MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE (MPC)
1. Context
The Finance Ministry said the “combination of monetary policy stance and macro-prudential measures by the Reserve Bank of India may have contributed to the demand slowdown” in the economy — remarks that come two days after a Reserve Bank of India (RBI) monthly bulletin article mooted urgent action to “excoriate inflation” so as to lend a stronger push for consumption and investments
2. What is Monetary policy?
Monetary policy refers to the actions and strategies undertaken by a country's central bank to control and regulate the supply of money, credit availability, and interest rates in an economy. Its primary goal is to achieve specific economic objectives, such as price stability, full employment, and sustainable economic growth.
Central banks use various tools to implement monetary policy, including:
Interest Rates: Adjusting the interest rates at which banks lend to each other (known as the federal funds rate in the United States) influences borrowing and spending in the economy.
Open Market Operations: Buying or selling government securities in the open market to regulate the money supply. When a central bank buys securities, it injects money into the system, and when it sells them, it reduces the money supply.
Reserve Requirements: Mandating the amount of reserves banks must hold, affecting their ability to lend money.
By influencing the availability and cost of money, central banks aim to stabilize prices, control inflation, encourage or discourage borrowing and spending, and promote economic growth. However, the effectiveness of monetary policy can be influenced by various factors such as global economic conditions, fiscal policies, and market expectations.
3.What is the primary objective of the monetary policy?
The primary objective of monetary policy typically revolves around maintaining price stability or controlling inflation within an economy. Central banks often set an inflation target, aiming to keep it at a moderate and steady level. Stable prices help in fostering confidence in the economy, encouraging investment, and ensuring that the value of money remains relatively constant over time.
However, while controlling inflation is often the primary goal, central banks might also consider other objectives, such as:
Full Employment: Some central banks have a secondary objective of supporting maximum employment or reducing unemployment rates.
Economic Growth: Encouraging sustainable economic growth by managing interest rates and credit availability to stimulate or cool down economic activity.
Exchange Rate Stability: In some cases, maintaining stable exchange rates might be an important consideration, especially for countries with open economies heavily reliant on international trade.
These additional objectives can vary depending on the economic conditions, priorities of the government, and the central bank's mandate. Nonetheless, ensuring price stability is typically the fundamental goal of most monetary policies, as it forms the basis for a healthy and growing economy.
4. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
- In line with the amended RBI Act, 1934, Section 45ZB grants authority to the central government to establish a six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) responsible for determining the policy interest rate aimed at achieving the inflation target.
- The inaugural MPC was formed on September 29, 2016. Section 45ZB stipulates that "the Monetary Policy Committee will ascertain the Policy Rate necessary to meet the inflation target" and that "the decisions made by the Monetary Policy Committee will be obligatory for the Bank."
- According to Section 45ZB, the MPC comprises the RBI Governor as the ex officio chairperson, the Deputy Governor overseeing monetary policy, a Bank official nominated by the Central Board, and three individuals appointed by the central government.
- The individuals chosen by the central government must possess "capabilities, ethical standing, expertise, and experience in economics, banking, finance, or monetary policy" (Section 45ZC)
5.Monetary Policy Committe and Inflation
- The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) plays a crucial role in managing inflation through its decisions on the policy interest rate.
- When inflation is too high, the MPC might decide to increase the policy interest rate. This action aims to make borrowing more expensive, which can reduce spending and investment in the economy.
- As a result, it could help decrease demand for goods and services, potentially curbing inflation.
- Conversely, when inflation is too low or the economy needs a boost, the MPC might decrease the policy interest rate.
- This move makes borrowing cheaper, encouraging businesses and individuals to spend and invest more, thus stimulating economic activity and potentially raising inflation closer to the target level.
- The MPC's goal is to use the policy interest rate as a tool to steer inflation toward a target set by the government or central bank.
- By monitoring economic indicators and assessing the current and expected inflation levels, the MPC makes informed decisions to maintain price stability within the economy
6. Way forward
With more than half of the current financial year witnessing positive developments in the economy, the full financial year should conclude as projected with a strong growth performance and macroeconomic stability. Yet risks on the downside persist. Inflation is one of them that has kept both the government and the RBI on high alert. Financial flows in the external sector also need constant monitoring as they impact the value of rupee and the balance of payments. A fuller transmission of the monetary policy may also temper domestic demand
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For Prelims: Economic and Social Development
For Mains: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.
2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
2. Concerning the Indian economy, consider the following: (UPSC 2015)
Which of the above is/are component(s) of Monetary Policy? (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 3 and 4 Answer: C 3. An increase in Bank Rate generally indicates: (UPSC 2013) (a) Market rate of interest is likely to fall. (b) Central bank is no longer making loans to commercial banks. (c) Central bank is following an easy money policy. (d) Central bank is following a tight money policy. Answer: (d) 4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017) 1. It decides the RBI's benchmark interest rates. 2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year. 3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only Answer: A |
Source: Indianexpress
OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES
1. Context
Dalit, Adivasi, and Other Backward Classes outfits in Gujarat will join the December 28 nationwide protests against Union Home Minister Amit Shah for his remarks on Babasaheb Ambedkar in Parliament, Congress MLA Jignesh Mevani
2. About the sub-categorization of OBCs
- The concept of sub-categorization of OBCs involves creating sub-groups within the larger OBC category for reservation purposes.
- Currently, OBCs are granted 27% reservation in jobs and education under the central government.
- However, there has been a debate over the equitable distribution of these benefits among the various OBC communities.
- Some argue that a few affluent communities within the Central List of OBCs have disproportionately secured the majority of the reservation benefits.
- Creating sub-categories aims to ensure a fairer distribution of representation among all OBC communities.
3. The Rohini Commission's Brief
- To examine the extent of inequitable distribution of reservation benefits among the OBC castes or communities included in the Central List.
- To devise a scientific approach for sub-categorization within the OBCs, including defining the mechanism, criteria, norms, and parameters.
- To identify respective castes, communities, sub-castes, or synonyms in the Central List of OBCs and classify them into their respective sub-categories.
- To study the Central List of OBCs and rectify any repetitions, ambiguities, inconsistencies, and errors.
- The Commission's progress has faced various challenges, including the absence of data on the population of different communities to compare their representation in jobs and education.
- Initially, the Commission had requested an all-India survey to estimate the caste-wise population of OBCs but later decided against it.
- Additionally, the government has remained silent on the collection of OBC data in the Census, despite demands from OBC groups.
4. The Extent of OBC Recruitment in Central Jobs
- As part of its findings, the Commission analyzed data from the preceding five years on OBC quota-based central jobs and admissions to central higher education institutions.
- It revealed that a disproportionate number of jobs and educational seats went to a small fraction of OBC sub-castes, with 37% of the total OBC communities having no representation in jobs and educational institutions.
- Regarding OBC representation in central jobs, as of March 17, the data showed that 20.26% of Group A to Group C employees were OBCs.
- However, the representation drops to 16.88% in Group A, where the reservation for OBCs is 27%.
Image Source: The Indian Express
5. The Way Forward
- Despite the challenges faced, the Commission has made significant progress, including drafting a report on sub-categorization.
- However, the final report is yet to be submitted. The extended tenure will provide the Commission with additional time to address the complexities of OBC sub-categorization and propose measures to achieve equitable distribution of reservation benefits among all OBC communities.
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For Prelims: Rohini Commission, OBCs, Central List
For Mains:
1. Discuss the role of the government in addressing the demand for the enumeration of OBCs in the Census and its potential impact on OBC representation and welfare." (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Who was appointed as the head of the OBC Sub-categorisation Commission?
(Maharashtra Talathi 2019)
A. Justice Geeta Mittal
B. Justice Manjula Chellur
C. Justice Tahilramani
D. Justice G. Rohini
Answer: D
2. Which of the following pairs of list and contents is/are correctly matched? (UPSC CAPF 2019)
1. State list Public health and sanitation
2. Union list Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens
3. Concurrent list Legal, medical and other
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
POLIO VIRUS
1. Context
Eternal vigilance is the price we pay to inhabit a planet with a range of biodiversity. Any letup, and it’s likely that years of achievement might be undone. We are seeing a glimpse of this in a resurgence of polio worldwide, with environmental samples and human cases throwing up both wild polio virus as well as vaccine-derived polio virus
2. Key points
- The State, considered among high-risk areas for polio, announced that this dose will be given at nine months, in addition to the existing doses in the current UIP.
- Additionally, two Polio Immunisation days are observed in the country each year and in some States, there are sub-national immunisation days, involving children under five years of age.
- An additional dose of inactivated poliovirus (IPV) at nine months will protect against any polio thereafter Vaccine Associated Paralytic Polio or Vaccine Derived Polioviruses.
3. About Polio
- Poliovirus can invade the central nervous system and as it multiplies, destroy the nerve cells that activate muscles, causing irreversible paralysis in hours.
- There are three types of poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2 and 3.
- According to the India Polio Learning Exchange (along with UNICEF), of those paralysed, 5-10 per cent die when their breathing muscles become immobilised.
- There is no cure for polio, but there are safe, effective vaccines which, given multiple times, protect a child for life.
- Polio held the world in a bind of fear until Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine.
- Later, Albert Sabin made a "live" polio vaccine that could be administered orally which became a tool of trade, especially for nations carrying out mass immunisation campaigns, including India.
Image source: American Museum of Natural history
4. India's achievement of polio-free status
- In 2012, the WHO removed India from the list of endemic countries.
- Seen as a massive achievement in public health, the campaign had begun years ago.
- While Rotary International launched its polio eradication campaign, Polio Plus, in 1985, it was in 1986 that it provided a $2.6 million grant to Tamil Nadu for a pilot polio vaccination campaign.
- In 1995, the Union government announced the first National Polio Immunisation Day.
- As per the India Polio Learning Exchange portal, the last case of poliovirus type 2 case was recorded in India in October 1999 at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh;
- The last case of poliovirus type 3 case was on October 22, 2010, in Pakur, Jharkhand; and
- The last case of poliovirus type 1 the case was recorded on January 13, 2011, at Howrah, West Bengal.
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As of October 2022, the WHO said only two countries worldwide remain with the indigenous transmission of wild Poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) Afghanistan and Pakistan.
It also recorded that so far, 33 countries have outbreaks of variant polioviruses, such as the U.K., the U.S., Israel and Malawi.
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- Unprotected children are at risk of getting the disease. It is important to take the polio vaccine each time it is offered, in special polio campaigns and routine immunisation.
In the latter, the oral polio vaccine is provided at birth, at six weeks, 10 weeks and at 14 weeks (a booster could be factored in at 16-24 months). - The injectable vaccine is given at six weeks and then another dose at 14 weeks.
- In addition, West Bengal has now decided to administer a third injectable dose at nine months.
5. Global polio crisis
- Genetic variants of vaccine poliovirus type 2, imported from an unknown source, were detected in wastewater in Jerusalem, London and New York in early 2022.
- The wild poliovirus type 2 was globally eradicated in 1999 but vaccine virus type 2 continued for 16 more years; routine use of the vaccine was discontinued in 2016 and reintroduced occasionally on purpose.
- As an unintended consequence, type 2 vaccine virus variants (circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses) that mimic wild viruses' contagiousness and neurovirulence, have been emerging and spreading.
- The theory of respiratory transmission of polio, as was the classical teaching of polio epidemiology.
- People assume that virus transmission is via the faecal-oral route. Virus transmission cannot be attributed to faecal contamination.
6. The way forward
- The recent events have shown how dramatically and rapidly global progress can unwind if the pressure is not maintained to vaccinate children.
- Some setbacks have been seen, particularly in the area of immunisation post the pandemic. But it is very clear to keep at doing and enhancing measures to ensure this battle is fought all the way through.
- India continues to maintain high population immunity and risk mitigation from polioviruses including containment and transitioning of polio networks will guide revised policy changes to ensure that India remains polio-free.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Poliovirus, Universal Immunisation Programme, inactivated poliovirus, National Polio Immunisation Day, India Polio Learning Exchange portal, poliovirus type 1, poliovirus type 2, poliovirus type 3, WHO, The theory of respiratory transmission of polio,
For Mains:
1. What is Poliovirus? Explain how did India achieve its polio-free status and discuss the recent global polio crisis. (250 Words)
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Source: The Hindu
US-CHINA SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENT
1. Context
On December 13, China and the U.S. agreed to extend their Agreement on Co-operation in Science and Technology for an additional five years, effective from August 27, 2024, and also signed a protocol to amend it. Observers have welcomed the development as an affirmation of science and technology cooperation between the two major powers.
2. Significance of bilateral Science& Technology agreements
- Science and technology partnerships between nations are typically formalized through dedicated bilateral agreements, which are often components of broader diplomatic frameworks.
- These arrangements, while not specifying exact funding commitments, create opportunities for collaboration that extend beyond government bodies.
- The agreements enable collaborative research projects, support the exchange of academic talent and researchers, foster partnerships between institutions, and establish shared research facilities. Currently, India maintains such collaborative arrangements with 83 partner nations.
- However, the mere signing of these agreements during diplomatic exchanges isn't enough - both participating countries must possess both the capabilities and genuine commitment to actively pursue the outlined collaboration.
- Superficial efforts rarely yield meaningful results. In terms of successful implementation, the Sino-American agreement stands out as perhaps the most effective example of such bilateral scientific cooperation
3. What is an S&T Agreement between US and China?
The US-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement (STA), first signed in 1979 and regularly renewed since then, was a landmark agreement that facilitated scientific collaboration between the two nations. However, I should note that my knowledge cutoff date is April 2024, so I may not have information about more recent developments.
Key aspects of the agreement included:
- Framework for joint research projects across fields like energy, climate science, agriculture, health, and basic research
- Exchange programs for scientists and researchers
- Sharing of scientific data and resources
- Joint operation of research facilities
- Protection of intellectual property rights
- Regular meetings of the Joint Commission on Science and Technology Cooperation
The agreement was historically significant as it was one of the first bilateral agreements signed after the normalization of US-China relations. It helped establish numerous research partnerships between universities, government labs, and research institutions in both countries.
4. Renewed S&T agreements
- Recent tensions between the U.S. and China, especially regarding technology transfers and China's growing scientific and technological dominance, have significantly impacted their research collaboration. To address these concerns, the revised agreement includes measures to enhance researcher safety and data sharing reciprocity.
- The scope of cooperation is now limited to government-to-government interactions, fundamental research, and pre-defined areas of mutual benefit. Cooperation in critical and emerging technologies has been excluded to alleviate concerns about China gaining an unfair advantage at the U.S.'s expense.
- Experts have raised concerns about China's ability to leverage the research ecosystem more effectively and potential intellectual property rights violations.
- A Congressional Research Service report highlighted instances of China commercializing U.S.-funded research without providing corresponding benefits to the U.S.
- Faced with the options of a standard five-year renewal, termination, or a revised agreement with stricter conditions, the U.S. chose the latter. This suggests that despite significant concerns about the agreement's value to the U.S., the previous administration preferred to revise it rather than completely terminate or allow it to expire
5. Benefits to the U.S
- According to a 2024 report, China's R&D expenditure surged from $375 million in 1979 to $442 billion in 2021, second only to the U.S. The number of Chinese undergraduate students in the U.S. has also dramatically increased, from 2,770 in 1985 to 109,525 in 2000.
- Concurrently, there has been a substantial rise in the number and diversity of scientific publications co-authored by Chinese and U.S. researchers. Based on this evidence, Deborah Seligsohn from the Centre for Strategic and International Studies argues that the U.S. has benefited significantly from these collaborations.
- Despite potential for stricter conditions and limitations, the incoming Trump administration is unlikely to completely rescind the revised agreement.
- This is because it maintains a channel for continued scientific and technological cooperation, including facilitating researcher mobility, which is valuable for both countries.
- For the U.S., the agreement provides a means to influence China's scientific and technological advancement rather than completely relinquishing leverage.
- This analysis underscores the importance of capacity-building and sustained R&D investment in maximizing the benefits of bilateral science and technology agreements.
- Without these investments, participating nations may struggle to fully capitalize on the advantages offered by such collaborations.
- The agreement serves as a prime example of how China transitioned from a minor player in 1979 to a formidable competitor in 2024.
- Even if the U.S. views China's success as "extreme," the agreement necessitates a dialogue between the two countries on science, technology, and cooperation
6. Way Forward
China's strategic expansion of science and technology cooperation, particularly with the U.S., has transformed the country into a global scientific leader. While raising concerns about intellectual property rights and competition, these collaborations have also yielded significant benefits for both nations. The U.S.-China agreement, despite its complexities, serves as a crucial platform for continued dialogue and cooperation in a rapidly evolving scientific landscape. Moving forward, a balanced approach that addresses concerns while fostering mutually beneficial collaboration will be essential for navigating the intricate relationship between these two scientific superpowers
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For Prelims: Semiconductors, Artificial intelligence (AI), Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET), and Chip 4 Alliance.
For Mains: 1. Examine the decline in China's chip imports from Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, as part of the US-led "Chip 4 Alliance." Evaluate the significance of these trade numbers and their implications for China's semiconductor industry.
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Previous year question
1. A semiconductor differs from a conductor in that it has (UPSC IES 2016)
A. Only one path for the free electrons in the valence band
B. Only one path for holes in the conduction band
C. Two paths followed by free electrons and holes, one an ordinary path in the conduction band and the other one an extraordinary path in the valence band, respectively
D. Two paths followed by free electrons and holes, one an extraordinary path in the conduction band and the other one an ordinary path in the valence band, respectively
Answer: C
2. Which one of the following is a semiconductor device that is used to increase the power of the incoming signals by preserving the shape of the original signal? (UPSC CAPF 2022)
A. Register
B. Transistor
C.Flip-flop
D. Diode
Answer: B
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Source: The Hindu
INTERGOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE-POLICY PLATFORM ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (IPBES)
1. Context
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), a global group of scientific experts, has released an Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health – known as the Nexus Report. This is a first-of-a-kind report looking at the interconnections between these multiple crises. The group examined five major challenges — climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity, water scarcity, and health risks — and found that they were strongly interconnected
2. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
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The IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) is to biodiversity and ecosystems what the more widely recognized IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is to climate change. It regularly reviews existing scientific research on biodiversity and nature to assess their current condition.
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Established in 2012, IPBES released its first report in 2019, which assessed the global biodiversity crisis. The report found that up to one million species of plants and animals, out of an estimated eight million total, were at risk of extinction—more than ever before—largely due to human-induced changes in ecosystems.
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According to the 2019 report, nearly 75% of the Earth's land area and 66% of marine environments had been "substantially altered," and over 85% of wetlands had been "lost." This information served as the foundation for the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, finalized in 2022.
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The Nexus report highlighted the interconnectedness of five major global challenges. Its primary message is that responses to these challenges must be coordinated to ensure that efforts to address one issue do not inadvertently worsen others, as is often the case in current strategies.
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For instance, increasing food production to address hunger and malnutrition could unintentionally place additional pressure on land, water resources, and biodiversity.
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The report advocates for integrated approaches that deliver benefits across various sectors. Some suggested measures include restoring carbon-rich ecosystems like forests, soils, and mangroves, managing biodiversity to reduce the risk of zoonotic diseases, promoting sustainable diets, and prioritizing nature-based solutions.
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The Nexus report stressed that nature and biodiversity are vital not only for ecological and aesthetic reasons but also for economic purposes. It noted that more than half of the global GDP, roughly $58 trillion in annual economic activity, is moderately to highly dependent on nature. Degradation of natural ecosystems could, therefore, negatively affect productivity and economic output.
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The central message of the Nexus report is that if the current approach to addressing climate change persists, it will lead to detrimental outcomes for biodiversity, water quality, and human health. Additionally, focusing on optimizing results for just one aspect of the nexus without considering the others is likely to create negative consequences for the other interconnected challenges
3. Key Statistics from the Nexus Report
- The Nexus report reveals a 2-6% decline in biodiversity per decade across all measured indicators over the past 30-50 years.
- Over half of the global population resides in regions severely impacted by reductions in biodiversity, water availability and quality, food security challenges, and rising health risks due to climate change.
- According to a 2023 valuation, more than 50% of global GDP, approximately $58 trillion, is moderately to highly reliant on nature.
- Furthermore, there is an estimated annual financing shortfall of $1 trillion needed to address global biodiversity resource requirements
4. Kunming Montreal global biodiversity framework
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The KM-GBF was adopted in 2022 at the 15th meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity, where 196 countries committed to halting and reversing biodiversity loss by 2030 in order to create a nature-positive world.
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It outlined four main goals and 23 targets, collectively known as the 30×30 target. This includes a pledge to protect at least 30% of the world’s land, oceans, and coastal areas by 2030, alongside a commitment to begin restoring at least 30% of degraded land and marine ecosystems by 2030.
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The primary goal is to ensure that all natural ecosystems are maintained, improved, or restored significantly, with an overall increase in the area of natural ecosystems by 2050. Another target is to achieve a ten-fold reduction in the extinction rate of species, which is currently estimated to be significantly higher than the average rate over the past 10 million years.
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India presented its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) at the recent United Nations biodiversity conference in Cali, Colombia, outlining 23 national biodiversity targets.
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For Prelims: Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
For Mains: GS III - Biodiversity Conservation and India’s Challenges
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Source: Indianexpress
PROTECTED AREA REGIME (PAR)
1. Context
On December 17, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) reimposed the Protected Area Regime (PAR) in the States of Manipur, Nagaland, and Mizoram to restrict and monitor the movement of foreigners. From now on, foreigners visiting the three States would have to seek prior permission and Protected Area Permits (PAP) from the government. The circular stated that the relaxation provided to the three States under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958 was being withdrawn with immediate effect.
2. What is the protected area regime?
The Protected Area Regime (PAR) in the states of Manipur, Nagaland, and Mizoram is a special legal framework implemented under the provisions of the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958. This regime is designed to regulate and monitor the movement of foreign nationals in certain sensitive border areas, ensuring security and cultural preservation
Key Features of the Protected Area Regime (PAR)
- The Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958, mandates that all foreigners (except citizens of Bhutan) require a Protected Area Permit (PAP) to visit these states.
- Indian citizens are generally not required to obtain a permit, although they may need an Inner Line Permit (ILP) under separate provisions like the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873
- The entire states of Nagaland and Mizoram, and certain parts of Manipur, are covered under the PAR.
- The protected area regime also applies to other sensitive regions in India, particularly in the Northeast and border areas, such as parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, and Sikkim
- Foreigners must obtain a Protected Area Permit (PAP) from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) or designated authorities such as Indian missions abroad or state governments.
- Special provisions are sometimes made for groups of foreign tourists visiting under approved travel plans
Objective:
- To address concerns related to national security, particularly in areas bordering other countries.
- To preserve the distinct cultural identity of tribal communities in these states
3. What does the 1958 Order entail?
- The order stipulated that no foreign national is allowed to enter or stay within a protected area without a permit issued either by the Central Government or an authorized official.
- This permit must specify details such as the entry point, place of residence, and duration of the stay.
- The regions designated as Protected Areas include the areas between the Inner Line and the international border in certain states and Union Territories: parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand, as well as the entirety of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and parts of Sikkim (classified as both protected and restricted areas).
- Additionally, a separate order issued in 1963 categorized the entire Andaman & Nicobar Islands and specific parts of Sikkim as “restricted areas.”
| On December 30, 2010, the Protected Area Regime (PAR) was eased across the entire states of Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland due to improved security conditions and to encourage tourism. Initially, the relaxation was granted for one year but was later extended in increments of 1-2 years until 2022. In that year, the relaxation was further extended for an additional five years, set to last until December 31, 2027. However, on December 17, the relaxation was revoked for these states |
4. Withdrawal of Order
- The decision was made against the backdrop of increasing security challenges in the border areas of these states.
- Manipur, which shares a border with Myanmar, has been grappling with ethnic clashes between the tribal Kuki-Zo and the Meitei communities since May 3, 2023.
- Following a military coup in Myanmar in February 2021, an influx of undocumented migrants occurred, with over 40,000 refugees seeking shelter in Mizoram and around 4,000 entering Manipur.
- These migrants, part of the Kuki-Chin-Zo ethnic group, have cultural and ethnic ties with the local communities in Mizoram and Manipur. India shares a 1,643 km-long border with Myanmar, spanning Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram.
- The Free Movement Regime (FMR), which permitted unrestricted movement for residents within 16 kilometers of the border, was suspended by the Ministry of Home Affairs in January
The Free Movement Regime (FMR) is a unique bilateral arrangement between India and Myanmar that allows unrestricted movement of people residing within 16 kilometers on either side of the India-Myanmar international border. This policy is rooted in historical, cultural, and ethnic ties between border communities, many of whom belong to the same tribal groups and share familial, cultural, and economic relationships
Key Features of the FMR:
- Facilitates cross-border interactions for traditional, social, and economic purposes.
- Ensures the preservation of the close ethnic and cultural ties between communities on both sides of the border
- The FMR applies to border regions in the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram, which share a 1,643-km-long border with Myanmar
- Under the regime, residents within the specified 16-km zone are allowed to cross the border without the need for passports or visas.
- Individuals can stay for a maximum period (usually stipulated at 72 hours) and are expected to carry identity documents recognized by both governments
6. Way Forward
Permits can be obtained through Indian missions, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), district magistrates, resident commissioners of a state, Home Commissioners, or the Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO), among other authorities.
As before, citizens of Afghanistan, China, and Pakistan, along with foreign nationals of origin from these countries, must secure prior approval from the MHA. Additionally, all foreign visitors to these states are required to register with the Foreigners Registration Officer in the state or district they visit within 24 hours of their arrival. Myanmar nationals, who were previously exempt from obtaining a Protected Area Permit (PAP) when holding an e-tourist visa or other types of visas, are now required to register with the FRRO within 24 hours of their arrival.
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For Prelims: Free Movement Regime, India-Myanmar, Naga Students' Federation, Treaty of Yandaboo, COVID-19, Kuki-Chin-Mizo communities, Mizoram, Naga Land, Act East policy, Rohingya refugee crisis
For Mains:
1. Discuss the implications of the Indian government's decision to fence the India-Myanmar border and reconsider the Free Movement Regime (FMR) in light of security concerns. How does this decision balance the need for security with the cultural and historical ties between communities? (250 Words)
2. Discuss the challenges faced by the Indian government in balancing national security concerns, particularly related to the presence of extremist groups, with the humanitarian aspects of the Free Movement Regime (FMR). (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to India's projects on connectivity, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2023)
1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.
2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.
3. Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China.
How many of the above statements are correct?
A. Only one B. Only two C. All three D. None
2. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2018)
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only
3. If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (UPSC 2022) (a) This would prevent the transfer of land of tribal people to non-tribal people. Answers: 1-D, 2-B, 3-A Mains1. What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (UPSC 2017) 2. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (UPSC 2016)
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Source: The Hindu
AYUSHMAN BHARAT
1. Context
The Delhi High Court on Tuesday directed that the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government in the national capital needed to sign an MoU with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare before January 5 for implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM), irrespective of imposition of Model Code of Conduct in the run-up to the Assembly elections.
2. About Ayushman Bharat Scheme
The Ayushman Bharat scheme, officially known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), is a flagship healthcare initiative launched by the Government of India in September 2018. It is aimed at providing financial protection and access to quality healthcare services to a significant portion of India's population, especially those who are economically disadvantaged and vulnerable.
The scheme has two main components:
- Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs): This component aims to transform the existing sub-centers and primary health centers into Health and Wellness Centers. These centers serve as the first point of contact for individuals seeking healthcare services. They offer a range of preventive, promotive, and basic healthcare services, including maternal and child health services, communicable disease management, and health education.
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): PM-JAY is the larger component of the Ayushman Bharat scheme, focused on providing health insurance coverage to economically vulnerable families. It offers financial protection against catastrophic health expenses by covering the cost of hospitalization and certain medical procedures. PM-JAY provides coverage up to ₹5 lahks (per family per year) for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. This includes coverage for a wide range of medical treatments, surgeries, and therapies.
3. Key features of PM-JAY include:
- Universal Coverage: PM-JAY covers over 10 crore (100 million) vulnerable and economically disadvantaged families, which is approximately 50 crore individuals, making it one of the largest government-funded healthcare insurance programs in the world.
- Cashless Transactions: Beneficiaries can avail of cashless and paperless healthcare services at any empanelled public or private hospital across the country.
- Portability: The scheme is portable, meaning beneficiaries can access services in any part of the country, irrespective of where they are registered under the scheme.
- No Cap on Family Size: The benefits under the scheme are not limited by family size or age, providing comprehensive coverage to all eligible family members.
- Priority for Women and Senior Citizens: The scheme gives priority to women, senior citizens, and individuals from marginalized communities.
- Empanelled Hospitals: The scheme has a network of public and private hospitals that have been empanelled to provide services under PM-JAY.
4. What is National Health Authority (NHA)?
- The National Health Authority (NHA) is the apex body responsible for the implementation and management of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), also known as Ayushman Bharat, in India.
- It was established as an autonomous body by the Government of India in January 2019.
- The NHA plays a crucial role in the effective execution of the world's largest government-funded health insurance scheme.
Key functions and responsibilities of the National Health Authority include:
- Policy Formulation: The NHA is responsible for formulating policies and guidelines for the implementation of PM-JAY. It works to ensure that the scheme aligns with the broader objectives of universal health coverage and affordable healthcare for all.
- Enrollment and Beneficiary Identification: The NHA oversees the process of identifying and enrolling eligible beneficiaries for PM-JAY. This involves creating and maintaining a comprehensive database of eligible families to ensure accurate and efficient access to healthcare services.
- Empanelment of Hospitals: The NHA empanels both public and private hospitals to participate in the scheme. These hospitals are evaluated based on their infrastructure, facilities, and willingness to provide services under PM-JAY. Empanelled hospitals provide cashless and quality healthcare services to beneficiaries.
- Claims Management: The NHA is responsible for managing the claims process, which includes processing and reimbursing hospitals for the healthcare services provided to beneficiaries. This process ensures that beneficiaries can access medical treatment without facing financial barriers.
- Monitoring and Quality Assurance: The NHA monitors the implementation of PM-JAY to ensure that the services provided by empanelled hospitals meet quality standards. It conducts regular audits and assessments to maintain the quality of healthcare services.
- Technology and Data Management: The NHA employs technology extensively to manage beneficiary data, hospital empanelment, claims processing, and monitoring. This helps in creating an efficient and transparent system for the implementation of the scheme.
- Capacity Building: The NHA works on capacity-building initiatives for stakeholders involved in the implementation of PM-JAY. This includes training for healthcare providers, government officials, and other relevant personnel.
- Research and Innovation: The NHA focuses on research and innovation to improve the implementation of PM-JAY. It explores ways to enhance the scheme's reach, effectiveness, and impact.
5. Is National Health Authority a Statutory Body?
- The National Health Authority (NHA) is a statutory body. It was established by an Act of Parliament known as the " National Health Authority Act, 2019.
- The Act was passed to provide a legal framework for the creation and functioning of the NHA, which is responsible for the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), also known as Ayushman Bharat.
- The National Health Authority Act, 2019, outlines the composition, Powers, functions, and responsibilities of the NHA.
- It grants the NHA the authority to manage and oversee the implementation of PM-JAY, which is one of the largest government-funded health insurance schemes in the world.
- The Act also provides the NHA with the necessary legal framework to carry out its role effectively, including policy formulation, enrollment of beneficiaries, empowerment of hospitals, claims processing, and quality assurance.
- As a statutory body, the National Health Authority operates within the legal framework provided by the Act and has the authority to make decisions, issue guidelines, and implement policies related to the functioning of PM-JAY.
- This legal status ensures that the NHA has the necessary autonomy and powers to carry out its responsibilities in the implementation of the healthcare scheme.
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For Prelims: Ayushman Bharat, Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PMJAY), the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs), National Health Authority (NHA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the significance, achievements, and challenges of the Ayushman Bharat scheme in the context of achieving universal health coverage in India. (250 Words).
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Previous year Question
1. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it.
2. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.
3. It has seamless portability across the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
2. With reference to 'Ayushman Bharat Yojana' which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (UPPSC 2020)
1. This Yojana provides free health insurance of Rs. 5 lahks per person.
2. The expenses incurred in this Scheme (Yojana) is shared between the Centre and State in a 60:40 ratio.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below.
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
INDIA-BANGLADESH
1. Context
Muhammad Yunus-led government made a formal request of extradition to India, which has hosted Sheikh Hasina, the former prime minister of Bangladesh, since she was ousted by a student-led uprising.
2. The Evolution of India-Bangladesh Ties
- The genesis of India's relationship with Bangladesh traces back to the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War when India played a crucial role in providing military and material support for Bangladesh's fight for independence from Pakistan.
- However, in the aftermath, relations faced challenges as military regimes took control, leading to a rise in anti-India sentiment in the mid-1970s.
- Issues such as boundary disputes, insurgency, and water-sharing disputes contributed to the strained ties.
- The situation persisted for several decades until Sheikh Hasina assumed power in 1996, ushering in a new era in bilateral relations.
- Under her leadership, a significant milestone was reached with the signing of a treaty on the sharing of Ganga waters.
- Since then, India and Bangladesh have successfully fostered cooperation in various areas, including trade, energy, infrastructure, connectivity, and defence.
3. India-Bangladesh Economic Ties
- Over the past decade, bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh has demonstrated consistent growth.
- Bangladesh has emerged as India's largest trade partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade surging from $10.8 billion in 2020-21 to $18 billion in 2021-2022.
- However, a slight dip occurred in 2022-23 due to the impact of the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.
- In return, India stands as Bangladesh's second-largest trade partner, with exports amounting to $2 billion in the Indian markets.
- In 2022, both countries successfully concluded a joint feasibility study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
- This agreement, designed to reduce or eliminate customs duties on traded goods and streamline trade norms, is expected to unlock broader social and economic opportunities.
- The CEPA gains added significance as Bangladesh is poised to lose its Least Developed Country (LDC) status after 2026, thereby forfeiting its duty-free and quota-free market access in India.
- Dhaka is keen to finalize a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with New Delhi and simultaneously pursue the China-backed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This dual-track approach raises concerns for India.
4. India's Infrastructural Investments in Bangladesh
- As a significant development partner for Bangladesh, India has been actively contributing to various infrastructure and connectivity projects.
- Since 2010, India has provided Lines of Credit totalling over $7 billion. A milestone in this collaboration was achieved last year when Prime Minister Modi and Sheikh Hasina inaugurated the Akhaura-Agartala rail link, connecting Bangladesh and the northeast through Tripura.
- This link grants India access to Chattogram and Mongla ports in Bangladesh, facilitating cargo movement and poised to stimulate small-scale industries while fostering the development of Assam and Tripura.
- In the energy sector, Bangladesh imports nearly 2,000 megawatts of electricity from India.
- The BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity is instrumental in connecting major transport projects in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand, thereby establishing a comprehensive shipping network.
- India's focus is likely to be on the Matarbari Port, situated approximately 100 km from Tripura, being developed by Bangladesh.
- This port will play a pivotal role in establishing a crucial industrial corridor, connecting Dhaka with the northeastern part of India.
5. Navigating Challenges in the India-Bangladesh Relationship
- Several points of tension mark the diplomatic landscape between India and Bangladesh.
- Foremost among them is the impending Teesta dispute, which holds a central position in the agenda of the Hasina-led government.
- This dispute revolves around the equitable sharing of Teesta's waters, with Bangladesh seeking a fair distribution.
- Another source of contention is the Rohingya issue. The Hasina government aims for the peaceful repatriation of Rohingyas to Myanmar, but talks with the military junta have proven unsuccessful thus far.
- Bangladesh seeks India's cooperation to influence Myanmar, but the Modi government, with ties to the junta, asserts its intention to deport Rohingyas from its mainland.
- Cross-border terrorism and infiltration pose additional threats to internal security. The rise of majoritarian forces adds complexity to the already intricate landscape.
- While violence against Muslims has increased in India in recent years, Prime Minister Hasina has consistently condemned these attacks and expressed dissatisfaction with comments by Indian leaders concerning "illegal" immigrants.
6. Global Influences on the India-Bangladesh Relationship
- The Awami League government under Sheikh Hasina has faced vocal criticism from the U.S., particularly concerning "democratic backsliding."
- In 2021, the Biden administration imposed sanctions on a Bangladeshi anti-crime and anti-terrorism task force, citing human rights violations.
- Tensions escalated further as the U.S. announced a policy to restrict visas for Bangladeshis deemed responsible for undermining the election process in the country. This external pressure has implications for the global ties of Bangladesh.
- Adding to India's concerns is the deepening relationship between Bangladesh and China, marked by substantial Chinese investments in infrastructure in recent years.
- According to the Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh, China has undertaken the construction of 12 highways, 21 bridges, and 27 power and energy projects in Bangladesh.
- However, Prime Minister Hasina has asserted that her government is "very much careful" about its partnership with China.
7. The Way Forward
Despite challenges, the India-Bangladesh relationship boasts strong potential for further growth. Open communication, constructive dialogue, and focus on shared interests are crucial for navigating the complexities and ensuring a prosperous future for both nations.
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For Prelims: India-Bangladesh, Free Trade Agreement, Rohingyas, Teesta River, BIMSTEC, Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
For Mains:
1. Assess the role of China's growing influence in Bangladesh and its implications for the India-Bangladesh relationship. How can India navigate this complex geopolitical landscape? (250 Words)
2. Discuss the potential benefits of the BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity for India, Bangladesh, and the broader region. What are the key considerations for effective implementation and ensuring equitable benefits? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 2. Consider the following countries: (UPSC 2018)
1. Australia
2. Canada
3. China
4. India
5. Japan
6. USA
Which of the above are among the free-trade partners' of ASEAN?
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 B. 3 , 4, 5 and 6 C. 1, 3, 4 and 5 D. 2, 3, 4 and 6
3. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if (UPSC 2018) (a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output. 4. The SEZ Act, 2005 which came into effect in February 2006 has certain objectives. In this context, consider the following: (UPSC 2010)
Which of the above are the objectives of this Act? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
5. A “closed economy” is an economy in which (UPSC 2011) (a) the money supply is fully controlled
6. Consider the following pairs:(UPSC 2016)
Community is sometimes mentioned in the news In the affairs of
1. Kurd Bangladesh
2. Madhesi Nepal
3. Rohingya Myanmar
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 D. 3 only
7. With reference to the BIMSTEC, which of the following statements is/are true? (UPPSC 2022)
1. P. M. Narendra Modi addressed the 5th BIMSTEC Summit on 30th March 2022.
2. 5th Summit of BIMSTEC had been chaired by India.
Select the correct answer from the code given below:
A. Neither 1 nor 2
B. Both 1 and 2
C. Only 2
D. Only 1
8. Which of the following statement/s is/are true about the three-day international Seminar on 'Climate Smart Farming System' for BIMSTEC countries held during December 11-13, 2019? (UPPSC 2020)
1. It was held at Katmandu, Nepal.
2. It was aimed to have experience sharing for more resilience to climate change through an ecological approach to enable the improvement of tropical small-holding farming systems.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
A. Only 1 B. Only 2 C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
9. The term 'Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; often appears in the news in the context of the affairs of a group of countries known as (UPSC 2016)
A. G20 B. ASEAN C. SCO D. SAARC
10. Recently, with which one of the following countries did India sign the 'Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement' ? (UPSC CAPF 2022)
A. Egypt B. Israel C. South Africa D. United Arab Emirates
Answers: 1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-A, 5- D, 6-C, 7-D, 8-B, 9-B, 10- D
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Source: The Hindu
