HEATWAVE
1. Context
2. What is a Heat Wave?
- A heatwave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, a common phenomenon in India during the months of May-June and in some rare cases even extends till July.
- Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies heat waves according to regions and temperature ranges. As per IMD, the number of heatwave days in India has increased from 413 over 1981-1990 to 600 over 2011-2020.
- This sharp rise in the number of heatwave days has resulted due to the increasing impact of climate change.
- The last three years have been La Niña years, which has served as a precursor to 2023 likely being an El Niño year. (The El Niño is a complementary phenomenon in which warmer water spreads westeast across the equatorial Pacific Ocean.)
- As we eagerly await the likely birth of an El Niño this year, we have already had a heat wave occur over northwest India.
- Heat waves tend to be confined to north and northwest India in El Niño years.
3. How do Heat waves Occur?
- Heat waves are formed for one of two reasons warmer air is flowing in from elsewhere or it is being produced locally.
- It is a local phenomenon when the air is warmed by higher land surface temperature or because the air sinking down from above is compressed along the way, producing hot air near the surface.
- First of all, in spring, India typically has air flowing in from the westnorthwest. This direction of airflow is bad news for India for several reasons.
- Likewise, air flowing in from the northwest rolls in over the mountains of Afghanistan and Pakistan, so some of the compression also happens on the leeward side of these mountains, entering India with a bristling warmth.
- While air flowing over the oceans is expected to bring cooler air, the Arabian Sea is warming faster than most other ocean regions.
- Next, the strong upper atmospheric westerly winds, from the Atlantic Ocean to India during spring, control the near-surface winds.
- Any time winds flow from the west to the east, we need to remember that the winds are blowing faster than the planet which also rotates from west to east.
- The energy to run past the earth near the surface, against surface friction, can only come from above. This descending air compresses and warms up to generate some heat waves.
4. Impacts of heat waves in India
- The frequent occurrence of heat waves also adversely affects different sectors of the economy.
- For instance, the livelihood of poor and marginal farmers is negatively impacted due to the loss of working days.
- Heatwaves also have an adverse impact on daily wage workers' productivity, impacting the economy.
- Crop yields suffer when temperatures exceed the ideal range.
- Farmers in Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh have reported losses in their wheat crop in the past rabi season. Across India, wheat production could be down 6-7% due to heat waves.
- Mortality due to heat waves occurs because of rising temperatures, lack of public awareness programs, and inadequate long-term mitigation measures.
- According to a 2019 report by the Tata Center for Development and the University of Chicago, by 2100 annually, more than 1.5 million people will be likely to die due to extreme heat caused by climate change.
- The increased heat wave will lead to an increase in diseases like diabetes, circulatory and respiratory conditions, as well as mental health challenges.
-
The concurrence of heat and drought events is causing crop production losses and tree mortality. The risks to health and food production will be made more severe by the sudden food production losses exacerbated by heat-induced labor productivity losses.These interacting impacts will increase food prices, reduce household incomes, and lead to malnutrition and climate-related deaths, especially in tropical regions.
5. How does air mass contribute to heat waves?
- The other factors that affect the formation of heat waves are the age of the air mass and how far it has traveled.
- The north northwestern heatwaves are typically formed with air masses that come from 800-1600 km away and are around two days old.
- Heat waves over peninsular India on the other hand, arrive from the oceans, which are closer (around 200-400km) and are barely a day old. As a result, they are on average less intense.
6. Way ahead for Heat waves
- Identifying heat hot spots through appropriate tracking of meteorological data and promoting timely development and implementation of local Heat Action Plans with strategic inter-agency coordination, and a response that targets the most vulnerable groups.
- Review existing occupational health standards, labor laws, and sectoral regulations for worker safety in relation to climatic conditions.
- Policy intervention and coordination across three sectors health, water, and power are necessary.
- Promotion of traditional adaptation practices, such as staying indoors and wearing comfortable clothes.
- Popularisation of simple design features such as shaded windows, underground water storage tanks, and insulating house materials.
- Advance implementation of local Heat Action Plans, plus effective inter-agency coordination is a vital response that the government can deploy in order to protect vulnerable groups.
For Prelims & Mains
|
For Prelims: Heat Wave, India Meteorological Department (IMD), El Nino, Equatorial Pacific Ocean, La Nina, Malnutrition, Heat Action Plans.
For Mains: 1. Examine the various adverse impacts caused by heat waves and how India should deal with them.
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1.What are the possible limitations of India in mitigating global warming at present and in the immediate future? (UPSC CSE 2010)
1. Appropriate alternate technologies are not sufficiently available. 2. India cannot invest huge funds in research and development. 3. Many developed countries have already set up their polluting industries in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer (a) India faces challenges in addressing Global Warming: Developing and underdeveloped nations lack access to advanced technologies, resulting in a scarcity of viable alternatives for combating climate change. Being a developing nation, India relies partially or entirely on developed countries for technology. Moreover, a significant portion of the annual budget in these nations is allocated to development and poverty alleviation programs, leaving limited funds for research and development of alternative technologies compared to developed nations. Analyzing the statements provided: Statements 1 and 2 hold true based on the aforementioned factors. However, Statement 3 is inaccurate as the establishment of polluting industries by developed countries within India is not feasible due to regulations governing industrial setup Mains 1.Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. (UPSC CSE Mains GS 1 2013) |
CHABAHAR PORT
1.Context
2.Why is Chabahar back in the news?
- Ahead of the visit to Iran, where Mr Sonowal met with senior Ministers as well as officials connected to the Shahid Beheshti terminal project development.
- An official statement said that the visit would be a chance to "Strengthen ties and the maritime relationship" between the two countries.
- Due to the pandemic, there were fewer visits from India to Iran and vice-versa.
- This visit will also highlight the importance of Chabahar as a gateway for Indian Trade with Europe, Russia and the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) Countries.
- Mr Sonowal reviewed the progress in the work on the terminal and handed over six mobile harbour cranes to improve efficiency and invigorate the potential of chabahar in the loading and unloading operations at the port.
3.India's strategic vision
The first agreement for Chabahar was signed by then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003, the plan had a three-fold objective.
- To build India's first offshore port and to project Indian infrastructure prowess in the Gulf,
- To circumvent trade through Pakistan, given the tense ties with India's neighbour and build a long-term, sustainable sea trade route and
- To find an alternative land route to Afghanistan, which India had rebuilt ties with after the defeat of the Taliban in 2001.
| Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's government constructed the Zaranj-Delaram Highway in Afghanistan's South, which would help connect the trade route from the border of Iran to the main trade routes to Heart and Kabul, handing it over to the Karzai government in 2009. |
4.Trilateral Agreement
- In 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi travelled to Tehran and signed the agreement to develop Chabahar port, as well as the trilateral agreement for trade through Chabahar with Afghanistan's President Ashraf Ghani.
- Since the India Ports Global Chabahar Free Zone (IPGCFZ) authority took over the operations of the port in 2018.
- It has handled 215 vessels, 16, 000 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) and four million tons of bulk and general cargo, the government said in Parliament last month.
5.Chabahar Route
- In the last few years, a fourth strategic objective for the Chabahar route has appeared, with China's Belt and Road Initiative making inroads in the region.
- The government hopes to provide Central Asia with an alternate route to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) through Iran for Future Trade.
| Mr Sonowal in his Speech at the Chabahar Day function said that it is India's vision to make the Shahid Beheshti port a transit hub and link it to the International North-South Trade Corridor (INSTC) that also connects to Russia and Europe. |
6.Reasons for the delay
- Since the beginning, the development of the Shahid Beheshti terminal in Chabahar, as well as surrounding infrastructure, has hit geopolitical roadblock after roadblock.
- The biggest issue has been over Iran's relationship with western countries, especially the United States.
- In years when Western sanctions against Iran increased and the Chabahar project has been put on the back-burner, while in the years when nuclear talks that resulted in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015 came into being, the Chabahar port has been easier to work on.
- In 2018, the U.S. Trump administration put paid to India's plans by walking out of the JCPOA and slapping new sanctions on dealing with Iran.
- This led to the Modi Government "Zeroing out" all its oil imports from Iran, earlier a major supplier to India, causing a strain in ties.
- Even though the U.S. made a special "carve-out" on sanctions for Chabahar.
- On the ground, has been difficult to source equipment for the port construction from infrastructure companies that continue to fear secondary sanctions, as well as to engage in shipping and insurance companies for trade through Chabahar.
7.Ties with Taliban
- The Modi Government also snapped ties with Afghanistan after the Taliban takeover in August 2021, which put an end to the Humanitarian aid of wheat and pulses that were being sent to Kabul via Chabahar.
- When India restarted Wheat aid to Afghanistan this year, it negotiated with Pakistan to use the land route instead.
- With the government now reopening the Indian Embassy in Kabul and Establishing ties with the Taliban government.
- The Chabahar route may once again be employed, another reason for the recent flurry of activity at the Iranian port the terminal that India has pinned so many hopes on.
|
For Prelims: Chabahar Port, Belt and Road Initiative
For Mains: Significance of Chabahar Port to India, Relation between Iran and India
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1.What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (2017) (a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase. (b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened. (c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia. (d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India Answer (c) The development of Chabahar Port by India is crucial because it provides India with an alternative route to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan. The port, located in Iran, helps India enhance its strategic and economic ties in the region, facilitating trade and transportation while reducing its reliance on Pakistan for land access to Afghanistan
Mains
1. In what ways would the ongoing U.S-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? (2018) 2. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries. (2017) |
MICRO SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSME)
The definition of MSME varies from country to country. In India, an MSME is defined as a business with:
- Micro enterprise: Up to 10 employees and an investment of up to INR 1 crore (approximately USD 130,000)
- Small enterprise: Up to 50 employees and an investment of up to INR 10 crore (approximately USD 1.3 million)
- Medium enterprise: Up to 200 employees and an investment of up to INR 50 crore (approximately USD 6.5 million)
The importance of MSMEs in an economy includes:
-
Employment Generation: MSMEs are significant contributors to employment, especially in economies with limited opportunities for large-scale industrial employment.
-
Local Economic Development: MSMEs often operate at a local level, contributing to the development of local communities and economies.
-
Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Many innovative ideas and entrepreneurial ventures start as MSMEs. They have the flexibility to adapt quickly to changing market demands and experiment with new business models.
-
Diversity and Resilience: A diverse ecosystem of MSMEs can contribute to a more resilient economy by reducing dependence on a few large corporations.
-
Contributions to GDP: The combined contributions of MSMEs to a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be significant, even if individual businesses are relatively small.
The new criteria for the classification of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India was notified by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) on June 1, 2020. The new criteria are based on the investment in plant and machinery or equipment and the annual turnover of the enterprise.
The following are the new criteria for the classification of MSMEs:
- Micro enterprise: An enterprise with:
- Investment in plant and machinery or equipment not more than Rs.1 crore (approximately USD 130,000)
- Annual turnover not more than Rs. 5 crore (approximately USD 650,000)
- Small enterprise: An enterprise with:
- Investment in plant and machinery or equipment not more than Rs.10 crore (approximately USD 1.3 million)
- Annual turnover not more than Rs. 50 crore (approximately USD 6.5 million)
- Medium enterprise: An enterprise with:
- Investment in plant and machinery or equipment not more than Rs.50 crore (approximately USD 6.5 million)
- Annual turnover not more than Rs. 250 crore (approximately USD 3.25 million)
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in the Indian economy, accounting for over 90% of all enterprises and employing over 40% of the workforce. However, MSMEs face a number of challenges, including:
- Access to finance: MSMEs often find it difficult to obtain loans from banks and other financial institutions due to their lack of collateral and track record. This can make it difficult for them to expand their businesses or invest in new technologies.
- Lack of skills: MSMEs often lack the skills and knowledge needed to compete in the global market. This can make it difficult for them to develop new products and services, or to adopt new technologies.
- Competition from large businesses: MSMEs often face competition from large businesses, which have more resources and economies of scale. This can make it difficult for MSMEs to compete on price or quality.
- Bureaucracy: MSMEs often face a number of bureaucratic hurdles, such as obtaining licenses and permits. This can be time-consuming and costly, and can discourage entrepreneurs from starting or expanding their businesses.
- Infrastructure constraints: MSMEs often face infrastructure constraints, such as poor roads and electricity supply. This can make it difficult for them to transport their goods and services, or to operate their businesses efficiently.
- Unstable government policies: MSMEs are often affected by unstable government policies, such as changes in tax rates or import duties. This can make it difficult for them to plan for the future and make investment decisions.
Here are some of the prominent schemes and programs for MSMEs by the Union Government of India:
-
Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA) Yojana:
- MUDRA Yojana aims to provide financial support to small and micro enterprises by offering loans through various financial institutions. It consists of three categories: Shishu, Kishor, and Tarun, based on the loan amount.
-
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY):
- PMMY is a scheme to provide financial assistance for the establishment, expansion, and modernization of MSMEs. It offers loans without collateral security up to a certain limit.
-
Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS):
- CLCSS provides capital subsidy to MSMEs for technology upgradation, modernization, and replacement of their plant and machinery to improve competitiveness.
-
Zero Defect Zero Effect (ZED) Certification Scheme:
- ZED certification encourages MSMEs to adopt best practices and quality standards to enhance product quality while minimizing environmental impact.
-
Make in India Initiative:
- The Make in India campaign encourages domestic and foreign companies to manufacture products in India, fostering the growth of the manufacturing sector and MSMEs.
-
Stand Up India Scheme:
- This scheme aims to promote entrepreneurship among women and Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe communities by providing loans for starting new enterprises.
-
Technology Upgradation Support for MSMEs (TEQUP):
- TEQUP focuses on supporting MSMEs in adopting modern technology and upgrading their production processes to improve quality and competitiveness.
-
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP):
- NMCP includes various components such as Lean Manufacturing Competitiveness Scheme, Design Clinic Scheme, and more, aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector, including MSMEs.
-
Entrepreneurial and Managerial Development of SMEs (EMD-SME):
- EMD-SME focuses on providing training, capacity-building, and skill development to entrepreneurs and managers of MSMEs.
-
Skill India Initiative:
- While not exclusively for MSMEs, the Skill India program aims to provide skill training to individuals, including those in the MSME sector, to improve employability and entrepreneurship.
-
Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme:
- The EPCG scheme allows MSMEs to import capital goods for the purpose of upgrading technology and enhancing export competitiveness with certain duty benefits.
-
Udyog Aadhaar Registration:
- The Udyog Aadhaar registration process simplifies the process of registering and obtaining various benefits for MSMEs, such as easier access to credit and government schemes.
Previous year Questions1. Consider the following statements with reference to India: (UPSC 2023)
1. According to the 'Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006', the 'medium enterprises' are those with investments in plant and machinery between Rs. 15 crore and Rs. 25 crore.
2. All bank loans to the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises qualify under the priority sector.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
2. Which of the following can aid in furthering the Government's objective of inclusive growth? (UPSC 2011)
1. Promoting Self-Help Groups
2. Promoting Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
3. Implementing the Right to Education Act
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
|
AYUSHMAN BHARAT
1. Context
2. About Ayushman Bharat Scheme
The Ayushman Bharat scheme, officially known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), is a flagship healthcare initiative launched by the Government of India in September 2018. It is aimed at providing financial protection and access to quality healthcare services to a significant portion of India's population, especially those who are economically disadvantaged and vulnerable.
The scheme has two main components:
- Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs): This component aims to transform the existing sub-centers and primary health centers into Health and Wellness Centers. These centers serve as the first point of contact for individuals seeking healthcare services. They offer a range of preventive, promotive, and basic healthcare services, including maternal and child health services, communicable disease management, and health education.
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): PM-JAY is the larger component of the Ayushman Bharat scheme, focused on providing health insurance coverage to economically vulnerable families. It offers financial protection against catastrophic health expenses by covering the cost of hospitalization and certain medical procedures. PM-JAY provides coverage up to ₹5 lahks (per family per year) for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. This includes coverage for a wide range of medical treatments, surgeries, and therapies.
3. Key features of PM-JAY include:
- Universal Coverage: PM-JAY covers over 10 crore (100 million) vulnerable and economically disadvantaged families, which is approximately 50 crore individuals, making it one of the largest government-funded healthcare insurance programs in the world.
- Cashless Transactions: Beneficiaries can avail of cashless and paperless healthcare services at any empanelled public or private hospital across the country.
- Portability: The scheme is portable, meaning beneficiaries can access services in any part of the country, irrespective of where they are registered under the scheme.
- No Cap on Family Size: The benefits under the scheme are not limited by family size or age, providing comprehensive coverage to all eligible family members.
- Priority for Women and Senior Citizens: The scheme gives priority to women, senior citizens, and individuals from marginalized communities.
- Empanelled Hospitals: The scheme has a network of public and private hospitals that have been empanelled to provide services under PM-JAY.
4. What is National Health Authority (NHA)?
- The National Health Authority (NHA) is the apex body responsible for the implementation and management of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), also known as Ayushman Bharat, in India.
- It was established as an autonomous body by the Government of India in January 2019.
- The NHA plays a crucial role in the effective execution of the world's largest government-funded health insurance scheme.
Key functions and responsibilities of the National Health Authority include:
- Policy Formulation: The NHA is responsible for formulating policies and guidelines for the implementation of PM-JAY. It works to ensure that the scheme aligns with the broader objectives of universal health coverage and affordable healthcare for all.
- Enrollment and Beneficiary Identification: The NHA oversees the process of identifying and enrolling eligible beneficiaries for PM-JAY. This involves creating and maintaining a comprehensive database of eligible families to ensure accurate and efficient access to healthcare services.
- Empanelment of Hospitals: The NHA empanels both public and private hospitals to participate in the scheme. These hospitals are evaluated based on their infrastructure, facilities, and willingness to provide services under PM-JAY. Empanelled hospitals provide cashless and quality healthcare services to beneficiaries.
- Claims Management: The NHA is responsible for managing the claims process, which includes processing and reimbursing hospitals for the healthcare services provided to beneficiaries. This process ensures that beneficiaries can access medical treatment without facing financial barriers.
- Monitoring and Quality Assurance: The NHA monitors the implementation of PM-JAY to ensure that the services provided by empanelled hospitals meet quality standards. It conducts regular audits and assessments to maintain the quality of healthcare services.
- Technology and Data Management: The NHA employs technology extensively to manage beneficiary data, hospital empanelment, claims processing, and monitoring. This helps in creating an efficient and transparent system for the implementation of the scheme.
- Capacity Building: The NHA works on capacity-building initiatives for stakeholders involved in the implementation of PM-JAY. This includes training for healthcare providers, government officials, and other relevant personnel.
- Research and Innovation: The NHA focuses on research and innovation to improve the implementation of PM-JAY. It explores ways to enhance the scheme's reach, effectiveness, and impact.
5. Is National Health Authority a Statutory Body?
- The National Health Authority (NHA) is a statutory body. It was established by an Act of Parliament known as the " National Health Authority Act, 2019.
- The Act was passed to provide a legal framework for the creation and functioning of the NHA, which is responsible for the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), also known as Ayushman Bharat.
- The National Health Authority Act, 2019, outlines the composition, Powers, functions, and responsibilities of the NHA.
- It grants the NHA the authority to manage and oversee the implementation of PM-JAY, which is one of the largest government-funded health insurance schemes in the world.
- The Act also provides the NHA with the necessary legal framework to carry out its role effectively, including policy formulation, enrollment of beneficiaries, empowerment of hospitals, claims processing, and quality assurance.
- As a statutory body, the National Health Authority operates within the legal framework provided by the Act and has the authority to make decisions, issue guidelines, and implement policies related to the functioning of PM-JAY.
- This legal status ensures that the NHA has the necessary autonomy and powers to carry out its responsibilities in the implementation of the healthcare scheme.
|
For Prelims: Ayushman Bharat, Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PMJAY), the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs), National Health Authority (NHA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the significance, achievements, and challenges of the Ayushman Bharat scheme in the context of achieving universal health coverage in India. (250 Words).
|
|
Previous year Question
1. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it.
2. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.
3. It has seamless portability across the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
2. With reference to 'Ayushman Bharat Yojana' which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (UPPSC 2020)
1. This Yojana provides free health insurance of Rs. 5 lahks per person.
2. The expenses incurred in this Scheme (Yojana) is shared between the Centre and State in a 60:40 ratio.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below.
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
|
CYBERCRIME
2. About cybercrime
Cybercrime is essentially any illegal activity that involves computers, networks, or digital devices. Criminals can use these tools to steal data, commit fraud, disrupt computer systems, or cause other harm. Some common types of cybercrime include:
- Stealing someone's personal information like their name, Social Security number, or credit card details to impersonate them and commit fraud.
- Tricking people into giving up their personal information or clicking on malicious links by disguising emails or websites as legitimate ones.
- Malicious software that can be installed on a computer to steal data, damage files, or disrupt operations.
- Gaining unauthorized access to a computer system or network to steal data, install malware, or cause damage.
3. What is NCRP?
The National Cybercrime Reporting Portal is an online platform established by the government of India to facilitate the reporting of cybercrimes by citizens. The portal allows individuals to report incidents of cybercrime in a streamlined and accessible manner.
Key features and functions of the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal include
- Individuals can report various types of cybercrimes such as online harassment, financial fraud, ransomware attacks, and identity theft. The portal provides specific categories for different types of cyber incidents to ensure proper documentation and handling.
- The portal places a special emphasis on crimes related to women and children, providing a dedicated section to report cases of online harassment, child pornography, and other related offences.
- The portal allows users to report crimes anonymously if they choose, ensuring the confidentiality and privacy of the complainant.
- Once a complaint is filed, the portal provides a tracking number which can be used to follow up on the status of the complaint.
- The portal offers resources and guidelines on how to protect oneself from cybercrime, as well as information on legal recourse and support available for victims.
The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), established by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), is essentially India's central command centre for combating cybercrime.
Functions
- The I4C serves as a focal point for coordinating efforts between various Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) across the country to tackle cybercrime effectively.
- It facilitates the exchange of information on cybercrime investigations, cyber threat intelligence, and best practices among LEAs. This allows for a more unified approach to combating cyber threats.
- The I4C is citizen-centric. It played a role in launching the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) which allows people to report cybercrime complaints online. There's also a National Cybercrime Helpline (1930) to report incidents and get assistance.
- The I4C identifies the need for adapting cyber laws to keep pace with evolving technology. They recommend amendments to existing laws and suggest the creation of new ones if necessary.
- The I4C works with academia and research institutes to develop new technologies and forensic tools to aid in cybercrime investigations.
- They promote collaboration between the government, industry, and academia to raise awareness about cybercrime and develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for containing and responding to cyberattacks.
5. What is the Budapest Convention?
The Budapest Convention, also known as the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, is the world's first international treaty specifically designed to address cybercrime. It came into effect in 2004 with three main objectives:
- The convention aims to improve how countries investigate cybercrime by setting standards for collecting electronic evidence and fostering cooperation between law enforcement agencies.
- It facilitates cooperation among member states in tackling cybercrime. This includes sharing information, assisting with investigations, and extraditing cybercriminals.
- The convention encourages member countries to harmonize their national laws related to cybercrime. This creates a more unified approach to defining and prosecuting cyber offences.
India's Stand: India is not currently a party to the Budapest Convention. There are concerns that some provisions, like data sharing with foreign law enforcement agencies, might infringe on India's national sovereignty. India has also argued that it wasn't involved in drafting the initial convention.
6. What is the Global Cybersecurity Index?
The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is an initiative by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to measure and rank the cybersecurity capabilities of countries around the world. The index provides insights into the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level, assessing their strengths and identifying areas for improvement. The key aspects of the Global Cybersecurity Index
Purpose
- To promote cybersecurity awareness and foster a global culture of cybersecurity.
- To encourage countries to enhance their cybersecurity infrastructure and strategies.
- To facilitate knowledge sharing and cooperation among nations.
Assessment Criteria
The GCI evaluates countries based on five main pillars:
- Examines the existence of cybersecurity legislation and regulatory frameworks.
- Assesses the implementation of cybersecurity technologies and technical institutions.
- Looks at national cybersecurity strategies, policies, and dedicated agencies.
- Evaluate the availability of cybersecurity education, training, and awareness programs.
- Measures the extent of international and national cooperation in cybersecurity efforts.
Impact
The GCI serves several important functions:
- Provides a benchmarking tool for countries to assess their cybersecurity maturity.
- Helps policymakers identify gaps and prioritize areas for improvement.
- Encourages international cooperation and collaboration to tackle global cyber threats.
7. The challenges related to cyber security in India
India faces numerous challenges related to cybersecurity, reflecting its rapidly growing digital economy and increasing reliance on technology.
Increasing Cyber Threats:
- India has seen a significant rise in cybercrimes, including hacking, phishing, ransomware attacks, and identity theft. Sophisticated, state-sponsored attacks targeting critical infrastructure and sensitive data are becoming more common.
- Many public and private sector systems rely on outdated technology, making them vulnerable to attacks. Inadequate implementation of robust cybersecurity measures and protocols leaves systems exposed.
- There is a significant gap in the number of trained cybersecurity experts needed to protect against and respond to cyber threats. Ongoing education and training programs are insufficient to keep pace with evolving cyber threats.
- The absence of a unified regulatory framework complicates cybersecurity management. While laws like the IT Act 2000 exist, enforcement and implementation remain inconsistent and weak.
- Many individuals and small businesses lack awareness of basic cybersecurity practices. Practices like using weak passwords, not updating software, and falling for phishing scams are common.
- The absence of robust data protection legislation makes it difficult to safeguard personal and sensitive data. Ensuring privacy and protection of personal information remains a significant challenge.
- Effective cybersecurity often requires international cooperation, which is currently limited and inconsistent. Cross-border cyber threats and geopolitical tensions complicate collaboration and response efforts.
- The rapid adoption of IoT devices, often with minimal security features, increases vulnerabilities. While AI can enhance security, it also introduces new risks and attack vectors.
- Sectors like banking, healthcare, and energy are increasingly targeted, requiring enhanced protection measures. Ensuring coordinated efforts among various governmental and private entities involved in critical infrastructure protection is challenging.
- Limited financial resources allocated for cybersecurity initiatives hinder the development and implementation of comprehensive security measures.
- Staying abreast of the latest cybersecurity technologies and tools is difficult due to financial and logistical constraints.
|
For Prelims: Cyber Crime, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre, National Cybercrime Reporting Portal, Budapest Convention, Global Cybersecurity Index, International Telecommunication union
For Mains:
1. India witnesses a high number of cybercrimes originating from Southeast Asia. Analyze the challenges this poses for Indian Law Enforcement Agencies and suggest measures to improve cross-border cooperation in tackling cybercrime. (250 words)
2. What are the key functions of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)? Critically evaluate its effectiveness in combating cybercrime in India. (250 words)
3. The rise of Internet of Things (IoT) devices introduces new vulnerabilities in cyberspace. Analyze the cybersecurity challenges posed by IoT and suggest measures to mitigate these risks. (250 words)
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion
4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1, 2 and 4 only B.1, 3 and 4 only C.2 and 3 only D.1, 2, 3 and 4
2. Global Cyber Security Index (GCI) 2020 is released by which of the following organizations? (RRB Clerk Mains 2021)
A. World Bank
B. United Nations Development Programme
C. International Telecommunication Union
D. World Economic Forum
E. None of these
Answers: 1-D, 2-C
|
MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE (MPC)
Monetary policy refers to the actions and strategies undertaken by a country's central bank to control and regulate the supply of money, credit availability, and interest rates in an economy. Its primary goal is to achieve specific economic objectives, such as price stability, full employment, and sustainable economic growth.
Central banks use various tools to implement monetary policy, including:
Interest Rates: Adjusting the interest rates at which banks lend to each other (known as the federal funds rate in the United States) influences borrowing and spending in the economy.
Open Market Operations: Buying or selling government securities in the open market to regulate the money supply. When a central bank buys securities, it injects money into the system, and when it sells them, it reduces the money supply.
Reserve Requirements: Mandating the amount of reserves banks must hold, affecting their ability to lend money.
By influencing the availability and cost of money, central banks aim to stabilize prices, control inflation, encourage or discourage borrowing and spending, and promote economic growth. However, the effectiveness of monetary policy can be influenced by various factors such as global economic conditions, fiscal policies, and market expectations.
3.What is the primary objective of the monetary policy?
The primary objective of monetary policy typically revolves around maintaining price stability or controlling inflation within an economy. Central banks often set an inflation target, aiming to keep it at a moderate and steady level. Stable prices help in fostering confidence in the economy, encouraging investment, and ensuring that the value of money remains relatively constant over time.
However, while controlling inflation is often the primary goal, central banks might also consider other objectives, such as:
Full Employment: Some central banks have a secondary objective of supporting maximum employment or reducing unemployment rates.
Economic Growth: Encouraging sustainable economic growth by managing interest rates and credit availability to stimulate or cool down economic activity.
Exchange Rate Stability: In some cases, maintaining stable exchange rates might be an important consideration, especially for countries with open economies heavily reliant on international trade.
These additional objectives can vary depending on the economic conditions, priorities of the government, and the central bank's mandate. Nonetheless, ensuring price stability is typically the fundamental goal of most monetary policies, as it forms the basis for a healthy and growing economy.
4. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
- In line with the amended RBI Act, 1934, Section 45ZB grants authority to the central government to establish a six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) responsible for determining the policy interest rate aimed at achieving the inflation target.
- The inaugural MPC was formed on September 29, 2016. Section 45ZB stipulates that "the Monetary Policy Committee will ascertain the Policy Rate necessary to meet the inflation target" and that "the decisions made by the Monetary Policy Committee will be obligatory for the Bank."
- According to Section 45ZB, the MPC comprises the RBI Governor as the ex officio chairperson, the Deputy Governor overseeing monetary policy, a Bank official nominated by the Central Board, and three individuals appointed by the central government.
- The individuals chosen by the central government must possess "capabilities, ethical standing, expertise, and experience in economics, banking, finance, or monetary policy" (Section 45ZC)
- The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) plays a crucial role in managing inflation through its decisions on the policy interest rate.
- When inflation is too high, the MPC might decide to increase the policy interest rate. This action aims to make borrowing more expensive, which can reduce spending and investment in the economy.
- As a result, it could help decrease demand for goods and services, potentially curbing inflation.
- Conversely, when inflation is too low or the economy needs a boost, the MPC might decrease the policy interest rate.
- This move makes borrowing cheaper, encouraging businesses and individuals to spend and invest more, thus stimulating economic activity and potentially raising inflation closer to the target level.
- The MPC's goal is to use the policy interest rate as a tool to steer inflation toward a target set by the government or central bank.
- By monitoring economic indicators and assessing the current and expected inflation levels, the MPC makes informed decisions to maintain price stability within the economy
|
For Prelims: Economic and Social Development
For Mains: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.
2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
2. Concerning the Indian economy, consider the following: (UPSC 2015)
Which of the above is/are component(s) of Monetary Policy? (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 3 and 4 Answer: C 3. An increase in Bank Rate generally indicates: (UPSC 2013) (a) Market rate of interest is likely to fall. (b) Central bank is no longer making loans to commercial banks. (c) Central bank is following an easy money policy. (d) Central bank is following a tight money policy. Answer: (d) 4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017) 1. It decides the RBI's benchmark interest rates. 2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year. 3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only Answer: A |
