The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is an Indian law that was enacted in 1967 to effectively prevent unlawful activities that pose a threat to the sovereignty and integrity of India.

Key highlights of the UAPA

• Objective: The primary objective of the UAPA is to provide law enforcement agencies with effective tools to combat terrorism and other activities that threaten the security of the nation.
• Definition of Unlawful Activities: The act defines unlawful activities to include actions that intend to or support the cession of a part of the territory of India or disrupt the sovereignty and integrity of the country.
• Powers of Designation: The government has the authority to designate an organization as a terrorist organization if it believes that such an organization is involved in terrorism. This designation has significant legal consequences, including the freezing of assets.
• Powers of Arrest and Detention: The UAPA provides law enforcement agencies with powers of arrest and detention to prevent individuals from engaging in unlawful activities. The act allows for preventive detention to curb potential threats before they materialise.
• Banning of Terrorist Organizations: The government can proscribe organizations as terrorist organizations, making their activities illegal. This includes banning these organisations, freezing their assets, and taking other measures to curb their operations.
• Admissibility of Confessions: The UAPA allows for confessions made to police officers to be admissible in court, subject to certain safeguards. This provision has been a point of contention, with concerns about potential misuse and coercion.
• Designation of Individuals as Terrorists: In addition to organizations, the UAPA allows the government to designate individuals as terrorists. This designation carries legal consequences, including restrictions on travel and freezing of assets.
• Amendments and Stringency: Over the years, the UAPA has undergone several amendments to strengthen its provisions and make it more effective in dealing with emerging threats. However, these amendments have also been criticized for potential violations of civil liberties.
• International Cooperation: The UAPA allows for cooperation with foreign countries in matters related to the prevention of unlawful activities. This includes extradition of individuals involved in such activities.

3. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Human Rights

The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and human rights lie in the impact the act can have on various fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India and international human rights standards.

The key points connecting the UAPA and human rights:

• The UAPA allows for preventive detention, which means individuals can be detained without formal charges based on suspicions of involvement in unlawful activities. This raises concerns about the right to liberty, as individuals may be deprived of their freedom without the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.
• The admissibility of confessions made to police officers under the UAPA raises issues related to the right against self-incrimination. There is a risk that such confessions might be obtained under duress or coercion, compromising the fairness of legal proceedings.
• Designating individuals as terrorists and proscribing organizations without due process may impinge on the right to a fair trial. This includes the right to be informed of charges, the right to legal representation, and the right to present a defense.
• The UAPA provides authorities with the power to proscribe organizations as terrorist organizations, limiting their activities. Critics argue that this may infringe upon the right to freedom of association, particularly when such designations are made without sufficient evidence or proper legal procedures.
• The potential for misuse of the UAPA to target individuals or organizations critical of the government raises concerns about freedom of expression. If the act is used to suppress dissent or stifle legitimate political or social activities, it can undermine this fundamental right.
• The UAPA grants authorities the power to intercept communications and conduct surveillance on individuals suspected of engaging in unlawful activities. This raises concerns about the right to privacy, as individuals may be subjected to intrusive surveillance without adequate safeguards.
• Human rights standards require that any restrictions on rights, such as those imposed by the UAPA, must be proportionate and necessary for achieving a legitimate aim. Critics argue that the broad scope of the UAPA may lead to disproportionate measures that unduly restrict individual rights.
• The UAPA's compatibility with international human rights standards, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), is a critical point of consideration. Ensuring that the act aligns with these standards is essential to upholding human rights principles.

4. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Constitution

The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Indian Constitution lie in how the UAPA's provisions for arrest and detention intersect with the constitutional safeguards provided under Article 22. 

• Article 22 provides certain protections to individuals who are arrested or detained. It outlines the rights of arrested individuals, emphasizing safeguards to prevent arbitrary or unlawful detention.
• Article 22(1) states that every person who is arrested and detained shall be informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest. This provision ensures that individuals are aware of the reasons behind their arrest, preventing arbitrary or secret detentions.
• Article 22(1) also guarantees the right of an arrested person to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of their choice. This ensures that individuals have access to legal assistance during the legal process, contributing to a fair and just legal system.
• The UAPA includes provisions for preventive detention, allowing authorities to detain individuals to prevent them from committing certain offences. However, Article 22(4) allows preventive detention only under specific circumstances, and certain safeguards must be followed, such as providing the detenu with the grounds for detention and an opportunity to make a representation against the detention.
• Article 22(4) further mandates that a person detained under a law providing for preventive detention must be afforded the earliest opportunity to make a representation against the detention. Additionally, the case of every person detained is required to be placed before an advisory board within three months.
• The UAPA allows for confessions made to police officers to be admissible in court, subject to certain safeguards. However, this provision has been a point of concern concerning Article 22, as confessions obtained under duress or coercion may violate the right against self-incrimination.
• Article 22(2) ensures the right to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey. This provision aims to prevent prolonged detention without judicial oversight and contributes to the right to a speedy trial.

Source: The Indian Express

FOREIGN CONTRIBUTION REGULATION ACT (FCRA)

1. Context

2. Foreign Contribution Regulation Act

• The law sought to regulate foreign donations to individuals and associations so that they functioned "in a manner consistent with the values of a sovereign democratic republic". 
• Foreign funding in India is regulated under the FCRA act. Individuals are permitted to accept foreign contributions without the permission of MHA. However, the monetary limit for acceptance of such foreign contributions shall be less than Rs. 25,000.
• It is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The FCRA was enacted during the Emergency in 1976 amid apprehensions that foreign powers were interfering in India's affairs by pumping money into the country through independent organizations. These concerns were, in fact, even older- they had been expressed in Parliament as early as 1969.

3. Provisions of the Act

• The FCRA requires every person or NGO wishing to receive foreign donations to be registered under the act, to open a bank account for the receipt of foreign funds in the statute Bank of India, Delhi, and to utilize those funds only for which they have been received, and as stipulated in the act.
•  They are also required to file annual returns, and they must not transfer the funds to another NGO.
• The Act prohibits the receipt of foreign funds by candidates for elections, journalists or newspapers and media broadcast companies, judges and government servants, members of the legislature and political parties or their office-bearers, and organizations of a political nature.

4. Key Highlights of the 2020 Amendment

• It bars public servants from receiving foreign contributions. It prohibits the transfer of foreign contributions to any other person.
• Aadhar number is mandatory for all office bearers, directors, or key functionaries of a person receiving foreign contributions, as an identification document.
• The foreign contribution must be received only in an account designated by the bank as an FCRA account in such branches of the State Bank of India, New Delhi.
• No funds other than foreign contributions should be received or deposited in this account.
• It allowed the government to restrict the usage of unutilized foreign contributions. This may be done if, based on an inquiry the government believes that such a person has contravened provisions of the FCRA.
• While NGOs earlier could use up to 50 percent of funds for administrative use, the new amendment restricted this use to 20 percent.

5. Registration under FCRA

• NGOs that want to receive foreign funds must apply online in a prescribed format with the required documentation. FCRA registrations are granted to individuals or associations that have definite cultural, economic, educational, religious, and social programs.
• Following the application, the MHA makes inquiries through the Intelligence Bureau into the antecedents of the applicant and accordingly processes the application. The MHA is required to approve or reject the application within 90 days-failing which is expected to inform the NGO of the reasons for the same.
• Once granted, FCRA registration is valid for five years. NGOs are expected to apply for renewal within six months of the date of expiry of registration. In case of failure to apply for renewal, the registration is deemed to have expired.

6. Cancellation of Approval

The government reserves the right to cancel the FCRA registration of any NGO if it finds it to violate the Act. Registration can be cancelled for a range of reasons including, if "in the opinion of the Central Government, the public interest must cancel the certificate". Once the registration of an NGO is canceled, it is not eligible for re-registration for three years. All orders of the government can be challenged in the High court.

For Prlims& Mains

For Prelims: FCRA, Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust, NGO, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). For Mains: 1. What is the Foreign contribution regulation act and discuss the new restrictions introduced by the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020.

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1.Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976. (Please refer GS-II Paper, 2015)

 

Source: The Indian Express

RABI CROPS

 

1. Context

Wheat, in recent times, has been a victim of terminal heat stress – the tendency for mercury spikes in March, just when the crop is in the final grain formation and filling stage

2. Rabi Crops

• Rabi crops are also known as Winter crops. They grow during the winter season which starts in October and March. The Arabic term ‘Rabi’ denotes spring. hence, the harvesting time for Rabi crops begins during the Spring season. Unlike Kharif crops, Rabi crops require less water to grow.
• Therefore, they can easily grow with the help of routine water irrigation to flourish. Types of Rabi crops include Wheat, Barley, Pulses, Gram, and more.
• Moreover, farmers also sow seeds of Mustard, Cumin, Sunflower, Rapeseed, and more during this season.
• Some of examples of rabi crops grown in India are wheat, mustard, barley, green peas, sunflower, coriander, cumin, etc.

3. How the different Seasons effects the Rabi crop?

• The majority of field crops rely solely on the weather to provide life-sustaining water and energy. The comfort and food supplies of livestock are also dependent on the weather. Adverse weather conditions can occasionally result in productivity losses, especially if they occur during vital stages of growth.
• Due to the general warmer spring environment, farmers can sow the first crop (winter barley) earlier than usual, allowing them to produce the second crop (rapeseed) for the remainder of the growing season, improving soil fertility and income. 
• The availability of water and fertile soil (soil deposition is driven by water transportation) is another limiting element of cropland growth in the area, therefore agricultural expansion and intensification are currently confined to a specific distance from main river systems.

Source: Food Corporation of India

4. Changing monsoon

• 2022-23 has been quite different. Rainfall was 37.4% below the all-India average in November, with the corresponding deficits at 14.5% for December and 57.5% during January 1-22.
• The shortfalls have been greater in northern, central, and western India, where much of the rabi winter-spring crops — especially wheat, mustard, chana (chickpea), and masur (red lentil), as also maize, potato and onion — are grown.
• The India Meteorological Department has forecast “scattered to fairly widespread rainfall accompanied by thunderstorm activity” over Punjab, Haryana, Delhiand Uttar Pradesh during January 24-26, besides “light isolated” rain over north Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
• A fresh western disturbance is expected to bring more rain over northwest India from January 27.

5. How This Changing Monsoon will impact the Rabi Crops?

• Farmers have sown wheat on 341.13 lakh hectares (lh) this time, as against 339.87 lh in 2021-22, and a normal area of 304.47 lh.
• That should ordinarily translate into bumper production -required particularly in the context of annual retail cereal inflation hitting 13.79% in December and wheat stocks in government warehouses on January 1 at a six-year-low.
• But given that harvesting is more than two months away and knowing the havoc untimely heavy rain and hailstorms (as in March 2015) or early onset of summer (March 2022) can wreak making any output predictions based on crop acreages is fraught with risk.

6. Major Rabi crop- Wheat

• A large amount of agricultural income for India comes through the production of wheat. India is the second-largest producer of this wheat crop in the world. 
• Wheat requires low temperatures to grow, thus winter is the suitable season for farming this Rabi crop. The ideal temperature range should be around 140 to 180 C with a rainfall of 50 cm to 90cms. The crop is harvested in spring when the temperature is slightly warm. 
• In India, Uttar Pradesh is the largest wheat-producing state which is closely followed by Punjab and Haryana. 
• Wheat crops are typically planted from September to December in various Indian states, depending on the environment, and harvested from February to May, again depending on the climate and the time of seeding. Wheat has become a successful crop thanks to technological improvements in soil preparation and seed placement at planting time, crop rotation and fertilizer use to increase plant growth, and advances in harvesting processes.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Rabi Crops, Kharif Crops, Indian Meterological Department (IMD), rabi crops grown in India are wheat, mustard, barley, green peas, sunflower, coriander, cumin. For Mains: 1. What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crop in the system?

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements:(UPSC CSE 2019)   1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest. 2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds. 3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane. 4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased. Which of the statements given above are correct? A.1 and 3 only B.2, 3 and 4 only C.2 and 4 only D.1, 2, 3 and 4 Answer (A) 2.Consider the following crops: (UPSC CSE 2013 ) 1. Cotton 2. Groundnut 3. Rice 4. Wheat Which of these are Kharif crops? A.1 and 4 B.2 and 3 only C.1, 2 and 3 D.2, 3 and 4 Answer (C)

Source: The Indian Express

 

GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD

1. Context 

The Supreme Court said it will review its April 2021 order to bury underground all power lines in the habitat of the Great Indian Bustard (GIB), after the Centre found the order “practically impossible to implement” over long distances

2. Endangering GIBs

• Hearing petitions highlighting deaths of the GIBs due to power transmission lines, a special bench of the apex court was formed.
• This apex court directed the Chief Secretaries of Gujarat & Rajasthan to undertake a comprehensive exercise to find out the total length of transmission lines in question and the number of bird diverters required.
• This is not the first time that the Supreme Court had intervened in the conservation of the GIB.
• In 2021, the Supreme Court directed the authorities to convert the overhead cables into underground powerlines, within one year & the time diverters were to be hung from existing power lines.

 

3. Power Lines-Threat

• Several threats have led to the decline of the GIB population, but powerlines seem to be the most significant.
• In different parts of the world, the bustard populations have shown high mortality because of power lines like Denham's bustard in South Africa, and Great Indian Bustard in Spain.
• GIBs are large birds standing about one metre tall & weighing about 15-18 kilos.
•  The GIBs are not great fliers & have sideways vision to maximise predator detection but the species' frontal vision is narrow.
• These birds cannot detect power lines from far & since they are heavy fliers, they fail to manoeuvre across power lines within close distances.
• The combination of these traits makes them vulnerable to collision with power lines.
• In most cases, death is due to collision rather than electrocution.
• A study by the Wildlife  Institute of India (WII) in 2020 recorded 6 cases of GIB mortality due to power-line collisions in Thar from 2017-20.

4. Preventive Steps

• The GIBs enjoy the highest protection both in India & globally, as per Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, in Appendix I of CITES, as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
• The population of GIBs was 1,260 in 1969 but has declined by 75% in the last 30 years.
• GIB population was distributed among 11 states in western India, but now the population is restricted to Rajasthan & Gujarat.
• Small populations are found in Maharashtra, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh.

The overall population of the GIB totals 150 across the country, 128 in Rajasthan. A total of 16 GIB chicks, artificially hatched from eggs collected from the wild, are being reared in the satellite conservation breeding facility in Rajasthan. The objective of Habitat Improvement & Conservation Breeding of Great Indian Bustard, an integrated approach is to build the captive population of the GIBs & to release the chicks in the wild.

 

• The initiative is likely to take 20-25 years.
• Scientists from WII, have called for removing all overhead powerlines passing through the GIB priority/critical areas in Rajasthan.

5. Other Threats

• GIBs are slow breeders & they build their nests on the ground.
• The species were subjected to hunting & egg collection in the past.
• There was a decline in prevailing habitat loss as dry grasslands were diverted for other use.
• Experts warn of pesticide contamination & increase in populations of free-ranging dogs & pigs along with native predators, putting pressure on nests & chicks.
• Most of the population of the species is confined to the Jaisalmer Desert National Park (DNP), Wildlife enthusiasts believe that more areas outside the protected area must be made suitable for the species.
• A conservation effort like "Project Tiger" may not work for a large bird of an arid region that can always fly out of the protected area.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Project Tiger, Endangered species, Great Indian Bustard, IUCN Red List, Wildlife  Institute of India, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972,  Jaisalmer Desert National Park For Mains:  1. Discuss the reasons for the declining population of the Great Indian bustard, and what are the possible reasons for its endangered status. (250 Words)

 

Source: The Hindu 

GOOD FRIDAY

 

 

1. Context

 

Good Friday (March 29) is a solemn occasion for Christians. The day is one of remembrance, marking the crucifixion of Jesus Christ at the hands of the Romans. It is believed that Jesus rose from the dead the following Sunday, which is commemorated in the form of the joyous day of Easter

 

2.Why is Good Friday observed?

 

Good Friday is observed by Christians as a day of solemn remembrance and reflection on the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. It is part of the Holy Week, which commemorates the events leading up to Jesus' death and resurrection, as recounted in the New Testament of the Bible.

The observance of Good Friday serves several purposes:

• Good Friday is a time for Christians to remember and reflect on the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who, according to Christian belief, willingly suffered and died on the cross to atone for the sins of humanity. It is considered the culmination of Jesus' earthly ministry and the fulfillment of God's plan for salvation
• Good Friday provides an opportunity for believers to engage in prayer, meditation, and spiritual reflection. It is a day for introspection, repentance, and gratitude for the love and mercy demonstrated through Jesus' sacrifice
• Good Friday has been observed by Christians for centuries as a significant day in the liturgical calendar. Churches around the world hold special services and ceremonies, including the Stations of the Cross, readings from the Scriptures, hymns, and prayers, to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ
• Good Friday is a unifying experience for Christians of various denominations, as they come together to remember and commemorate the central event of their faith. It serves as a reminder of the common bond shared by believers in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ
• Good Friday is also a time of preparation for Easter Sunday, which celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. By observing Good Friday with reverence and solemnity, Christians prepare themselves spiritually to fully experience the joy and hope of Easter.

3. Why is it called ‘Good’ Friday?

 

The term "Good Friday" may seem paradoxical given that it commemorates the crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ, which is a solemn and sorrowful event in Christian tradition.

However, there are several theories regarding the origin of the term:

• "Good" as a Corruption of "God": One theory suggests that "Good Friday" originated from an older English term, "God's Friday," which evolved over time into "Good Friday." In this context, "good" was used to denote something holy, sacred, or significant, rather than indicating a positive or joyful event.

• "Good" as Meaning "Holy" or "Pious": Another interpretation is that "Good Friday" refers to the goodness or holiness of Jesus' sacrifice on the cross. From a Christian perspective, Jesus' death is seen as a redemptive act that brought salvation to humanity, making the day "good" in the sense of being spiritually significant and beneficial for believers.

• "Good" as a Day of Mourning Turned into Celebration: Some historians suggest that "Good Friday" may have originally been called "God's Friday" by early Christians, but over time, the term evolved to reflect the positive outcome of Jesus' sacrifice, leading to the celebration of Easter Sunday and the resurrection. Thus, "Good Friday" came to be understood as the necessary precursor to the joyous event of Easter.

• Contrast with Other Days: In some languages, including German ("Karfreitag") and Dutch ("Goede Vrijdag"), the term for Good Friday translates to "Sorrowful" or "Suffering Friday," highlighting the solemn nature of the day compared to the celebration of Easter. The contrast between the suffering of Good Friday and the joy of Easter Sunday emphasizes the significance of Jesus' sacrifice and resurrection in Christian theology

4. Why do the dates for Good Friday differ every year?

 

Good Friday, along with Easter Sunday and other movable feast days in the Christian calendar, does not have a fixed date each year. Instead, its date varies from year to year. The reason for this is rooted in the way Easter is calculated, which in turn determines the date of Good Friday.

Here's why the dates for Good Friday differ every year:

• Based on the Lunar Calendar: The date of Easter, and consequently Good Friday, is determined by the lunar calendar. Specifically, it is based on the timing of the full moon following the vernal equinox (the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere).

• Council of Nicaea: In 325 AD, the Council of Nicaea established a standardized method for calculating the date of Easter. It was determined that Easter would fall on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

• Eastern vs. Western Churches: While both Eastern and Western Christian churches follow the same method for calculating Easter, they use different calendars. The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar for determining the date of Easter, while most Western churches, including Roman Catholic and Protestant denominations, use the Gregorian calendar.

• Occurrence of the Equinox and Full Moon: Because the vernal equinox and the phases of the moon do not align precisely with the Gregorian calendar, the date of Easter fluctuates from year to year. Easter can occur as early as March 22nd or as late as April 25th.

• Computus: The process of calculating the date of Easter is known as "computus." It involves complex astronomical and calendrical calculations to determine the timing of the equinox and the full moon. Church authorities perform these calculations each year to establish the date of Easter and, consequently, Good Friday

5. How is Good Friday observed?

 

 

Good Friday is observed by Christians around the world as a day of solemn remembrance and reflection on the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The specific customs and traditions associated with Good Friday may vary among different denominations and cultures, but there are several common ways in which the day is observed:

• Many Christians attend special church services on Good Friday. These services often include readings from the biblical accounts of Jesus' passion and death, such as the Gospel narratives of the Crucifixion. Hymns, prayers, and reflections are also part of the service, focusing on the significance of Jesus' sacrifice and the meaning of the cross
• In some Christian traditions, a ceremony known as the "Veneration of the Cross" is held on Good Friday. During this ceremony, a cross or crucifix is displayed prominently in the church, and worshippers may come forward to kiss or touch the cross as an act of reverence and devotion
• The Stations of the Cross, also known as the Way of the Cross or Via Dolorosa, are a series of images or sculptures depicting the events of Jesus' crucifixion and death. Many churches have stations set up for worshippers to pray and meditate on each stage of Jesus' journey to the cross
• Good Friday is often observed as a day of fasting and abstinence in many Christian traditions. Some believers abstain from meat or certain foods, while others may refrain from eating altogether for a portion of the day, particularly during the hours traditionally associated with Jesus' crucifixion
• Good Friday is a day of quiet reflection and solemnity, marked by a subdued atmosphere in churches and among believers. Many Christians observe periods of silence or engage in personal prayer and meditation as they contemplate the significance of Jesus' sacrifice
• Some Christians use Good Friday as an opportunity to perform acts of compassion and service in their communities. This may include volunteering at homeless shelters, visiting the sick or elderly, or engaging in other forms of charitable work as a way of embodying the spirit of Christ's selfless love

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

VIKRAM-1

 

 

 

 

1. Context

 

Space-tech company Skyroot Aerospace has successfully test-fired the second stage of its rocket Vikram-1, the company said Thursday, a major landmark that pushes it closer to India’s first private orbital rocket launch in mid-2024.

 

 

2. About The Vikram-1 rocket

Vikram-1, named after the father of India's space program, Vikram Sarabhai, is a multi-stage launch vehicle designed to place around 300 kg of payloads in low-earth orbit. Developed by Hyderabad-based Skyroot Aerospace, a space startup, this innovative rocket boasts several key features:

• All-Carbon-Fiber Body: The lightweight and potentially corrosion-resistant body contributes to the overall efficiency of the vehicle.
• Multi-Satellite Deployment: Vikram-1 is capable of launching multiple satellites into orbit during a single mission, offering a cost-effective option for deploying constellations.
• Solid Fuel and Simple Technologies: The use of solid fuel simplifies the launch process and potentially reduces infrastructure requirements.
• Rapid Assembly and Launch: This launch vehicle is designed for quick turnaround times, with claims of assembly and launch within 24 hours from any launch site, enhancing its flexibility and portability.

With its focus on low-cost and efficient satellite deployment, Vikram-1 appears to be a promising addition to the launch vehicle landscape.

 

3. Prarambh Mission

The Prarambh mission is a significant milestone in India's space exploration endeavours, aiming to launch three payloads into space. Developed by a Hyderabad-based startup with substantial support from the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre), this mission marks a collaborative effort to advance space technology and foster international cooperation.

• One of the highlights of the Prarambh mission is the inclusion of a 2.5-kilogram payload developed by students from various countries. This demonstrates a commitment to nurturing talent and innovation in the field of space science and technology, providing students with a platform to contribute to space missions and gain hands-on experience.
• The Prarambh mission utilizes the Vikram-S rocket, showcasing advancements in launch vehicle technology and capabilities. The Vikram-S rocket is likely designed to efficiently deliver the payloads into their designated orbits, highlighting India's growing expertise in rocketry and space launch systems.
• The collaboration between the Hyderabad-based startup, ISRO, and IN-SPACe underscores the importance of partnerships in the space sector. By leveraging expertise, resources, and infrastructure, such collaborations accelerate technological advancements, reduce costs, and expand opportunities for space exploration and satellite deployment.
• While specific details about the payloads and mission objectives may vary, the Prarambh mission aligns with broader goals of advancing space research, promoting innovation, and encouraging international collaboration in space endeavours. It also reflects India's commitment to nurturing talent and engaging the next generation of space scientists and engineers.

 

4. The Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

The Low Earth Orbit (LEO) refers to a region of space situated relatively close to the Earth's surface, characterized by altitudes typically ranging from about 160 kilometres (100 miles) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles) above sea level. LEO is one of the most commonly utilized orbital regimes for various space missions and satellite deployments due to its proximity to Earth and favourable orbital characteristics.

Key features and characteristics of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) include

• LEO orbits are situated at relatively low altitudes compared to other orbital regimes, such as Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) or Geostationary Orbit (GEO). Altitudes in LEO typically range from approximately 160 kilometres to 2,000 kilometres above the Earth's surface.
• Many Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, scientific research satellites, and space stations, including the International Space Station (ISS), are placed in LEO. These satellites orbit the Earth at high speeds, completing multiple orbits each day.
• Satellites in LEO have relatively short orbital periods due to their proximity to Earth. They complete orbits around the Earth in a matter of hours, typically ranging from about 90 minutes to 2 hours per orbit.
• Satellites in LEO are often visible to observers on the ground, especially during dawn or dusk when sunlight reflects off their surfaces. This makes LEO satellites popular targets for amateur astronomers and skywatchers.
• LEO offers several advantages for satellite missions, including lower launch costs compared to higher orbits, shorter communication delays (lower latency) for satellite-based services, and the ability to achieve high-resolution Earth imaging for remote sensing applications.
• Despite its advantages, LEO also presents challenges, such as increased atmospheric drag that can cause orbital decay over time, requiring periodic adjustments or re-boost manoeuvres to maintain satellite orbits. Additionally, the dense concentration of satellites in LEO poses concerns about space debris and collision avoidance.

 

5. Cryogenic engine

A cryogenic engine is a type of rocket engine that uses cryogenic fuels or propellants, which are substances kept at extremely low temperatures to remain in a liquid state. These engines are highly efficient and are capable of producing high thrust levels compared to other types of rocket engines. Cryogenic engines are commonly used in space missions for launching heavy payloads and reaching higher orbits.

The key characteristics and features of cryogenic engines

• Cryogenic Propellants typically use liquid hydrogen (LH2) as fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer. Both hydrogen and oxygen need to be stored at very low temperatures to remain in a liquid state, usually below -150°C (-238°F) for hydrogen and around -183°C (-297°F) for oxygen.
• Cryogenic fuels offer a high energy density, which means they can provide more energy per unit mass compared to other conventional rocket fuels like kerosene or solid propellants. This high energy density contributes to the efficiency and performance of cryogenic engines.
• Cryogenic engines are known for their high specific impulse (ISP), which measures the efficiency of a rocket engine in converting propellant mass into thrust. Higher ISP values indicate greater efficiency in achieving thrust for a given amount of propellant.
• Cryogenic engines are more complex to design, build, and operate compared to other types of rocket engines due to the challenges associated with handling cryogenic fuels and maintaining low temperatures during storage and operation.
• Cryogenic engines are commonly used in the upper stages of launch vehicles for sending payloads to geostationary orbits, interplanetary missions, and other high-energy trajectories. They are also utilized in space exploration missions for deep space probes and scientific missions requiring high velocities.

ISRO have cryogenic engines in its rocket propulsion systems. ISRO developed its own cryogenic engine technology, known as the CE (Cryogenic Engine) and CUS (Cryogenic Upper Stage), to power its GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) series of launch vehicles. The development of cryogenic technology by ISRO has been a significant achievement, enabling India to launch heavier payloads into space and enhancing the country's capabilities in space exploration and satellite deployment.

 

6. The Way Forward

By emphasizing collaboration, innovation, sustainability, and technological advancements, India's space sector can continue to thrive, contribute to scientific discoveries, expand commercial opportunities, and inspire future generations to explore the wonders of space.

 

For Prelims: Vikram-1, Low Earth Orbit, GSLV, ISRO, cryogenic engines, Skyroot Aerospace, IN-SPACe For Mains:  1. The growth of the private space sector raises ethical concerns regarding space debris and potential weaponization. Critically examine these concerns and suggest measures to ensure the responsible and sustainable use of space technologies. (250 Words) 2. Cryogenic engines are known for their high efficiency but pose complexities in handling propellants. Discuss the working principle of cryogenic engines and explain the challenges associated with their development and operation. How does ISRO's development of cryogenic engine technology contribute to India's spacefaring ambitions?  (250 Words) 3. Discuss the significance of the Prarambh mission. Elaborate on the importance of international cooperation in space exploration. Explain the benefits and challenges associated with such collaborations. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions    1. What is the purpose of the US Space Agency’s Themis Mission, which was recently in the news? (UPSC 2008) A.  To study the possibility of life on Mars B.  To study the satellites of Saturn C.  To study the colorful display of high-latitude skies D. To build a space laboratory to study the stellar explosions     2. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (UPSC 2014)                Spacecraft                                                         Purpose 1. Cassini-Huygens:                                 Orbiting Venus and transmitting data to theEarth    2. Messenger:                                            Mapping and investigating the Mercury 3. Voyager 1 and 2:                                   Exploring the outer solar system Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only           B. 2 and 3 only           C. 1 and 3 only                     D. 1, 2 and 3   3. Chandrayaan - 2 was launched from which of the following states by ISRO? (DSSSB LDC 2019)  A. Maharashtra           B.  Rajasthan             C.  Kerala             D.  Andhra Pradesh   4. The phases of the moon as we see from the Earth are due to changing relative positions of the sun, the earth and the moon. Which of the following statements is true?  (CTET  2022)   A. on a full moon day, the earth comes between the sun and the moon B. on a new moon day, the moon is in between the earth and the sun C. on a full moon day, the moon is in between the earth and the sun D. on a new moon day, the earth is between the sun and the moon. E. on a new moon day, the sun is between the moon and the earth  A. A, B          B.  B, C          C. C, D          D. A, E   5. ISRO is related to:  (SSC JE EE  2020)  A. space research          B. agricultural research           C. seed research        D. marine research 6. “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to (UPSC 2020)  A. Voyager-2          B. New Horizons          C. LISA Pathfinder          D. Evolved LISA   7. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018) 1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. 3. GSLV Mk III is a four- staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only       B. 2 and 3           C. 1 and 2            D. 3 only     8. ‘Black hole’ is a (NDA  2019) (UPPSC 2019) A. huge black star which has zero acceleration due to gravity on its surface B. star which has moderate acceleration due to gravity on its surface C. star which has collapsed into itself and has large acceleration due to gravity on its surface D. star which has collapsed into itself and has zero acceleration due to gravity on its surface    9. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (UPSC 2014) Spacecraft                                 Purpose Cassini-Huygens              Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth Messenger                        Mapping and investigating the Mercury Voyager 1 and 2               Exploring the outer solar system Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only       (b) 2 and 3 only            (c) 1 and 3 only           (d) 1, 2 and 3   10. Aditya L1 is a ______. (ISRO IPRC Technical Assistant Mechanical 2016)  A. Long-range missile B. Rocket to moon C. Spacecraft project D. Light combat aircraft     11. With reference to 'Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016) 1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space. 2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below. A. 1 only           B.  2 only          C. Both 1 and 2         D. Neither 1 nor 2     12. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC 2022) 1. GPS and navigation systems could fail. 2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions. 3. Power grids could be damaged. 4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. 5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. 6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. 7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only    B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only    C.  1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only    D.  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7     13. A spinning neutron star emits radio-wave and is called (Maha TAIT 2017) A. Supernova        B. Pulsar            C. White dwarf          D. Protostar     14. Consider the following pairs:  (UPSC 2023) Objects in space   Description (1) Cepheids          Giant clouds of dust and gas in space (2) Nebulae            Stars which brighten and dim periodically (3) Pulsars            Neutron stars that are formed when massive stars run out of fuel and collapse How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? A. Only one             B. Only two          C. All three          D. None   15. A low earth orbit satellite can provide large signal strength at an earth station because: (ESE Electronics 2011) A. Path loss is low B. These orbits are immune to noise C. Large solar power can be generated at these orbits D. Lower microwave frequencies in s-band can be used     Answers: 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A, 5-A, 6-D, 7-A, 8-C, 9-B, 10-C, 11-D, 12-C, 13-B, 14-A, 15-A   Mains 1. India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions, both in terms of technology and logistics. Explain critically (UPSC 2017) 2. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (UPSC 2016)

 

Source: The Indian Express

CYBER SLAVERY 

 

 

 

1. Context

 

Over 5,000 Indians are trapped in Cambodia, where they are allegedly being held against their will and forced to carry out cyber frauds on people back home. The government estimates that the fraudsters have allegedly duped people of at least Rs 500 crore in India over the past six months. 

 

 

2. About ‘Cyber Slavery’

"Cyber slavery" refers to the exploitation and control of individuals or groups through digital means. This can involve various forms of coercion, manipulation, or force facilitated by technology, often for economic gain, power, or personal gratification. Cyber slavery can take different forms, including but not limited to

• The use of the internet and digital platforms to recruit, advertise, and exploit individuals for forced labour or sexual exploitation.
• Online Exploitation includes situations where individuals are coerced or manipulated into performing certain actions online, such as producing and distributing explicit content, engaging in fraudulent activities, or participating in cybercrime networks.
• Cyber slavery may involve exploiting individuals by threatening them with exposure to sensitive information, blackmail, or other forms of online coercion.
• Some individuals may be forced into digital labour, such as repetitive tasks, content creation, or online scams, often without fair compensation or under conditions of coercion.

 

3. Reasons for Indians being trapped in Cambodia

Reports indicate a significant number of Indians, estimates ranging up to 5,000, are trapped in Cambodia under forced cyber fraud schemes. 

• They are lured by fake job advertisements promising high-paying data entry positions.
• False Promises These scams target people looking for work, especially those from Southern India.
• Once in Cambodia, their passports or travel documents are taken away, restricting their movement.
• They are then pressured or coerced into committing cybercrimes like scamming people in India over the internet.

 

4. The steps taken by the Government of India

The Government of India has taken multiple steps to address the issue of Indians trapped in Cambodia through cyber scams.

• The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) works closely with the Indian embassy in Cambodia to identify and rescue victims. This involves coordinating with Cambodian authorities and local NGOs. 
• Southern Indian states like Tamil Nadu have special departments like the Commissionerate of Rehabilitation and Welfare of Non-Resident Tamils, which work with the MEA to rescue their citizens and provide them with reintegration support upon return.
• There are efforts to raise awareness about fake job scams, particularly targeting vulnerable populations seeking employment.
• The situation likely involves cooperation between the MEA, Ministry of Home Affairs, and law enforcement agencies to dismantle these criminal networks.

 

5. The Need for Cyber Security

Cybersecurity is essential in today's world for a variety of reasons. 

• Our personal information, financial data, and even intellectual property are increasingly stored online. Strong cybersecurity safeguards this information from being stolen by hackers and cybercriminals.
• Cyberattacks can disrupt critical infrastructure and services, causing financial losses and chaos. Cybersecurity helps prevent these attacks and keeps things running smoothly.
• In a world obsessed with online sharing, cybersecurity protects our privacy by preventing unauthorized access to our personal data and communications.
• Cybersecurity is vital for businesses of all sizes. Data breaches can damage a company's reputation, lead to financial penalties, and erode customer trust. Strong cybersecurity helps businesses avoid these costly pitfalls.
• We all rely on the Internet for banking, communication, and even healthcare. Cybersecurity protects us from online scams, phishing attacks, and malware that can steal our personal information or damage our devices.

 

6. Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI)

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is an important tool for understanding a country's commitment to cybersecurity. It's an initiative of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialized agency of the United Nations that focuses on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). It acts as a trusted reference point, measuring a nation's cybersecurity efforts on a global scale. The goal is to raise awareness of the importance of cybersecurity and its various aspects.

The GCI doesn't just look at how technologically advanced a country is. Instead, it assesses five key pillars to get a holistic view.

1. 1. Laws and regulations in place to address cybercrime and promote cybersecurity practices.
   2. Technical infrastructure and tools a country has to prevent cyberattacks and protect its networks.
   3. The government's commitment to cybersecurity through dedicated agencies and policies.
   4. Programs to educate and train the workforce on cybersecurity best practices.
   5. A country's willingness to collaborate with other nations and international organizations on cybersecurity issues.

Each pillar is scored, and these scores are aggregated into a single national GCI score. This allows for comparison between countries.

 

7. The difference between cyber slavery and cyber fraud

 

Feature	Cyber Slavery	Cyber Fraud
Definition	Exploitation and control of individuals/groups through digital means, often for economic gain, coercion, or manipulation	Deceptive activities online with intent to gain unauthorized access, steal information, or obtain financial benefits through fraudulent means
Examples	Human trafficking, forced labor in digital environments, online exploitation of vulnerable individuals	Phishing attacks, identity theft, online scams, financial fraud, unauthorized access to accounts/systems
Characteristics	Involves coercion, manipulation, and abuse using technology; not solely focused on financial gain	Deceptive practices aimed at tricking victims for financial gain or other malicious purposes
Motivation	Economic gain, coercion, manipulation	Financial gain, unauthorized access, information theft
Focus	Exploitation and control of individuals	Deception and fraud for financial or malicious purposes

 

8. The Way Forward

 

By implementing the strategic steps and fostering a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity and anti-cybercrime efforts, governments and stakeholders can work together to safeguard individuals from cyber slavery, cyber fraud, and other digital threats, promoting a safer and more secure digital environment for all.

 

 

For Prelims: Cyber Slavery, Cyber fraud, Global Cybersecurity index, Ministry of External Affairs For Mains:  1. Cyber slavery has emerged as a major threat in the digital age. Critically analyze the reasons why Indians are particularly vulnerable to such schemes, and suggest measures to be taken by the Government of India to prevent such situations. (250 words) 2. Many young Indians fall prey to cyber slavery due to a lack of job opportunities. Critically analyze the ethical implications of such situations and suggest the role of civil society in promoting digital literacy and awareness. (250 words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1.In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC 2020)   1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer 2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so 3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion 4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit   Select the correct answer using the code given below:   A. 1, 2 and 4 only        B. 1, 3 and 4 only        C. 2 and 3 only         D. 1, 2, 3 and 4   Answer: D

 

Source: The Indian Express