RETAIL INFLATION

1. Context

2. What is Inflation?

• It is the rise in prices of goods and services within a particular economy wherein consumers' purchasing power decreases, and the value of the cash holdings erodes.
• In India, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) measures inflation.
• Some causes that lead to inflation are demand increases, reduction in supply, demand-supply gap, excess circulation of money, increase in input costs, devaluation of the currency, and rise in wages, among others.

3. Retail Inflation

4. How Inflation is measured?

• In India, inflation is primarily measured by two main indices- WPI (Wholesale Price Index) and CPI (Consumer Price Index), Which measures Wholesale and retail-level price changes, respectively.
• The CPI calculates the difference in the price of commodities and services such as food, medical care, education, electronics, etc, which Indian consumers buy for use.
• On the other hand, the goods or services sold by businesses to smaller businesses for selling further are captured by the WPI.
• Both WPI (Wholesale Price Index) and CPI (Consumer Price Index) are used to measure inflation in India. 

5. What is the Inflation Target?

• Under Section 45ZA, in consultation with the RBI Act, the Central Government determines the inflation target in terms of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), once in five years and notifies it in the Official Gazette.
• Accordingly, on August 5, 2016, the Central Government notified in the Official Gazette 4 percent Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation as the target for the period from August 5, 2016, to March 31, 2021, with the upper tolerance limit of 6 percent and the lower tolerance limit of 2 percent.
• On March 31, 2021, the Central Government retained the inflation target and the tolerance band for the next 5-year period-April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2026.
• Section 45ZB of the RBI Act provides for the constitution of a six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to determine the policy rate required to achieve the inflation target.

6. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

• The MPC is a statutory and institutionalized framework under the RBI Act, of 1934, for maintaining price stability, keeping in mind the objective of growth. It was created in 2016.
• It was created to bring transparency and accountability in deciding monetary policy.
• MPC determines the policy interest rate required to achieve the inflation target.
• The committee comprises six members and Governor RBI acts as an ex-officio chairman. Three members are from RBI and three are selected by the government. The inflation target is to be set once every five years. It is set by the Government of India, in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India.
• The current inflation target is pegged at 4% with -2/+2 tolerance till March 31, 2021.

7. What Caused the drop in Inflation?

• Retail Inflation or price gains based on the Consumer Price Index, slowed to 6.77 % last month, from September's 7.41%, aided by an appreciable deceleration in food price inflation.
• The year-on-year inflation based on the Consumer Food Price Index eased by almost 160 basis points in October, to 7.01%, from the preceding month's 8.60%, helped by a 'decline in prices of vegetables, fruits, pulses and oils, and fats', the Government said.
• With the food and beverages sub-index representing almost 46% of the CPI's weight, the slowdown in food price gains understandably steered overall inflation lower even as price gains in three other essential categories, namely clothing, and footwear, housing, and health remained either little changed from September or quickened.
• Inflation at the Wholesale Prices Level also continued to decelerate, with the headline reading easing into single digits for the first time in 19 months. A favorable base effect along with a distinct cooling in international prices of commodities including crude oil and steel amid gathering uncertainty in advanced economies was largely instrumental in tempering wholesale price gains.

8. Recent Measures by the Government

MONSOON IN INDIA

 

 

 

1. Context

India is likely to receive ‘above normal’ monsoon rainfall, or 5% more than the historical average of 87 cm, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said . Were this to bear out, it would be a second year of ‘above normal’ rains as India received 8% more than the historical average from June-September last year.

 

2. What is a Monsoon?

 

A monsoon is a seasonal weather pattern characterized by changes in the direction of prevailing winds, which typically result in distinct wet and dry seasons. Monsoons are caused by the differential heating of land and sea, which creates pressure gradients that drive large-scale wind systems.

Key features of a monsoon include:

• Monsoons involve a significant shift in wind direction between seasons. During the wet season, winds blow from the ocean towards the land, bringing moist air and heavy rainfall. During the dry season, winds reverse direction, blowing from the land to the ocean, resulting in dry conditions
• The wet season is marked by heavy and sustained rainfall, often leading to flooding and lush vegetation growth. The dry season, in contrast, has little to no rainfall, leading to drought conditions in some regions
• Monsoons are most commonly associated with South Asia, particularly the Indian subcontinent. Other regions that experience monsoon patterns include Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, Australia, and the southwestern United States
• Monsoons play a crucial role in the climate and agriculture of affected regions. They provide essential water for crops and replenish groundwater supplies. However, they can also cause destructive flooding and landslides

3. Indian Monsoon

 

• The Indian monsoon is a significant and complex weather phenomenon that has a profound impact on the climate, agriculture, and economy of the Indian subcontinent one of the most well-known and studied monsoon systems is the Indian monsoon, which significantly affects the climate and economy of India and its neighbouring countries.
• Southwest Monsoon: Occurs from June to September. Winds blow from the southwest, bringing moisture-laden air from the Indian Ocean, resulting in heavy rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
• Northeast Monsoon: Occurs from October to December. Winds blow from the northeast, bringing drier air, although the southeastern coast of India and Sri Lanka receive some rainfall during this period.

4. Monsoon basics and dates

 

• The Southwest Monsoon from June to September delivers over 70% of India's annual rainfall. Typically, the monsoon reaches the Andaman Sea in the third week of May and moves onto the mainland through Kerala, with June 1 being the usual start date.
• Its progression is characterised by surges, advancing rapidly to central India before slowing down.
• By the end of June, it generally reaches north Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and surrounding areas, covering the entire country by July 15. An early or timely onset does not ensure consistent or adequate rainfall throughout the season, nor does a delayed onset necessarily lead to below-average rainfall.
• The total rainfall from June to September is influenced by various factors and exhibits natural year-to-year variability, making each monsoon season unique. The distribution of rainfall is as important as the total amount.
• The India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts 'above normal' rainfall for this season, estimated to be 106% of the Long Period Average of 880 mm (based on 1971-2020 data).
• This forecast of increased rainfall is largely due to the expected development of La Niña conditions, which typically enhance the Indian monsoon, and a positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

 

5.Branches of Indian Monsoon

The Indian Monsoon is broadly divided into two main branches, each with distinct characteristics and regions of influence: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.

Arabian Sea Branch

Characteristics:

• Source: Originates from the southwestern part of the Arabian Sea.
• Path: Moves towards the western coast of India.
• Onset: Typically hits the Kerala coast around June 1st, marking the official start of the Southwest Monsoon.

Key Features:

• Western Ghats: The moist air from the Arabian Sea rises when it encounters the Western Ghats, causing heavy rainfall on the windward side.
• Progression: Advances northwards along the western coast, bringing significant rainfall to regions such as Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
• Reach: Extends into central and northwestern India, contributing to the monsoon rains in these areas.

Bay of Bengal Branch

Characteristics:

• Source: Originates from the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal.
• Path: Moves towards the eastern coast of India and then travels northwestwards.

Key Features:

• Northeastern India: Initially brings heavy rainfall to northeastern states such as Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal as it hits the Eastern Himalayas.
• Progression: Moves across the Indo-Gangetic Plain, covering Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and eventually reaching northern India including Delhi.
• Distribution: Influences the monsoon patterns in central and northern India, often merging with the Arabian Sea branch to provide widespread rainfall.

 

6.Factors affecting Indian Monsoon

Coriolis Force

The Coriolis Force is an apparent force resulting from the Earth's rotation. It influences the rotational movement seen in tropical cyclones, causing monsoon winds to deflect eastward and blow from the southwest to the northeast. Since the Earth's rotation is constant, the Coriolis Force experienced by air at a specific latitude and velocity remains steady.

Mascarene High

The Mascarene High is a significant high-pressure zone that drives the southwest monsoon winds toward the Indian subcontinent. Forming by mid-April, the strength of this high-pressure area is crucial in determining the intensity of the Indian monsoon. A stronger high leads to stronger winds and a more robust monsoon. A delayed formation of the Mascarene High can result in a delayed onset of the monsoon in India.

Indian Summer

High-pressure winds move towards low-pressure areas. The Himalayas play a key role in summer heating by blocking cold northern air, allowing for warmer conditions. During summer, India becomes extremely hot, and surrounding ocean temperatures rise. This creates a pressure gradient between the cooler sea air and the warmer land air, particularly over Rajasthan. Consequently, monsoon winds are drawn towards the low-pressure area over India.

Indian Ocean Dipole

In 1999, N.H. Saji and colleagues from Japan’s University of Aizu identified the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), an ENSO-like phenomenon in the Indian Ocean. The IOD has three phases: positive, negative, and neutral. During the positive IOD phase, sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean are warmer than in the eastern part. Conversely, during the negative phase, the eastern Indian Ocean is warmer. No significant gradient exists during the neutral phase. Positive IOD phases are associated with significantly higher Indian summer monsoon rainfall compared to negative IOD phases.

El Niño

El Niño refers to the occasional appearance of a warm ocean current off the coast of Peru, temporarily replacing the cold Peruvian current. Named after the infant Christ ("El Niño" means "the child" in Spanish) because it occurs around Christmas, El Niño leads to increased sea-surface temperatures and reduced trade winds in the region.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) describes the cyclic variations in sea surface temperatures around the equatorial Pacific Ocean. ENSO's unpredictable nature has long challenged forecasters. It affects global weather patterns, especially in countries bordering the Pacific Ocean, by influencing air circulation.

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

The ITCZ is a broad low-pressure area found in equatorial latitudes where the northeast and southeast trade winds converge. This zone shifts north and south following the sun’s apparent movement. The position and strength of the ITCZ significantly affect the Indian Monsoon.

Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ)

The TEJ plays a crucial role in initiating the southwest monsoon. This jet stream flows over the Indian Ocean near Madagascar, intensifying the high-pressure cell and triggering the southwest monsoon. Persistent high summer temperatures over Tibet help develop the easterly jet, leading to heavy rainfall in India. Conversely, if the Tibetan Plateau retains its snow cover, the easterly jet does not form, resulting in reduced monsoon rainfall in India. Thus, years with extensive snow in Tibet are typically followed by weaker monsoons and less rainfall

 

 

 

For Prelims: Southwest monsoon El Nino, Coriolis Force For Mains: GS I- Monssons and their effects on Indian Agriculture

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

HUMAN AND ANIMAL CONFLICT

 

 

 

1. Context

 

In continuing human-wildlife conflict in the forest fringes in Thrissur district of Kerala, two more tribespeople were killed in a wild elephant attack near the Athirappilly waterfalls on Monday night. The incident occurred at Vanchikkadavu under the Vazhachal forest division, marking the second such fatal attack within 48 hours in the area

 

2. What is a Human and Animal Conflict?

 

Human-animal conflict refers to the interactions and conflicts that arise between humans and wildlife when their interests and activities overlap. This conflict often occurs when human activities and development encroach upon natural habitats, leading to increased contact and competition for resources between humans and animals. The consequences of human-animal conflict can be detrimental to both parties and may include economic losses, damage to property, injury, and loss of life for both humans and animals.

Common scenarios of human-animal conflict include:

• Crop Raiding: Wild animals may enter agricultural fields and damage crops, leading to economic losses for farmers.

• Livestock Predation: Predatory animals may attack and kill domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, or poultry, causing financial losses for livestock farmers.

• Urban Encroachment: As human populations expand and urban areas expand into natural habitats, animals may find themselves in close proximity to human settlements, leading to conflicts over space and resources.

• Road Accidents: Animals crossing roads, especially in areas near forests or wildlife habitats, can lead to collisions with vehicles, resulting in injuries or fatalities for both humans and animals.

• Attacks on Humans: In some cases, wild animals may perceive humans as a threat and may attack, leading to injuries or fatalities.

• Conservation Challenges: Human-animal conflict can pose challenges for wildlife conservation efforts, as negative interactions with humans may lead to retaliation against wildlife, posing a threat to endangered species

3. What are the reasons for the increase in human-wildlife conflict?

 

Experts attribute the surge in incidents of human-wildlife conflict to various factors, including the expansion of cultivated areas around wildlife habitats, alterations in cropping patterns, a notable rise in the populations of animals like elephants and tigers resulting from conservation initiatives, and the movement of livestock and humans into wildlife habitats during unconventional hours. Additionally, there has been a significant upturn in the populations of prolific breeders such as wild boars and peacocks.

Notably, the increased frequency of conflicts involving elephants is primarily attributed to habitat depletion and fragmentation caused by human activities. Furthermore, the invasion of alien species has diminished the availability of food and water, while the cultivation of monoculture species like eucalyptus and acacia has adversely impacted plant biodiversity

4. Kerala State vs Human and Animal Conflict

• Approximately 30% of Kerala's land area is covered by forests. Given the relatively small size of the state, with an average width of approximately 70 km and a population exceeding 3.46 crore, numerous densely populated human settlements are situated in close proximity to protected forest regions.
• Additionally, many agricultural plantations are located near wildlife habitats, particularly in hilly areas, including the heavily forested eastern part of the state. While this geographical arrangement inevitably results in human-animal conflict, Kerala has experienced a notable surge in such incidents in recent years.
• Residents living near the fringes of forests have suffered substantial financial losses to their livelihoods, primarily due to frequent raids by elephants and wild boars. Since 2015, over 600 people in Kerala have lost their lives in conflicts with animals.
• This has triggered protests among affected villagers, some of which have escalated into open confrontations between protesters and officials from the State Forest department
• According to a study conducted by the State Forest department, Kerala experienced human-wildlife conflicts in 1,004 areas.
• The study documented more than 48,000 incidents of crop damage from 2013-14 to 2018-19. Among the 35 forest and wildlife divisions in the state, Nilambur north (94), Wayanad south (92), and Wayanad north (70) forest ranges reported the highest numbers of major conflict locations.
• The State recorded the highest number of incidents involving wild elephants, accounting for 14,611 occurrences between 2013-14 and 2018-19. Other contributors to these incidents include wild boars (5,518), bonnet macaques (4,405), and snakes (2,531).
• Elephants, bonnet macaques, and wild boars have caused significant damage to farmers living in forest fringe areas. Herbivores like sambar, spotted deer, and gaur have also played a considerable role in crop damage.
• The study reported a total of 814 livestock animals, including cattle, buffalo, and goats, being killed or injured in such attacks, with tigers preying on 420 of these animals

5.What are the reasons for the increase in human-wildlife conflict?

 

• Experts attribute the escalation in human-wildlife conflict incidents to several factors, including the expansion of cultivated areas surrounding wildlife habitats, alterations in cropping patterns, a notable rise in the populations of animals like elephants and tigers resulting from conservation efforts, and the movement of livestock and humans into wildlife habitats during unconventional hours.
• Additionally, there has been a significant upturn in the populations of prolific breeders such as wild boars and peacocks.
• However, the increased frequency of conflicts involving elephants can be traced to habitat depletion and fragmentation caused by human activities. Furthermore, the presence of invasive alien species has diminished the availability of food and water. The cultivation of monoculture species like eucalyptus and acacia has also had adverse effects on plant biodiversity

6.What are the proposed solutions and why are they not effective?

 

• Elephant-resistant trenches and solar-powered fences are commonly employed in Kerala and are generally deemed effective, provided they receive proper maintenance. However, there are several areas where these protective measures have not been implemented.
• Additionally, nearby residents often break these fences to allow their cattle to graze in the forests, and elephants themselves may damage the fences using their legs and tusks.
• In a master plan costing ₹620 crores to address this issue, the Forest department proposes the installation of elevated power fences that are beyond the reach of elephants.
• Furthermore, as part of the State government's new eco-restoration policy, the Forest department aims to plant suitable indigenous vegetation (wild mango, wild gooseberry, and wild jackfruit) in the forests to ensure food security for wild animals and discourage them from entering agricultural lands.
• Complementary measures include establishing early warning systems that utilize drones and human observers to track the movement of elephants and other dangerous animals, allowing people to avoid areas where they have been spotted. However, the widespread implementation of such warning mechanisms is lacking in Kerala.
• On the contrary, these measures are not effective against wild boars. Despite Kerala's request to declare wild boars as vermin still pending with the Centre, the State government has recently granted local bodies the authority to cull wild boars that pose threats to agricultural crops or human life.
• Other alternatives include capturing and neutering the boars or relocating them to forests where predators like tigers and leopards are present

7.How is human-animal conflict connected to the ESZ norm?

 

Human-animal conflict is connected to the concept of Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) norms through the need to establish buffer areas around protected areas, wildlife habitats, and other ecologically sensitive zones. ESZ norms are guidelines and regulations aimed at minimizing human disturbances and activities that could negatively impact biodiversity and ecosystems in designated areas. These zones are established to create a buffer between human settlements and wildlife habitats, reducing the chances of conflict between humans and animals.

Here's how human-animal conflict is connected to ESZ norms:

• Buffer Zones: ESZ norms often define buffer zones around national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and other ecologically sensitive areas. These buffer zones act as a transitional space to mitigate the impacts of human activities on wildlife and vice versa.

• Land Use Planning: ESZ norms include regulations related to land use planning around protected areas. By controlling and guiding developmental activities in these zones, there is an attempt to minimize disturbances to wildlife and their habitats, consequently reducing the likelihood of conflict.

• Wildlife Corridors: ESZ norms may address the creation and preservation of wildlife corridors, which are crucial for the movement of animals between different habitats. Ensuring the connectivity of habitats helps in preventing isolated populations, which can lead to increased interactions and conflicts with humans.

• Conservation Measures: ESZ norms may include measures to conserve and restore natural habitats. By maintaining the integrity of these habitats, the likelihood of wildlife straying into human-dominated landscapes in search of food or suitable habitat is reduced.

• Community Engagement: Some ESZ norms encourage community engagement and participation in conservation efforts. Involving local communities in wildlife conservation can lead to better understanding and cooperation, reducing conflicts by promoting coexistence

 

Previous Year Questions   1.Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC): (UPSC CSE 2017) TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: (b) 2.With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2020) 1. The leader of an elephant group is female. 2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months. 3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only. 4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A.1 and 2 only B.2 and 4 only C.3 only D.1, 3 and 4 only Answer (A) 3.With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2021) 1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government. 2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. 3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A.1 and 2 B.2 only C.1 and 3 D.3 only Answer (B)

 

Source: The Hindu

 

INDIA-THAILAND

 

 

1. Context

 

The recent elevation of the India-Thailand bilateral relationship to the strategic level reflects a smart foreign policy move in New Delhi’s regional and international diplomacy, indicating the growing weight of Southeast Asia in its strategic calculus. As India deepens its Act East policy and expands its Indo-Pacific engagement, Thailand emerges as a key partner, bound by longstanding historical and cultural ties and shared strategic concerns. 

 

2. India-Thailand relationship

 

• India and Thailand's strategic partnership is designed to expand collaboration across multiple domains, including defence, security, cybercrime prevention, maritime security, trade, investment, innovation, start-ups, renewable energy, education, tourism, and cultural exchanges.
• The two nations have agreed to establish new institutional mechanisms for high-level engagement, such as strategic consultations between their respective National Security Councils and strengthened defence cooperation through joint training programs, technology sharing, and industrial partnerships.
• Trade remains a central component of their bilateral relationship, offering both opportunities and challenges. Although Thailand ranks as India's fourth-largest trading partner among ASEAN countries, the growing trade imbalance highlights the importance of achieving more equitable commercial ties.
• India has sought broader access for its agricultural goods, pharmaceutical products, and services, while also exploring local currency trade settlements to buffer against currency fluctuations.
• Given the current global economic uncertainties, both countries recognize the importance of closer coordination to shield their economic ties from external disruptions. Joint efforts are now directed toward emerging sectors such as electric mobility, digital financial systems, financial technology, space exploration, and sustainable economic models like the circular economy.
• Additionally, both sides have committed to fast-tracking the revision of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) to make it more accessible and business-friendly, aiming for significant progress by the end of 2025.
• Nonetheless, efforts to boost investment, dismantle non-tariff barriers, and harmonize regulatory frameworks will be critical to keeping pace with evolving economic dynamics

 

3. Thailand and India's Act east policy

 

 

• Thailand’s strategic location enhances its importance in advancing India’s Act East Policy and the broader Indo-Pacific vision. Positioned as a gateway to mainland ASEAN and sharing maritime boundaries in the Andaman Sea, Thailand presents opportunities for both trilateral and multilateral maritime cooperation.
• With its robust infrastructure and active involvement in regional organisations like ASEAN, BIMSTEC, the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC), and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), Thailand plays a pivotal role in promoting regional stability and linking South and Southeast Asia.
• India’s Indo-Pacific strategy similarly aligns with ASEAN Centrality and leverages multilateral groupings such as the East Asia Summit, IORA, and the Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS) to shape its regional outreach.
• Both nations have reiterated their shared commitment to a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. This shared vision is anchored in the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) and India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI), with Thailand co-leading the Maritime Ecology Pillar of the IPOI alongside Australia, adding depth to their strategic partnership.
• This alignment between bilateral and regional efforts highlights how India’s multilateral engagement is reinforced through cooperation with partners like Thailand, especially in countering strategic challenges such as China’s growing influence in maritime areas. The Bay of Bengal and the BIMSTEC forum stand out as key arenas where this cooperation takes shap

 

4. Bay of Bengal and BIMSTEC

 

• The Bay of Bengal has increasingly become a focal point for strategic collaboration and economic engagement. The BIMSTEC grouping—where both India and Thailand, as founding members and the region’s largest economies, play central roles—forms the backbone of regional cooperation. The adoption of the BIMSTEC Charter and the Master Plan for Transport Connectivity reflects renewed momentum in this direction.
• During the 6th BIMSTEC Summit held in Bangkok in April 2025, India and Thailand jointly advocated for the expedited implementation of the Motor Vehicles Agreement, along with improvements in coastal shipping and direct port connectivity.
• These efforts aim to enhance regional trade and mobility and are crucial for linking India’s Northeastern states with Southeast Asia. They also align with Prime Minister Modi’s vision of Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions (MAHASAGAR).
• India’s increasing focus on BIMSTEC represents a strategic shift within its neighbourhood-first approach, especially in light of the stagnation within SAARC.
• Initiatives like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway illustrate how BIMSTEC is evolving into a practical platform for advancing regional integration and offering a counterbalance to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
• Furthermore, BIMSTEC enables India and Thailand to work together in tackling cross-border challenges such as terrorism, cyber threats, human trafficking, and illegal trade, by fostering shared security frameworks

 

5. Way Forward

 

While India and Thailand's strategic ties have gained momentum, several hurdles persist. One major issue is India’s substantial trade deficit with Thailand, which highlights the need for broader market access for Indian exports and diversification in traded commodities.

Another challenge lies in infrastructure bottlenecks and administrative delays that slow the progress of key connectivity projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway. Political instability in Myanmar adds further uncertainty. Additionally, inconsistencies in regulatory frameworks and the absence of mutual recognition of standards and certifications may hamper seamless economic cooperation.

China’s growing economic and strategic footprint in the Bay of Bengal also underscores the need for enhanced collaboration between India and Thailand to protect shared maritime interests and uphold regional sovereignty.

To strengthen their partnership, both nations must prioritize the execution of the Joint Plan of Action, encourage joint defence manufacturing and technology exchange, remove non-tariff barriers, and deepen cooperation in sectors such as clean energy, artificial intelligence, financial technology, and space exploration. Engaging stakeholders like the private sector, academia, and young professionals in joint initiatives can further enrich bilateral ties.

Ultimately, as the Bay of Bengal emerges as a strategic hub within the Indo-Pacific, Thailand plays a vital role in India’s engagement with ASEAN and the wider region. Anchoring bilateral goals within regional and global frameworks positions both countries to foster a dynamic, collaborative, and strategically resilient form of Asian regionalism

 

 

For Prelims: Thailand, Monarchy, lesemajeste laws, Military rule

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. What is the correct sequence of occurrence of the following cities in South-East Asia as one proceeds from south to north? (UPSC 2014)  1. Bangkok 2. Hanoi 3. Jakarta 4. Singapore Select the correct answer using the code given below. A. 4-2-1-3     B. 3-2-4-1        C. 3-4-1-2            D. 4-3-2-1   Answer: C   2. Which of the following are regarded as the main features of the "Rule of Law"? (UPSC 2018) 1. Limitation of powers 2. Equality before law 3. People's responsibility to the Government 4. Liberty and civil rights Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 and 3 only    B. 2 and 4 only     C.  1, 2 and 4 only        D. 1, 2, 3 and 4   Answer: C

 

 Source: indianexpress

ACCREDITED SOCIAL HEALTH ACTIVISTS (ASHAs)

 

 

1. Context

 

For over two months now, a section of Kerala’s 26,125-strong community of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) have been on a day-night agitation on the streets demanding better remuneration and retirement benefits. While the agitation gained much attention and was also raised in Parliament, the issues raised by the ASHAs remain unresolved

 

2. Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs)

 

• Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are a vital component of India’s public healthcare system, especially in rural and underserved areas. Introduced under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005 (now part of the National Health Mission), ASHAs are community-based female health workers selected from within the village itself.
• Their main role is to act as a bridge between the community and the public health system, ensuring that people, especially women and children, are aware of and can access essential health services.
• An ASHA is usually a woman resident of the village she serves, ideally between the ages of 25 to 45, with a minimum education level of 8th grade. Being a local resident allows her to understand the cultural dynamics, language, and healthcare challenges of her community.
• She is not a full-time government employee but works as a volunteer and is incentivized based on her performance and the health services she facilitates.
• ASHAs are trained to provide basic health education and first-contact healthcare. They promote institutional deliveries by encouraging pregnant women to give birth at health facilities, support immunization drives, and counsel mothers on breastfeeding, nutrition, and hygiene.
• They also assist in identifying symptoms of diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, refer patients to appropriate health centers, and help ensure adherence to treatment protocols.
• Importantly, ASHAs play a critical role in maternal and child health. They visit pregnant women regularly, help arrange antenatal check-ups, and provide information about birth preparedness and postnatal care. Their efforts have significantly contributed to the improvement of maternal and child health indicators in many parts of the country.
• During health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of ASHAs became even more crucial.
• They were on the frontlines—spreading awareness about safety measures, tracking symptoms, conducting door-to-door surveys, and coordinating the delivery of medicines and essentials to households in isolation.
• Despite their immense contribution, ASHAs often face challenges such as low or delayed remuneration, high workloads, and lack of adequate support or recognition.
• Nonetheless, their grassroots presence and trust within communities have made them indispensable to India’s public health outreach, making them a cornerstone in achieving health-related goals and promoting community well-being

 

3. Accredited Social Health Activist Functions

 

• The functions of an Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) are wide-ranging and focus on promoting health awareness, facilitating access to healthcare services, and providing basic healthcare at the community level. ASHAs serve as a crucial link between the public health system and the rural population. Their key functions can be broadly explained as follows:
• ASHAs act primarily as health educators and promoters in their communities. They spread awareness about important health-related issues such as maternal and child health, family planning, nutrition, sanitation, personal hygiene, and the prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
• By conducting household visits and group meetings, they educate families about healthy practices and encourage behavior change toward improved health outcomes.
• Another major function of ASHAs is to promote and facilitate the use of health services provided by the government.
• They encourage pregnant women to register for antenatal care, support them in receiving tetanus toxoid injections and iron-folic acid supplements, and promote institutional deliveries by linking them with nearby health facilities.
• They also ensure that newborns and infants receive timely immunization and monitor the growth and development of children.
• ASHAs also play a vital role in community-level disease control and surveillance. They help in the early identification of symptoms of diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, leprosy, and other communicable illnesses.
• Once identified, they guide the patients to appropriate health centers and follow up to ensure the completion of treatment. Their support is also crucial in managing chronic illnesses and providing home-based care for minor ailments.
• In addition to this, ASHAs are trained to provide basic first-aid and certain essential medicines such as oral rehydration salts (ORS), iron tablets, contraceptives, and antimalarial drugs.
• They also assist in distributing health commodities and support the implementation of national health programs at the village level, including those related to child nutrition, sanitation, and adolescent health.
• During public health emergencies such as pandemics or outbreaks, ASHAs become the first responders in their communities. They help in spreading accurate information, maintaining records of symptomatic individuals, facilitating testing and vaccination, and coordinating relief support.
• Overall, ASHAs play a multipurpose role that includes being a healthcare facilitator, a service provider, a social mobilizer, and a key figure in strengthening the grassroots healthcare delivery system in India

 

 

4. Protests in Kerala

 

• In Kerala, Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) receive a monthly honorarium of ₹7,000 along with a fixed incentive of ₹3,000. Additional incentives are provided based on the specific regions they serve, such as tribal areas.
• However, the disbursement of both the honorarium and incentives is contingent upon meeting certain work-related performance criteria. The State government is responsible for the honorarium, while the incentives are jointly funded by the Centre and the State in a 60:40 ratio.
• According to the State, Kerala offers one of the most generous honorarium packages for ASHAs in the country. Yet, the incentive rates provided by the Union government have remained unchanged since the scheme was launched.
• Health Minister Veena George claimed that most ASHAs in Kerala earn between ₹10,000 and ₹13,000 per month.
• This was challenged by the ASHAs themselves, who asserted that they receive significantly less in practice, primarily due to the stringent conditions attached to the payments. In a state known for its high minimum wage standards—where daily wages for various occupations range from ₹700 to ₹1,200—ASHAs effectively earn less than ₹250 per day.
• While a key demand from ASHAs is the immediate release of pending dues, they are also calling for the removal of performance-based criteria for receiving their honorarium. Their primary appeal is for an increase in the monthly honorarium to ₹21,000, which would align their earnings with the state’s minimum wage of ₹700 per day.
• Additionally, they are seeking a retirement benefit of ₹5 lakh as a lump sum. When the ASHA program was first introduced in 2005, it envisioned these workers as community health volunteers rather than formal employees.
• As a result, ASHAs do not receive a fixed salary, pension, or social security benefits. They argue that unless they are officially recognized as part of the regular healthcare workforce, they will continue to be marginalized

 

5. Way Forward

 

The Union Health Minister recently informed the Rajya Sabha that the incentive structure for ASHAs is set to be revised. However, no specific timeline has been provided for when this revision will take place.

In the previous round of discussions, the State Government proposed forming a committee to examine various concerns raised by ASHAs, including the demand for an increase in their honorarium. Meanwhile, the Kerala Accredited Health Workers Association (KAHWA) recommended an interim raise of ₹3,000 per month—equivalent to a daily increment of ₹100. This proposal, however, was turned down by the State Government

 

For Prelims: Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) , National Health Mission   For Mains: Role and Significance of ASHA in India's healthcare system, Issues Relating to the Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health and Human Resources

 

Previous Year Questions   1.With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ‘ASHA’, a trained community health worker? (2012) Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkup Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy Providing information on nutrition and immunisation. Conducting the delivery of baby Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

 

Source: The Hindu

 

NATIONAL CRITICAL MINERAL MISSION(NCMM)

 

 

1. Context

 

Government of India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to establish a robust framework for self-reliance in the critical mineral sector

 

2. What is the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)?

 

• The National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) is a strategic initiative by the Government of India aimed at securing the nation's access to essential minerals that are crucial for modern technologies and industrial development.
• These minerals, often referred to as "critical minerals," include lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements, and others that play a vital role in sectors such as renewable energy, electronics, electric mobility, defense, and telecommunications.
• India’s growing push towards clean energy, electric vehicles, and advanced manufacturing has significantly increased the demand for these minerals. However, many of these resources are either scarce within India or are largely controlled by a few countries, making their supply highly vulnerable to geopolitical and market uncertainties.
• Recognizing this challenge, the NCMM has been envisioned to ensure a reliable, long-term, and secure supply chain for critical minerals.
• Under this mission, India seeks to undertake comprehensive mapping and exploration of its own geological resources to identify potential domestic sources of critical minerals.
• At the same time, the mission aims to foster international partnerships and joint ventures in mineral-rich countries to access these essential resources.
• In addition to exploration and acquisition, the NCMM focuses on building the capacity for value addition, processing, and recycling of critical minerals within the country, thereby reducing dependence on imports and enhancing self-reliance.
• The mission also emphasizes sustainability and environmental responsibility in mineral extraction and processing. It integrates research and innovation to develop efficient technologies for extraction, separation, and recycling of these minerals.
• Overall, the National Critical Mineral Mission reflects India’s strategic vision to secure its mineral resources in line with its developmental goals, green transition agenda, and national security interests

 

3. Significance of National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)

 

• The significance of the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) lies in its strategic role in safeguarding India's economic growth, technological advancement, and national security in an increasingly resource-competitive world.
• As India transitions toward clean energy, digital infrastructure, and advanced manufacturing, the demand for critical minerals—such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, and rare earth elements—is expected to surge.
• These minerals are essential components in electric vehicle batteries, solar panels, wind turbines, electronics, and defense systems. However, India's domestic availability of many of these minerals is either limited or unexplored, and their global supply chains are often concentrated in a few countries, making India vulnerable to external shocks and supply disruptions.
• The NCMM is significant because it addresses this vulnerability by adopting a multi-pronged approach. It encourages extensive exploration and development of domestic mineral resources, reduces overdependence on imports, and ensures strategic tie-ups with resource-rich countries to secure stable and diversified supply chains.
• This is particularly important for ensuring energy security and industrial competitiveness in the long term.
• Moreover, by promoting research, innovation, and recycling of critical minerals, the mission supports the development of indigenous capabilities in mineral processing and value addition.
• This aligns with the broader goals of "Aatmanirbhar Bharat" (self-reliant India) and strengthens India's position in global supply chains, especially in emerging technologies.
• From a geopolitical perspective, the NCMM enhances India's strategic autonomy by reducing dependence on any single country for crucial inputs. Environmentally, it also promotes sustainable mining practices and efficient resource utilization, ensuring that the push for critical minerals does not come at the cost of ecological damage.
• In essence, the National Critical Mineral Mission is a foundational step in preparing India for the demands of the 21st-century economy—securing essential raw materials, supporting innovation and green technologies, and reinforcing national resilience in a rapidly changing global landscape

 

4. What are critical minerals?

 

• Critical minerals are naturally occurring elements or minerals that are essential for the functioning of modern technologies, national defense, clean energy systems, and advanced manufacturing, but which also face a high risk of supply disruption. Their "criticality" arises from two main factors: their economic importance and the vulnerability of their supply chains.
• These minerals are vital for a wide range of applications—from renewable energy technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries, to electronic devices, telecommunications, aerospace, and defense equipment.
• For instance, lithium, cobalt, and nickel are key components of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs), while rare earth elements like neodymium and dysprosium are used in permanent magnets for wind turbines and electronics.
• What makes these minerals "critical" is not just their usage, but the challenges associated with their availability. Many critical minerals are geographically concentrated in a few countries—such as China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, or Australia—making other countries dependent on imports and vulnerable to geopolitical risks, trade restrictions, or supply shocks.
• In the Indian context, the government has identified several minerals as critical, including lithium, cobalt, graphite, nickel, rare earth elements, and tantalum, among others. These are essential for India's ambitions in renewable energy, electric mobility, and high-tech industries.
• Thus, critical minerals are at the heart of the 21st-century global economy, and their secure and sustainable supply is increasingly viewed as a matter of national interest and strategic importance

 

5. Components of NCMM

 

• Increasing Domestic Critical Minerals Production

• Acquisition of Critical Mineral Assets Abroad

• Recycling of Critical Minerals

• Trade and Markets for Critical Minerals

• Scientific Research and Technological Advancement

• Human Resource Development

• Developing Effective Funding, Financing, and Fiscal Incentives

 

6. Usage of Critical minerals

 

Critical minerals play a crucial role in supporting clean energy technologies and various industrial applications. Their relevance spans multiple sectors:

• Solar Energy
  Elements such as silicon, tellurium, indium, and gallium are essential for manufacturing photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are the core components of solar panels. India's existing solar power capacity of 64 GW significantly relies on these materials.

• Wind Energy
  Rare earth elements, particularly neodymium and dysprosium, are vital for producing permanent magnets used in wind turbines. With India setting a target to boost its wind energy capacity from the current 42 GW to 140 GW by 2030, a dependable supply of these minerals is critical.

• Electric Vehicles (EVs)
  Key minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel are integral to the production of lithium-ion batteries, which power electric vehicles. India’s National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) envisions the adoption of 6 to 7 million EVs by 2024, further intensifying the demand for these critical materials.

• Energy Storage
  Advanced energy storage systems, particularly those based on lithium-ion technology, require substantial amounts of lithium, nickel, and cobalt to function effectively.

 

 

7. Way Forward

 

India aims to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 (from 2005 levels), achieve 50% of its electric power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030, and reach net-zero emissions by 2070. To achieve these climate goals, the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) plays a vital role by building a resilient and self-reliant ecosystem for critical minerals. The mission focuses on boosting domestic production, encouraging private sector participation, strengthening international partnerships, and streamlining regulations to ensure a steady supply of minerals essential for clean energy technologies

 

For Prelims: National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM), Critical Minerals,  Usage of Critical minerals   For Mains: GS III - Environment & Ecology

 

 

 

For Prelims: Critical minerals, Ministry of Mines, carbon emissions,  cleaner energy,  lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, tin, copper, Selenium, Cadmium, Centre of Excellence on critical minerals, Australia's CSIRO, Geological Survey of India,    For Mains:  1. What are critical minerals? Discuss their significance for a country's economic development and national security. Explain how the identification of critical minerals helps in reducing import dependency and ensuring resource security. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to the mineral resources of India, consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2010) Mineral                         90%Natural sources in 1. Copper                       Jharkhand 2. Nickel                        Orissa 3. Tungsten                    Kerala Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?   A. 1 and 2 only            B. 2 only             C. 1 and 3 only            D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: B   2. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called 'rare earth metals.' Why? (UPSC 2012) 1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export. 2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country. 3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only              B. 2 and 3 only           C. 1 and 3 only          D.  1, 2 and 3   Answer: C   3. In India, what is the role of the Coal Controller's Organization (CCO)? (UPSC 2022) 1. CCO is the major source of Coal Statistics in Government of India. 2. It monitors progress of development of Captive Coal/Lignite blocks. 3. It hears any objection to the Government's notification relating to acquisition of coal-bearing areas. 4. It ensures that coal mining companies deliver the coal to end users in the prescribed time. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3            B. 3 and 4 only           C. 1 and 2 only          D. 1, 2 and 4   Answer: A   4. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)  A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year. B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels. C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place. D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.   Answer: A   5. Direction: It consists of two statements, one labelled as ‘Statement (I)’ and the others as ‘Statement (II)’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answer using the codes given below: (UPSC ESE 2018) Statement (I): Green energy refers to one which does not harm the ecosystem of planet earth. Statement (II): All renewable energy is green energy. A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I) B. Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true, but Statement (II) is not the correct explanation of Statement (I) C. Statement (I) is true, but Statement (II) is false D. Statement (I) is false, but Statement (II) is true   Answer: C   6. Which type of battery is used in the recently launched world's first fully electric cargo ship by change? (Delhi Police Constable 2017) A.  Lead Acid        B. Manganese        C. Lithium ion        D. Nickel metal hydride   Answer: C   7. White gold is an alloy of (UPSC CAPF 2022)  A. gold, nickel and palladium B. gold, cobalt and palladium C. gold, titanium and platinum D. gold, magnesium and palladium   Answer: A   8. Graphene is frequently in news recently. What is its importance? (UPSC 2012)  1. It is a two-dimensional material and has good electrical conductivity. 2. It is one of the thinnest but strongest materials tested so far. 3. It is entirely made of silicon and has high optical transparency. 4. It can be used as 'conducting electrodes' required for touch screens, LCDs and organic LEDs. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only          B. 3 and 4 only         C.  1, 2 and 4 only          D.  1, 2, 3 and 4   Answer: C   9. Graphite and diamonds are__________. (WBCS Prelims 2020)   A. isotopes           B.  isomers             C. isotones           D. allotropes   Answer: D   10. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020) 1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury. 2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. 3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only         B. 2 and 3 only        C.  3 only         D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: D   11. Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? (UPSC 2013) 1. Arsenic 2. Sorbitol 3. Fluoride 4. Formaldehyde 5. Uranium Select the correct answer using the codes given below. A. 1 and 3 only           B. 2, 4 and 5 only          C. 1, 3 and 5 only           D.  1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   Answer: C   12. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of the bioremediation technique? (UPSC 2017) 1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. Select the correct answer using the code given below:  A. 1 only         B.  2 and 3 only          C.  1 and 3 only             D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: C   13. Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (UPSC 2013)  1. Beryllium 2. Cadmium 3. Chromium 4. Heptachlor 5. Mercury 6. Lead 7. Plutonium Select the correct answer using the codes given below.  A. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only           B. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only          C. 2, 4, 5 and 7 only               D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7   Answer: B   14. When was the Geological Survey of India (GSI) of India founded? (UPRVUNL Staff Nurse 2021) A. 1851             B. 1951            C. 1871              D. 1931   Answer: A

 

Source: PIB