social injustices and advocated for fairness, truthfulness, and standing up against oppression.

Universal Brotherhood: He envisioned a world where people of all backgrounds live harmoniously, respecting diversity while recognizing the unity of all humanity.

4. Guru Nanak Choosing his Disciple

• Nanak spent the last years of his life in Kartarpur and his disciples followed a particular routine under him. They arose before sunrise, bathed in cold water and gathered in the temple to recite the morning prayer and sang hymns.
• Service or sewa was also carried out. It exists to date as a system where people contribute their labour and help the needy through acts such as cooking food for them at the gurudwaras (what is known as ‘langar’).
• People could then attend to their own matters and congregate again in the evenings for hymn-singing. They would dine and pray again, and then leave for their homes
• This was followed in other gurudwaras, too. One such disciple was named Lehna. As the Guru’s sons were not inclined towards spirituality, Nanak chose Lehna as the guru after him, giving him the name Angad (meaning ‘of my own limb’). He also had a sizeable following of his own
• Guru Nanak died on September 22, 1539. A well-known incident from his life is how Hindus and Muslims sought to assert their own rituals

5. All the Gurus of Sikh religion

The Sikh religion, founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in the 15th century, spans over a line of ten spiritual leaders known as Gurus. Here is a list of all the Sikh Gurus:

Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469–1539): The founder of Sikhism and the first of the Sikh Gurus. He preached the oneness of God and emphasized equality, compassion, and service to humanity.

Guru Angad Dev Ji (1504–1552): He succeeded Guru Nanak and further strengthened the Sikh community. Guru Angad Dev Ji introduced the Gurmukhi script and emphasized physical fitness through wrestling and other activities.

Guru Amar Das Ji (1479–1574): He expanded the institution of langar (community kitchen) and emphasized social equality and the role of women in spiritual matters. Guru Amar Das Ji also established Amritsar as a center for Sikhism.

Guru Ram Das Ji (1534–1581): He founded the city of Amritsar and initiated the construction of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple). Guru Ram Das Ji also composed hymns that are part of the Guru Granth Sahib.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji (1563–1606): He compiled the Adi Granth, the central religious scripture of Sikhism, and completed the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the first Sikh Guru to be martyred, as he refused to compromise Sikh principles.

Guru Hargobind Ji (1595–1644): He militarized the Sikhs to defend against persecution and oppression. Guru Hargobind Ji introduced the concept of Miri-Piri, emphasizing both spiritual and temporal power.

Guru Har Rai Ji (1630–1661): He was known for his compassion and love for nature. Guru Har Rai Ji further strengthened the Sikh community and promoted peaceful coexistence.

Guru Har Krishan Ji (1656–1664): He became the Guru at a very young age and is remembered for his wisdom and healing powers. Guru Har Krishan Ji provided spiritual guidance to the people during a smallpox epidemic.

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji (1621–1675): He stood against religious persecution and sacrificed his life for the protection of religious freedom, refusing to convert to Islam under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji (1666–1708): He established the Khalsa, a community of initiated Sikhs, and initiated the practice of the Five Ks. Guru Gobind Singh Ji also declared the Guru Granth Sahib as the eternal Guru of the Sikhs before his passing.

 

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With regard to Guru Nanak which of the following statements is NOT correct? (UGC NET 2019) When Nanak was sixteen, his parents arranged his marriage, later he became a merchant and a farmer B.Bhai Mardana joined Guru Nanak and they became lifelong friends. C. He travelled from Panipat to Assam, visiting Hindu and Sufi pilgrim countries. D.He went to Sri Lanka, but could not go to Kashmir despite his strong desire to go there. Answer (A)

 

Source: indianexpress