DENGUE VIRUS
1. Context
Reducing mosquito-borne illnesses through proven interventions has an immense potential to reduce the burden on our health systems and productivity. We must resurrect and fund innovative vector control programmes across India to combat the Aedes-borne triple epidemic of dengue, chikungunya and Zika
2. What is Dengue?
- The dengue virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family and is responsible for causing dengue fever, a significant global health concern.
- This virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, with Aedes aegypti being the primary vector.
- Dengue infections can range from asymptomatic or mild cases to severe forms, including dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), which can be life-threatening.
Key Characteristics of the Dengue Virus:
- Serotypes: There are four distinct serotypes of the dengue virus: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Each serotype can cause the full spectrum of dengue disease, but subsequent infections with different serotypes increase the risk of severe disease.
- Genome: The dengue virus has a single-stranded RNA genome that encodes for three structural proteins (capsid, precursor membrane, and envelope) and seven non-structural proteins.
- Replication: The virus replicates in both mosquitoes and humans. In mosquitoes, it infects midgut cells and salivary glands, facilitating transmission. In humans, it replicates in various tissues, including skin, lymph nodes, and spleen.
Transmission: Aedes mosquitoes are the primary vectors responsible for transmitting the dengue virus. When an infected mosquito bites a person, the virus is introduced into the person's bloodstream. Once inside the human body, the virus replicates and spreads, leading to the onset of dengue symptoms.
3. Which virus causes dengue?
- The virus responsible for causing dengue is known as the dengue virus.
- It belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is classified into four distinct serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4.
- These serotypes are closely related but distinct variations of the dengue virus.
- Infection with one serotype provides lifelong immunity to that specific serotype but only temporary immunity to the others.
- Subsequent infections with different serotypes increase the risk of severe dengue, as the immune response can sometimes enhance the virus's replication, leading to more severe symptoms.
4. Why it is spreading in India
The spread of dengue in India can be attributed to a combination of factors, including environmental, climatic, socio-economic, and public health aspects. Some of the key reasons for the spread of dengue in India are:
- Climate and Environment: Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti, which are responsible for transmitting the dengue virus, thrive in warm and humid environments. India's tropical and subtropical climate provides favorable conditions for the breeding and survival of these mosquitoes.
- Urbanization and Population Growth: Rapid urbanization and population growth have led to increased construction and improper waste management, creating more breeding sites for mosquitoes. Urban areas with crowded populations and inadequate sanitation can facilitate the transmission of dengue.
- Water Storage Practices: Aedes mosquitoes prefer to breed in clean, stagnant water. Improper water storage practices, such as uncovered containers or discarded tires, provide breeding sites for these mosquitoes. Many communities lack proper waste disposal mechanisms, contributing to mosquito breeding.
- Lack of Vector Control: Inadequate vector control measures, including limited use of insecticides, mosquito repellents, and larval control methods, contribute to the increased presence of Aedes mosquitoes in residential areas.
- Travel and Migration: The movement of people, including tourists and migrant workers, can contribute to the spread of dengue from one region to another. Infected individuals can carry the virus and introduce it to new areas where susceptible mosquito vectors are present.
5. Is there any vaccine for dengue in India?
- The first dengue vaccine approved for use in the country is called "Dengvaxia," which is manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur. Dengvaxia is a tetravalent vaccine, meaning it provides protection against all four serotypes of the dengue virus (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4).
- Dengvaxia is indicated for individuals aged 9 to 45 years who have a history of laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection. This is because the vaccine's safety profile is better established in individuals who have been previously exposed to the virus. The vaccine helps to reduce the risk of severe dengue disease in those who have had a prior infection.
- It's important to note that Dengvaxia is not recommended for individuals who have not been previously infected with the dengue virus, as there is evidence suggesting that the vaccine can lead to more severe disease in individuals without prior exposure.
- The availability and usage of the dengue vaccine may vary across different regions and healthcare settings within India. As with any vaccine, its administration should be carried out under the guidance of healthcare professionals, taking into consideration individual medical histories and risk factors.
6. What do you understand by the DNA Vaccines?
- DNA vaccines, a cutting-edge innovation in the field of immunization, offer a novel way to stimulate the immune system's response against pathogens.
- Unlike traditional vaccines that use weakened or inactivated pathogens, DNA vaccines harness the power of genetic material to trigger immunity.
- They hold immense potential for combating a range of diseases, from infectious diseases to cancers, by leveraging the body's own cellular machinery.
7. Indian Council of Medical Research
- The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is the apex body in India responsible for coordinating and promoting biomedical research in the country.
- Established in 1911, it operates under the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
- The ICMR plays a crucial role in shaping the health research landscape, addressing health challenges, and advancing scientific knowledge.
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For Prelims: Dengue Virus, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS).
For Mains: 1. Analyze the Role of Climate Change in the Increasing Incidence of Dengue Virus Infections and its Implications for Public Health. (250 words).
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Source: The Indian Express
AIR POLLUTION
1. Context
A recent report stated that India is home to 83 of the 100 most polluted cities in the world. Another report from the British Medical Journal estimated that air pollution led to the deaths of 2.1 million people in India, the second largest numbers after China. Over 99% of the population breathes air that is poorer than the recommended WHO standards
2. Air Pollution and its severity
According to the International Energy Associates, road transport accounts for 12% of India’s CO2 emissions, with heavy vehicles being the primary source of Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 emissions. PM2.5 consists of tiny particles that can penetrate deeply into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, leading to various respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Heavy vehicles also play a major role in emitting Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), which has similar health effects. NOx contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, which degrades air quality and increases heat, exacerbating air pollution in urban areas. Research shows that heavy vehicles are responsible for approximately 60-70% of vehicular PM emissions and about 40-50% of NOx emissions in cities
3. Measures to Control Air Pollution
- With the transport sector expanding at a rate of 9.1% annually, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency’s (BEE) effort to develop draft Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for cars in India is both timely and commendable.
- The planned implementation timelines for CAFE III (2027-2032) and CAFE IV (2032-2037) are practical. Transitioning from the Modified India Driving Cycle (MIDC) to the World Light Duty Vehicle Testing Procedure (WLTP) starting March 31, 2027, is a positive move, as the WLTP provides a more accurate and globally standardized assessment of a vehicle's fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
- The proposed emissions targets under CAFE III at 91.7g CO2/km and CAFE IV at 70g CO2/km are achievable. These stringent CO2 targets are crucial for fostering innovation and promoting the adoption of cleaner technologies.
- For the benefit of both the environment and public health, these targets should remain firm.
- However, it is important to note that the CAFE norms do not cover emissions from heavy vehicles such as trucks and lorries
4. Government Initiatives to Control air pollution
- In 2022, the government launched a vehicle scrappage policy aimed at retiring old and polluting vehicles, including heavy-duty ones. The policy requires passenger vehicles older than 20 years and commercial vehicles older than 15 years to pass a “fitness and emissions test.”
- Vehicles that fail these tests are deemed end-of-life, lose their registration certificates, and are recommended for scrapping.
- However, the policy has not yet been effectively implemented in Karnataka due to the limited number of scrapyards (only two in the entire state) and its voluntary nature.
- In Bangalore, many older vehicles are not four-wheelers but include older BMTC buses, private vans, and heavy vehicles.
- Maharashtra, among 21 states, has introduced incentives like road tax discounts or new vehicle purchase reductions to promote scrapping, but these measures have yet to significantly impact air pollution. It is crucial for policymakers to ensure that these guidelines are not just theoretically sound but practically enforced.
- Current government measures to address air pollution—such as regular vehicle emissions testing, banning open garbage burning, and monitoring industrial emissions—must be strictly enforced.
- While the government's efforts to reduce air pollution are commendable, it is important to emphasize that expanding mass transit is essential for a sustainable approach to tackling air pollution in India
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For Prelims: National Clean Air Programme, Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, Clean Air Action Plans For Mains:
1. What are the challenges and opportunities presented by the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for improving air quality in Indian cities? Discuss the measures required to overcome implementation hurdles and ensure the effective management of air pollution. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (UPSC 2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2, 3 and 4 only C. 1, 4 and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 2. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (UPSC 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
3. What is the ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’? (UPSC 2016) (a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions
(b) It is an initiative of the United Nations to offer financial incentives to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly technologies.
(c) It is an inter-governmental agreement ratified by all the member countries of the United Nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels by the year 2022
(d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+ initiatives hosted by the World Bank
4. Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among (UPSC 2013) (a) NO2, O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight
(b) CO, O2 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight
(c) CO, CO2 and NO2 at low temperature
(d) high concentration of NO2 O3 and CO in the evening
5. Acid rain is caused by the pollution of the environment (UPSC 2013, 2022) (a) Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
(b) Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
(c) Ozone and Carbon Dioxide
(d) Nitrous Oxide and Sulphur Dioxide
6. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (UPSC 2017) (a) Measuring oxygen level in blood
(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems
(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystem
(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high-altitude regions
7. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1, 2 and 4
8. Headquarters of the World Meteorological Organization is located in (NDA 2017)
A. Washington B. Geneva C. Moscow D. London
9. With reference to the 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
10. The IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. IPCC stands for: (RRB NTPC CBT 2 2022)
A. Intergovernmental Provision on Climate Change
B. International Panel on Climate Change
C. International Provision on Climate Change
D. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
11. Comprehension (SSC CHSL 2020)
Direction: In the following passage some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each blank.
Forest fire always (1) ______ by one of two reasons-naturally caused or human-caused. Natural fire is generally (2) ______ by lightning, with a very small percentage (3) ______ by spontaneous combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust and leaves. (4) ______, human-caused fire can happen (5) ______ any number of reasons.
Select the most appropriate option for blank No. 1.
A. takes up B. happens C. causes D. creates
12. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)
A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year.
B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
13. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs (UPSC 2012)
A. the water vapour of the air and retains its heat
B. the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation
C. all the solar radiations
D. the infrared part of the solar radiation
14. As per the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendation of a balanced diet, to avoid unhealthy weight gain, total fat should NOT exceed _______ of total energy intake. (UPSSSC Mandi Inspector 2019)
A. 20% B. 30% C. 10% D. 40%
15. What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems? (UPSC 2012)
1. It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
2. It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
3. It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
16. Which of the following ultraviolet rays is more dangerous? (UPTET 2017)
A. UV-A B. UV-B C. UV-C D. None of the above
17. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into environment.
2. Cattle release ammonia into environment.
3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
18. Which of the following is a VOC? (MP Vyapam 2022)
A. Toulene B. Water C. Carbon dioxide D. Carbon monoxide
19. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are of great concern because (UGC NET Environmental Science 2020)
A. Once such compounds are in the vapour state, they are difficult to control in the environment.
B. Most of them are ozone-depleting substances
C. They contribute to a general increase in reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere.
D. They are less soluble in water.
Answers: 1-B, 2-A, 3-A, 4-A, 5-D, 6-C, 7-D, 8-B, 9-A, 10-D, 11-B, 12-A, 13-D, 14-B, 15-A, 16-C, 17-D, 18-A, 19-C
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Source: The Hindu
SPACE WEATHER
1. Context
Astronomers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have found a new method to predict the amplitude of the upcoming solar cycle. Besides, their research can also help in space weather forecasting.
2. What is Space weather?
Space weather refers to the environmental conditions in space that can affect space-borne and ground-based technological systems. It encompasses a range of phenomena associated with the Sun and its interaction with Earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere
Space weather is monitored by various space agencies and organizations using satellites and ground-based observatories. Prediction models and forecasting systems are used to anticipate space weather events and mitigate their potential impacts on technology and infrastructure
3. What are different types of space weather?
Space weather refers to the conditions in space that can affect technological systems in orbit and on Earth.It's primarily driven by solar activity.
Here are some of the main types:
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Solar Flares:
- Sudden, intense bursts of radiation from the Sun's surface that can affect satellite communications, GPS systems, and power grids on Earth.
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Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs):
- Large bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. CMEs can lead to geomagnetic storms that may disrupt communications and navigation systems.
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Solar Wind:
- A stream of charged particles (mainly electrons and protons) emitted by the Sun. Variations in solar wind can impact the Earth's magnetic field and cause geomagnetic storms.
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Geomagnetic Storms:
- Disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere caused by solar wind and CMEs. These storms can induce electric currents that affect power grids and satellite systems.
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Auroras:
- Natural light displays in the sky, such as the Northern and Southern Lights, caused by charged particles from the solar wind interacting with Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere.
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Space Radiation:
- High-energy particles from the Sun and cosmic rays that can pose health risks to astronauts and passengers on high-altitude flights, and can affect electronic systems and satellites
4. How does Space weather affect Earth?
Space weather can have various effects on Earth and its technological systems.
Here’s how different aspects of space weather impact our planet:
- Solar flares and geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite communications, affecting television broadcasts, internet services, and emergency communications.
- GPS satellites can experience signal degradation or loss, impacting navigation systems used in aviation, shipping, and personal devices
- High-energy particles from solar flares and CMEs can damage satellite electronics and sensors, potentially leading to satellite malfunctions or failures
- Geomagnetic storms can induce electric currents in power lines, transformers, and other components of the power grid. This can lead to voltage fluctuations, equipment damage, and even large-scale power outages
- Increased currents can stress power infrastructure, potentially leading to transformer failures and long-term damage to the power grid
- Solar flares can cause ionospheric disturbances, leading to radio blackouts. This affects shortwave radio communications, which are crucial for aviation, maritime operations, and emergency services
- Space weather can cause interference with various types of radio signals, impacting both terrestrial and space-based communication systems
- High-altitude flights, particularly near the polar regions, can experience increased radiation exposure during solar storms. This poses health risks to passengers and crew and can affect avionics systems
- Disruptions in satellite-based navigation systems and radio communications can affect flight safety and operation
- Space radiation from solar energetic particles poses health risks to astronauts. Increased radiation levels during solar storms can affect their health and safety during space missions.
- High-energy particles can damage spacecraft electronics and sensors, potentially leading to operational issues or failures
- Geomagnetic storms can induce electric currents in pipelines and railways, potentially leading to corrosion and operational problems
- While primarily a visual phenomenon, auroras indicate increased geomagnetic activity and serve as a visual marker of space weather effects
- Intense auroral activity can sometimes be associated with other space weather impacts, such as increased radiation or communication disruptions
5. Prediction and Monitor Space Weather
Satellites:
- Solar Observatories: Satellites like the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) monitor the Sun’s activity, including solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar wind.
- Space Weather Satellites: Instruments on satellites such as the NOAA’s GOES series (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) and the NASA’s Parker Solar Probe observe space weather phenomena and provide real-time data on solar radiation and particle fluxes.
Ground-Based Observatories:
- Magnetometers: Ground-based magnetometers measure changes in Earth's magnetic field, helping to detect geomagnetic storms and fluctuations.
- Radio Telescopes: Radio telescopes monitor solar radio emissions that can indicate solar flare activity and other solar phenomena.
Space-Based Instruments:
- Plasma Detectors: Instruments aboard spacecraft measure the properties of the solar wind and charged particles, providing data on solar wind speed, density, and temperature.
- Radiation Detectors: Spacecraft and satellites equipped with radiation detectors measure levels of solar energetic particles and cosmic rays.
6. How can we prepare for and mitigate the effects of space weather?
Preparing for and mitigating the effects of space weather involves a combination of proactive measures, technological solutions, and strategic planning.
Here’s how individuals, organizations, and governments can prepare for and reduce the impacts of space weather:
Satellite Protection:
- Shielding: Equip satellites with shielding to protect sensitive electronics from radiation and high-energy particles.
- Redundancy: Design satellites with redundant systems to ensure continued operation if primary systems fail due to space weather impacts.
- Radiation Hardened Components: Use radiation-hardened components to minimize damage from space radiation
Power Grid Management:
- Grid Monitoring: Implement advanced monitoring systems to detect and manage geomagnetic induced currents in power grids.
- Protective Measures: Use geomagnetic storm forecasting to prepare power grids and install protective devices, such as series capacitors, to reduce the impact of induced currents.
- Operational Procedures: Develop and practice contingency plans for power grid operators to respond to space weather events
7. Challenges and future of Space Weather research
- Solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and geomagnetic storms are highly complex and can be difficult to predict with high accuracy
- The interactions between solar wind, Earth's magnetosphere, and the ionosphere involve complex physical processes that are not fully understood
- Space weather monitoring relies on a limited number of satellites and ground-based observatories, which may not cover all necessary areas
- The vast amount of data collected from various sources can be challenging to process and analyze efficiently
- Existing models for predicting space weather events have limitations in accuracy and reliability, especially for predicting the impact of solar activity on Earth’s technological systems
- Providing timely and accurate forecasts remains a significant challenge due to the rapid and dynamic nature of space weather events
- The impacts of space weather on different systems (e.g., power grids, satellites, aviation) can vary widely, making it difficult to assess and mitigate risks comprehensively
- Understanding and predicting the long-term effects of space weather on infrastructure and technology is still an emerging area of research
- Space weather research and monitoring require significant investment in technology, infrastructure, and human resources, which can be limited
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For Prelims: Solar flares, Solar Eclipse, Corona holes
For Mains: GS III - General Science, Science & technology
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Source: The Hindu
MULTIDIMENSIONAL VULNERABILITY INDEX (MVI)
1. Context
The UN General Assembly officially launched a new data-driven “vulnerability” index that would help small island states and developing nations gain access to low-interest financing.
2. What is the Multidimensional vulnerability Index(MVI)?
- The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) is an analytical tool designed to assess the vulnerability of countries, particularly small island developing states (SIDS) and other developing countries, to a wide range of risks and challenges that can impede their development.
- Unlike traditional vulnerability indices that focus primarily on economic factors, the MVI incorporates multiple dimensions of vulnerability, including environmental, social, economic, and political factors, to provide a more comprehensive assessment
- The MVI aims to provide a more nuanced and equitable basis for international support, recognizing that traditional economic indicators like GDP do not fully capture the challenges faced by vulnerable countries.
- By incorporating multiple dimensions of vulnerability, the MVI helps ensure that development assistance and policy interventions are better tailored to the specific risks and needs of these nations
3. Key Indicators of MVI
The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) includes indicators that reflect a country's inherent vulnerabilities and its limited economic, environmental, and social resilience. These indicators cover aspects such as:
- Dependency on imports
- Susceptibility to extreme weather events and pandemics
- Effects of regional conflicts
- Influx of refugees
- Demographic pressures
- Availability of water and arable land
- Child mortality rates (under five)
Target Audience and Applicability:
Originally proposed by Small Island Developing States (SIDS), the MVI is designed to assess external vulnerabilities and lack of resilience to external shocks for all developing countries, ensuring it remains credible and comparable across various contexts.
Voluntary Use and Adoption:
The adoption of the MVI is voluntary, though the resolution encourages United Nations bodies and multilateral development banks to consider incorporating the MVI alongside their existing policies.
Response from the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS):
The AOSIS has expressed support for the resolution, hoping that the MVI will be applied in practical scenarios. The ambassador acknowledged that while the MVI might not completely overhaul the current system, it could inspire new approaches and actions in development
4. Structure of MVI
The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) is structured into two key components:
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Universal Quantitative Assessment: This component provides a standardized quantitative evaluation of structural vulnerability and resilience (or the lack thereof) using a consistent methodology that applies to all developing countries. The assessment results in a summary index that ranks countries according to their vulnerability levels.
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Vulnerability and Resilience Country Profiles (VRCPs): These profiles offer a comprehensive and customized analysis of a country’s specific vulnerability and resilience factors, including those that may not be fully captured by structural indicators. VRCPs are developed by individual countries and can guide efforts to address particular vulnerabilities and enhance resilience through targeted support and cooperation
Source: The Hindu
THUNGABHADRA RIVER
1. Context
A flood alert has been sounded downstream of the Tungabhadra dam in Karnataka’s Koppal district after one of the 33 crest gates of the massive stone masonry dam across the Tungabhadra river was washed away
Image Copy rights not Infringed2. About Thungabhadra river
The Tungabhadra River is a significant river in southern India, formed by the confluence of two rivers, the Tunga and the Bhadra, which originate in the Western Ghats of Karnataka. The river flows through the states of Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh before merging with the Krishna River.
Here are some key points about the Tungabhadra River:
- The Tungabhadra is historically and culturally important. It has been a vital resource for irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectric power generation. The river basin is also home to several ancient and medieval historical sites, including the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Hampi, which was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire
- Serving as a natural boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, the Tungabhadra River drains a catchment area of nearly 70,000 square kilometers. The Tungabhadra Reservoir, primarily situated in Karnataka’s Vijayanagar district, covers an area of 378 square kilometers and is a key water source for irrigation, industrial use, and drinking water for both Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
- The Tungabhadra Dam, located near the town of Hospet in Karnataka, is one of the largest and most important dams on the river. It was completed in 1953 and serves multiple purposes, including irrigation, flood control, and electricity generation
- The river supports a variety of flora and fauna and is crucial for the agriculture of the region.
- The river has several tributaries, with the most significant ones being the Varada, Hagari, and Handri rivers
- The river is crucial for agriculture in the region, supporting the cultivation of crops like rice, sugarcane, and cotton
- The idea for the dam dates back to 1860, with the aim of reducing the effects of frequent famines in the Rayalaseema region. Construction began under the governments of Hyderabad and Madras in 1945 and was completed in 1953
- It holds religious significance for Hindus and is mentioned in ancient Indian epics
- However, it has faced ecological challenges, including pollution and reduced water flow due to over-extraction and damming
- The Tungabhadra Board was formed by a presidential order in 1953. It currently includes a chairman appointed by the Union government and four members representing the Union government, and the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana
3. Thungabhadra dam and it's damage
- The Tungabhadra Dam, located near Hospet in Karnataka, is one of the largest dams in South India. Constructed across the Tungabhadra River, this multipurpose dam was completed in 1953 and has been vital for irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power generation.
- The reservoir formed by the dam spans an area of approximately 378 square kilometers and primarily serves the agricultural and industrial needs of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
- On August 10, 2024, the Tungabhadra Board reported that ten spillway gates, specifically from gate numbers 12 to 21, were opened to a height of 1.5 feet, releasing 22,890 cusecs of water.
- Spillways, or overflow channels, are designed to regulate the controlled release of water from a reservoir. One of the spillway gates failed when a link in the chain operating it broke, causing the 60-foot-by-20-foot gate, weighing approximately 20 tonnes, to be swept 500 feet away by the water's force.
- At that time, the reservoir was at its maximum level of 1,633 feet, holding its full capacity of around 105.8 TMC (thousand million cubic feet). The inflow was recorded at 40,925 cusecs, while the outflow was 28,133 cusecs.
- Due to the accumulation of silt over the years, about 30% of the dam's original capacity has been lost. To address this issue, the state government has proposed constructing a balancing reservoir
4.Way forward
The crest gate that was swept away is positioned in the middle of the dam, and repairs can only commence after 60-65% of the reservoir’s water has been discharged.
The Tungabhadra Board has stated that the repair work will be initiated promptly in consultation with experts. They also mentioned that steps are being taken to fabricate a new stop lock gate, and the work is expected to be completed within a week.
Farmers with land upstream are concerned that draining the reservoir for repairs could affect irrigation, while those downstream fear both the potential for flooding due to increased water release and its impact on irrigation. The Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre has issued a flood alert for downstream areas
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For Prelims: Thungabhadra river , Krishna river
For Mains: Thungabhadra river management, Krishna river management board
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Source: Indianexpress
LGBTQIA+
1. Context:
Ten years after the Supreme Court’s NALSA judgement that recognised the rights of transgender people in India, the community tells us what has changed in their lives – and what hasn’t
2. What is the LGBTQIA+ community?
The LGBTQIA+ community is an umbrella term that encompasses a diverse group of individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and other sexual orientations, gender identities, and expressions.
Here's a breakdown of each term within the acronym:
- Lesbian: A woman who is emotionally, romantically, or sexually attracted to other women.
- Gay: A term often used to describe men who are emotionally, romantically, or sexually attracted to other men. It can also be used more broadly to refer to anyone within the LGBTQIA+ community.
- Bisexual: A person who is emotionally, romantically, or sexually attracted to people of more than one gender. This includes attraction to both men and women, as well as non-binary individuals.
- Transgender: A person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. This term encompasses a diverse range of gender identities, including transgender women (assigned male at birth, identify as female), transgender men (assigned female at birth, identify as male), and non-binary individuals (whose gender identity is not exclusively male or female).
- Queer: Historically used as a derogatory term, "queer" has been reclaimed by many within the LGBTQIA+ community as an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities. It can encompass a range of identities that do not fit within traditional societal norms regarding gender and sexuality.
- Intersex: Intersex individuals are born with variations in sex characteristics that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. This can include differences in reproductive anatomy, chromosomes, or hormone levels.
- Asexual: A person who does not experience sexual attraction to others, or experiences minimal or infrequent sexual attraction. Asexual individuals may still experience romantic or emotional attraction.
- + (Plus): The "+" symbol is used to be inclusive of other identities and orientations that may not be explicitly represented by the initialism, such as pansexual, genderqueer, questioning, and more.
3. What is gender-affirmation surgery?
- Gender-affirmation surgery, also known as gender-confirming surgery or gender reassignment surgery, is a medical procedure or series of procedures that alter a person's physical characteristics to align them with their gender identity. This type of surgery is often sought by transgender individuals as part of their transition process to alleviate gender dysphoria and help them live more authentically.
- The specific procedures involved in gender-affirmation surgery vary depending on an individual's needs and desires. For transgender women (assigned male at birth but identifying as female), these procedures may include breast augmentation, facial feminization surgery, and genital reconstruction surgery (vaginoplasty). For transgender men (assigned female at birth but identifying as male), procedures may include chest masculinization surgery (top surgery), genital reconstruction surgery (phalloplasty or metoidioplasty), and facial masculinization surgery.
- It's essential to note that not all transgender individuals undergo gender-affirmation surgery, and transitioning is a deeply personal journey that may involve a variety of medical, social, and legal steps. Additionally, access to gender-affirmation surgery may vary depending on factors such as geographical location, healthcare coverage, and individual circumstances.
4. What is the NALSA vs the Union of India case, 2014?
- The NALSA vs. Union of India case, 2014, is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that recognized the rights of transgender individuals and affirmed their legal recognition and protection.
- The case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) on behalf of transgender individuals, seeking legal recognition of their gender identity, protection from discrimination, and access to government welfare schemes and affirmative action programs.
- In its judgment delivered on April 15, 2014, the Supreme Court recognized transgender people as a third gender, affirming their fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution, including the right to equality and non-discrimination. The court directed the government to take affirmative action to address the social and economic marginalization faced by transgender individuals and to ensure their access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.
- Additionally, the court recognized the right of transgender individuals to self-identify their gender without undergoing any medical procedures, and it ordered the creation of separate legal recognition and identity documents for transgender people.
- The NALSA judgment was a significant milestone in the recognition and protection of transgender rights in India, providing legal validation and protection for a marginalized and often discriminated-against community.
5. Who is considered third-gender?
- The term "third gender" typically refers to individuals who do not identify strictly as male or female within the traditional binary understanding of gender. These individuals may identify as transgender, non-binary, genderqueer, genderfluid, or any other gender identity that falls outside the conventional categories of male and female.
- In different cultures and societies, the concept of a third gender may vary widely, and there may be specific terms or categories used to describe individuals who exist outside the male-female binary. For example, in some Indigenous cultures, there are longstanding traditions of recognizing multiple gender identities beyond male and female, such as Two-Spirit people among certain Native American tribes.
- Overall, the term "third gender" is a recognition of the diversity of gender identities and experiences that exist beyond the binary framework of male and female. It acknowledges and respects the identities of individuals who do not fit neatly into traditional gender categories.
6. What is horizontal reservation?
- Horizontal reservation refers to the allocation of reserved seats or positions across different categories or groups within a particular population. Unlike vertical reservation, which allocates a certain percentage of seats or positions exclusively to a specific group, horizontal reservation ensures representation from various categories or groups within the population.
- For example, in the context of government jobs or educational institutions, horizontal reservation may involve allocating a certain percentage of seats or positions to different categories such as Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other Backward Classes (OBC), economically weaker sections (EWS), persons with disabilities (PWD), women, and other marginalized or underrepresented groups.
- Horizontal reservation aims to promote diversity, inclusion, and equitable representation by ensuring that multiple categories of individuals have access to opportunities. It recognizes that various groups within a population may face different forms of social, economic, or educational disadvantage and seeks to address these disparities through targeted reservation policies.
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For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: GS-II: Governance and Polity
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Source: Indianexpress
