CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM CHAOS
1. Context
In a world marked by the ubiquity of smartphones and pressing global challenges like climate change and antimicrobial resistance, understanding chaos in classical and quantum systems becomes essential. Chaos is prevalent in many systems, from weather forecasting to the behaviour of Rydberg atoms, and it has both classical and quantum interpretations.
2. Chaos in Classical Systems
- The Earth's atmosphere, a realm of ever-changing conditions, exhibits chaotic behaviour.
- The "butterfly effect" illustrates the idea that small changes can lead to significant, unpredictable weather phenomena.
- Classically chaotic systems, like pinball machines, follow deterministic physical laws but display unpredictable behaviour.
- The concept of deterministic chaos implies that the future can be predicted only with precise knowledge of the present.
- The predictability of chaotic systems depends on the precision of initial conditions, tolerance for uncertainty, and the Lyapunov time.
- Lyapunov time varies from milliseconds in electrical circuits to millions of years in planetary dynamics.
3. Chaos in Quantum Systems
- Quantum mechanics, applied to the microscopic and macroscopic domains, is probabilistic, not chaotic.
- In quantum mechanics, subatomic particles don't have precise point-like locations but exist in probability clouds.
- Quantum chaos studies the dynamics of classically chaotic systems within the framework of quantum physics.
- Perturbation theory addresses mild disturbances in quantum systems, while chaos necessitates a distinct approach.
- A Rydberg atom is a unique quantum system that exhibits characteristics of classical mechanics.
- Chaos in a Rydberg atom manifests in the distribution of energy levels, displaying intriguing regularities.
- Quantum chaos is a burgeoning area of research with conceptual, experimental, and computational challenges.
- It holds implications for diverse fields such as thermalization, quantum information, and the study of black holes in quantum mechanics.
4. Conclusion
The study of chaos in classical and quantum systems unveils the intricate interplay between predictability and randomness in the natural world. Whether unravelling the unpredictability of weather or probing the quantum mysteries of Rydberg atoms, researchers delve into uncharted territory that promises exciting discoveries and practical applications in various scientific domains.
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For Prelims: Choas, Climate Change, Quantum systems, antimicrobial resistance, Rydberg atoms, butterfly effect,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the concept of chaos in classical systems, highlighting the 'butterfly effect' and its implications for weather forecasting and other complex phenomena. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned? (UPSC 2022) A. Cloud Services B. Quantum Computing C. Visible Light Communication Technologies D. Wireless Communication Technologies Answer: B 2. Quantum computing uses (ACC 124 CGAT 2021)
A. Qubit
B. Bits
C. Bytes
D. Qubytes
Answer: A
3. A quantum dot is - (RPSC RAS 2021)
A. Electron microscopy image of nanostructures smaller than 1 nanometers
B. Nanoscales analog of radio antennas
C. A fictional nanorobot
D. A semiconductor nanostructure
Answer: D
4. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
5. A new type of El Nino called El Nino Modoki appeared in the news. In this context, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. Normal El Nino forms in the Central Pacific ocean whereas El Nino Modoki forms in the Eastern Pacific ocean.
2. Normal El Nino results in diminished hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean but El Nino Modoki results in a greater number of hurricanes with greater frequency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
6. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (UPSC 2011)
1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has an adverse effect on the south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on the monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
7. Consider the following statements: (MPSC 2017)
a. La Nina is a little girl.
b. During the time of La Nina cold water in the ocean rises to the surface.
c. La Nina strengthens the Indian monsoon.
d. During the time of El Nino, trade winds weaken, and warm water moves east in the ocean. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. Only a and b B. a, b and c C. Only b and c D. All of the above
Answer: D
8. With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2020)
1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.
2. OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
9. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an EI Nino's impact on the monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
10. "EL Nino" refers to a temperature anomaly in the ________ ocean. (NTPC 2017)
A. Indian B. Pacific C. Southern D. Atlantic
Answer: B
11. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1, 2 and 4
Answer: D
12. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate -Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research program.
2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centers.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
13. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012)
1. The duration of the monsoon decreases from southern India to northern India.
2. The amount of annual rainfall in the northern plains of India decreases from east to west. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C
14. Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? (UPSC 2019) 1. The genetic predisposition of some people
2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 only C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
Answer: B
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Source: The Hindu
SIM CARD
1. Context
In a world with more than 14 billion cellular devices and only 7 billion people, the ubiquity of smartphones and their impact on contemporary life is undeniable. Amidst global challenges like climate change, antimicrobial resistance, and warfare, one element of these devices often overlooked is the SIM card, a fundamental component of mobile communication.
2. What is a SIM Card?
- A SIM card, short for "subscriber identification module," is an integrated circuit or microchip that serves as the identity card for a subscriber on a mobile network.
- It holds the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), allowing the network to locate and confirm a subscriber's identity.
- A unique authentication key is stored on the SIM card, enabling access to the network. This key remains inaccessible through the phone.
- Signals sent by the phone are "signed" by the key, allowing the network to verify the legitimacy of the connection.
- SIM cards also store the integrated circuit card identifier, current location, a list of preferred networks for roaming, emergency numbers, and, space permitting, the subscriber's contacts and SMS messages.
3. The Working Mechanism of SIM Cards
- SIM cards adhere to the ISO/IEC 7816 international standard, defining electronic identification cards, including smart cards.
- They consist of an integrated circuit on one side, connected to metal contacts on the other side, which interface with the phone's data connectors.
- Each segment or pin on the metal contacts serves a specific purpose, such as power supply, clock access, grounding, and data transmission.
- These roles are defined by the ISO/IEC 7816-2 standard, specifying various functions of a SIM card, including transmission protocols and cryptographic applications.
- SIM cards play a vital role in connecting a mobile phone to a cellular network, helping the phone establish its location and identity within the network.
- When a subscriber makes a call, data signed by the SIM key is sent via the network to a telephone exchange, allowing for call routing based on the recipient's location.
4. Evolution of SIM Cards
- Smart cards, including SIM cards, trace their origins to the late 1960s when engineer Helmut Grottrup envisioned integrating an integrated circuit into a credit card-sized plastic panel.
- The size and architecture of the microchip have evolved over the years following Moore's law.
- The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) played a crucial role in standardizing SIM cards for GSM networks in the 2G era.
- ETSI's GSM Technical Specification 11.11 outlined physical features, authentication, and data access characteristics.
- With the advent of 3G networks, the hardware component of the SIM card was renamed the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC), while the software became the Universal SIM (USIM).
- The USIM could adapt to the identification and security requirements of 3G, 4G, and 5G networks, making UICCs compatible with all generations.
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5. The Rise of eSIM
- SIM cards have continuously shrunk in size, from SIM to nano SIM, and now to eSIM.
- In the eSIM paradigm, the SIM software is loaded onto a permanently installed Universal Integrated Circuit Card (eUICC) in the mobile equipment during factory production.
- eSIMs are considered environmentally friendly as they are reprogrammable, eliminating the need for new physical SIM cards.
- They offer enhanced security since access to the SIM application is integrated into the device, reducing the risk of duplication.
- Despite their advantages, eSIMs pose challenges, including difficulties for individuals with low digital literacy, and potential privacy concerns for subscribers, especially in the absence of data privacy laws.
6. Conclusion
The evolution of SIM cards, from their inception as smart cards to the rise of eSIMs, reflects the dynamic landscape of mobile communication. These tiny chips play a significant role in ensuring seamless connectivity in an era where mobile devices are indispensable.
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For Prelims: SIM Cards, eSIMs, Cellular technology, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, Universal Integrated Circuit Card, Universal SIM, European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Moore's law, International Mobile Subscriber Identity,
For Mains:
1. Assess the environmental and security implications of eSIM technology compared to traditional physical SIM cards. Discuss the potential challenges and opportunities associated with the widespread adoption of eSIMs. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The full form of SIM is (UPPSC Civil Service 2012)
A. Subscriber's Identity Module
B. Subscriber's Identity Machine
C. Self Identity Machine
D. Identity Module
Answer: A
2. With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)? (UPSC 2019)
1. LTE is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE are commonly marketed as advanced 3G.
2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
3. 3G and 4G are wireless technologies, which are supposedly faster, more secure and reliable. Present day 3G technology is capable of handling data around 2 Megabits per second (1.8 - 2.5 GHz frequency band). What speed is expected from new 4G technology? (UPSC CAPF 2014)
A. 10-30 Megabits per second (1-5 GHz frequency band)
B. 100-100 Megabits per second (2-10 GHz frequency band)
C.100 Megabits - 1 Gigabit per second (2-8 GHz frequency band)
D. More than 10 Gigabits per second (10-20 frequency band)
Answer: C
4. Moore’s law is related to (LPSC ISRO Technical Assistant Electronics 2020)
A. Speed of operation of the bipolar device
B. Speed of operation of MOS devices
C. The power rating of the MOS device
D. Level of integration of MOS device
Answer: D
5. A SIM in a mobile phone stands for: (Punjab Patwari 2016)
A. Subscriber Internet Module
B. Subscriber Identity Module
C. Subscriber Internet Model
D. Subscriber Identity Memory
Answer: B
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Source: The Hindu
UNITED NATIONS (UN)
1. Context
In 1945, on October 25, the United Nations was founded amid a period of turmoil in international relations. The Second World War (1939-45) had just ended, coming a few years after the devastation caused by the First World War (1914-18)
2. History of UN
Countries that had dominated world affairs had suffered a great deal after the two wars, and there were two emerging new powers, in the form of the United States and the USSR, who looked set to rival each other. Born out of the horrors of that period, the UN was primarily tasked with the goal of maintaining world peace and saving future generations from the evils of war
3. Origin of UN
- The UN was born out of the ashes of yet another international organisation created with the intention of keeping war away.
- The League of Nations was created in June 1919, after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles.
- However, when the Second World War broke out in 1939, the League closed down and its headquarters in Geneva remained empty throughout the war.
- Consequently, in August 1941, American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill held a secret meeting aboard naval ships in Placenta Bay, located on the southeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
- The heads of the two countries discussed the possibility of creating a body for international peace efforts and a range of issues related to the war.
- Together they issued a statement that came to be called the Atlantic Charter. It was not a treaty, but only an affirmation that paved the way for the creation of the UN.
- It declared the realisation of “certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they based their hopes for a better future for the world.”
- The United States joined the war in December 1941, and for the first time the term ‘United Nations’ was coined by President Roosevelt to identify those countries which were allied against the axis powers – Germany, Italy and Japan. On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 allied nations met in Washington DC to sign the declaration of the United Nations, which basically spelt out the war objectives of the Allied powers.
- India, which was under British colonial rule at the time, was also among these nations
4. Achievements and Failures of the UN
The United Nations (UN) has been a prominent international organization since its establishment in 1945. It has made significant achievements and faced challenges and failures throughout its history. Here are some notable achievements and failures of the United Nations:
Achievements:
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Preventing World Wars: The UN was established after World War II with the primary aim of maintaining international peace and security. It has successfully prevented another world war on the scale of the two World Wars.
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Humanitarian Aid: The UN, through agencies like UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP), and UNHCR, provides vital humanitarian aid, including food, shelter, and medical assistance, to people in need around the world.
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Peacekeeping Operations: The UN has undertaken numerous peacekeeping missions to help resolve conflicts and maintain peace in various parts of the world, including Cyprus, Lebanon, and Sierra Leone.
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Decolonization: The UN played a significant role in decolonization efforts, helping newly independent countries gain international recognition and supporting the end of colonial rule in many parts of the world.
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, setting forth fundamental human rights and freedoms. This document has been instrumental in shaping international human rights norms.
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Development Goals: The UN established the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and later the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which have provided a framework for addressing global poverty, inequality, and environmental challenges.
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Environmental Protection: The UN has led efforts to address global environmental issues through conventions like the Paris Agreement on climate change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion.
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Public Health: The World Health Organization (WHO), a UN agency, has played a crucial role in international public health efforts, including vaccination programs, disease control, and pandemic response.
Failures and Challenges:
-
Ineffectiveness in Preventing Genocides and Mass Atrocities: The UN has faced criticism for its inability to prevent or effectively respond to genocides and mass atrocities, such as those in Rwanda (1994) and Bosnia (1992-1995).
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Security Council Deadlocks: The UN Security Council, with its five permanent members (P5), often experiences deadlock due to conflicting national interests, hindering timely and decisive action on critical global issues.
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Human Rights Violations by Member States: Some UN member states with poor human rights records have faced limited consequences for their actions, raising concerns about the UN's ability to enforce human rights norms.
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Resource Constraints: The UN relies on contributions from member states, and funding shortfalls can hamper its ability to respond to crises effectively.
-
Lack of Global Consensus: Achieving consensus among 193 member states on complex issues can be extremely challenging, leading to slow progress or gridlock on important matters.
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Peacekeeping Failures: Some UN peacekeeping missions have been criticized for not effectively preventing conflicts or abuses by peacekeepers themselves.
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Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The UN has struggled to mediate a lasting peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which remains unresolved after decades of efforts.
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Complex Bureaucracy: The UN's complex bureaucratic structure can lead to inefficiency, redundancy, and lack of coordination in some areas.
5. Way forward
On a more fundamental level, its structure and other organisations associated with it, such as the World Bank and the IMF, have been criticised for furthering neo-liberal ideas – related to championing free markets and a reduced role of governments. This has been linked to deepening inequalities within countries. Further, the UN has been seen as unrepresentative of its members, particularly countries in the Global South
Source: indianexpress
DOLLAR RUPEE SWAP
1. Context
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) conducted a $ 5 billion dollar-rupee swap auction as part of its liquidity management initiative, leading to infusion of dollars and sucking out of the rupee from the financial system. The central bank’s move will reduce the pressure on inflation and strengthen the rupee
2. What is a Currency Swap?
A currency swap, also known as a foreign exchange swap or forex swap, is a financial derivative transaction in which two parties exchange the principal amount of one currency for another currency for a specified period and then reverse the exchange at a later date.
Currency swaps are commonly used by corporations, financial institutions, and governments to manage their foreign exchange risk, lower borrowing costs, or gain access to different currencies
Key Characteristics:
- In a currency swap, two parties agree to exchange a specified amount of one currency for an equivalent amount of another currency. This initial exchange is usually at the prevailing exchange rate
- The currency swap has a predetermined maturity date when the initial exchange is reversed. At the maturity date, the parties reverse the initial exchange, returning the original principal amounts to each other. Any interest payments made are also settled at this point
- Currency swaps can be used to hedge against exchange rate risk. If a company has cash flows in multiple currencies, a currency swap can help them lock in a favorable exchange rate and reduce exposure to currency fluctuations
- Currency swaps can enable entities to access lower interest rates in different currency markets. For example, a company in the United States might have better borrowing terms in U.S. dollars, while a European company might find better terms in euros. They can use a currency swap to take advantage of these favorable rates
3. What’s the impact of the swap?
The impact of a currency swap depends on the specific goals and motivations of the parties involved in the swap transaction
The following are the key impacts of Swap:
- Currency swaps can help mitigate exchange rate risk. By swapping one currency for another, entities can lock in a favorable exchange rate for future transactions, thereby reducing the impact of adverse currency movements on their financial position
- One of the primary objectives of currency swaps is to access lower borrowing costs in a foreign currency. This can result in reduced interest expenses for one or both parties involved in the swap.
- Currency swaps provide access to foreign currencies, which can be crucial for entities engaged in international business. This can enable companies to conduct transactions or investments in a foreign market without the need to convert currencies in the open market
- Traders and financial institutions may use currency swaps to exploit arbitrage opportunities arising from differences in interest rates between two currencies. If executed successfully, this can lead to profits
- Some currency swaps are structured to provide tax advantages, such as reducing tax liabilities. However, the tax implications of currency swaps can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific structure of the transaction
- Currency swaps may also be structured to comply with regulatory requirements or to take advantage of regulatory incentives, such as favorable treatment of certain financial instruments
- Currency swaps may result in gains or losses due to changes in exchange rates or interest rates during the life of the swap. These gains or losses may impact financial statements and tax liabilities
4. Dollar-Rupee Swap
- A Dollar-Rupee Swap, also known as a currency swap or a forex swap, is a financial agreement between two parties, typically a bank and a corporation or another financial institution, to exchange a specified amount of U.S. dollars (USD) for Indian rupees (INR) and vice versa at an agreed-upon exchange rate for a predetermined period.
- The swap auction can be done in the reverse way also when there is shortage of liquidity in the system. The RBI then buys dollars from the market and releases an equivalent amount in the rupeesThese transactions allow participants to meet their currency needs, manage exchange rate risk, and access funds in foreign currency
- The RBI sold $5.135 billion to banks and simultaneously agreed to buy back the dollars at the end of the swap settlement period. When the central bank sells dollars, it sucks out an equivalent amount in rupees, thus reducing the rupee liquidity in the system.
- Dollar inflow into the market will strengthen the rupee which has already hit the 77 level against the US dollar
5. Way forward
With the rupee under pressure and inflation posing a big risk to the economy, the central bank is expected to come out with more such measures to rein in inflation and prevent a big slide in the rupee. The market is also gearing up for more RBI actions in the near future.
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For Prelims: Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
For Mains: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which one of the following groups of items is included in India's foreign exchange reserves? (UPSC CSE 2013)
A.Foreign-currency assets, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and loans from foreign countries
B.Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and SDRs
C. Foreign-currency assets, loans from the World Bank and SDRs
D.Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and loans from the World Bank
Answer (B)
2. Currency swap is a method of (UGC NET Paper 2 2019)
A. hedging against foreign exchange risk
B. speculating in foreign exchange
C. leverage instrument used by cooperative banks
D. mode of payment in international trade
Answer (A)
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Source: indianexpress
OLYMPIC CITIES
1. Context
Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced India's ambition to host the Olympic Games, ideally in 2036, during the opening ceremony of the 141st International Olympic Committee (IOC) session in Mumbai. India is also eyeing the Youth Olympics in 2029, even though the event is currently scheduled for 2030. This declaration sets the stage for a competitive selection process, with several countries expressing interest in hosting the 2036 Games.
2. The Olympic Agenda 2020
- The IOC introduced the Olympic Agenda 2020, a roadmap for the future of the Olympic Movement, under the leadership of Thomas Bach, who became IOC president in 2013.
- This agenda included the 'new norm' for host city selection, emphasizing three key aspects: flexibility, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, with a motto emphasizing adaptation.
- Traditionally, host cities were selected through a multi-year, multi-step process.
- Cities would submit their interest to the IOC via their respective national Olympic committees, followed by a series of evaluations and inspections.
- This process often led to excessive spending, massive debts, corruption, and scandals.
3. Enhanced Flexibility
- The 'new norm' brought significant flexibility to host city selection.
- The previous seven-year rule for selecting host cities was eliminated, allowing the possibility of deciding on hosts even after 2030.
- This flexibility has led to cities like Paris, Los Angeles, and Brisbane securing hosting rights far in advance, giving them ample time to prepare.
- The new approach includes a two-stage process: continuous dialogue and targeted dialogue.
- The continuous Dialogue stage involves discussions between the IOC's Future Hosts Commission (FHC) and potential hosts, allowing them to present their vision, purpose, and long-term legacy for the Games.
- During this stage, cities can plan multi-city events or collaborate with other countries.
- The targeted Dialogue phase is for more determined bids and includes discussions with the IOC's executive board.
- Preferred host candidates answer questions, provide guarantees on infrastructure, accommodation, security, and public services, and submit their final proposals.
- The executive board can recommend a single host or shortlist multiple candidates for IOC member elections.
4. Sustainability and Cost-Effectiveness
- Sustainability and cost-effectiveness are central to the 'new norm.'
- Hosts are encouraged to use existing or temporary venues whenever possible.
- New venues must align with existing developmental plans and have long-term justifications beyond the Games.
- All editions of the Olympic Games from 2030 onwards must adhere to the IOC's climate-positive commitment.
- This approach has resulted in significant budget reductions for bid budgets and a focus on reducing costs through technical support and expertise.
5. Other Potential 2036 Hosts
- Apart from India, several countries have expressed interest in hosting the 2036 Olympic Games.
- Confirmed Bidders: Mexico, Indonesia, Turkey, and Poland are confirmed candidates, with Mexico having previously hosted the Games in 1968.
- Potential Bidders: Egypt, Seoul, China, Qatar, Hungary, Italy, Denmark, Canada, and Germany are also considering bids. Qatar's recent hosting of large-scale events, like the 2022 FIFA World Cup, makes it a notable contender. Egypt and Indonesia could make history as the first African and Southeast Asian nations to host the Olympics, respectively.
6. India's Sporting Event History
- While India has hosted various single-sport competitions, such as World Cups and World Championships, the South Asian Games in 2016 was the last multi-discipline international event held in the country.
- The prospect of hosting the 2036 Olympics would mark a significant milestone for India, following the controversial Commonwealth Games in 2010, as it would be the nation's first major multi-discipline sporting event in many years.
7. Conclusion
- The 'new norm' in host city selection introduced by the IOC under the Olympic Agenda 2020 emphasizes flexibility, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.
- This approach has opened the doors for multiple countries, including India, to express their interest in hosting the 2036 Olympic Games.
- As the process evolves, it promises a more adaptable and cost-effective approach to hosting the world's most prominent sporting event.
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For Prelims: Olympic Games, International Olympic Committee, FIFA World Cup, World Cup, World Championships, South Asian Games, Commonwealth Games,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the potential impact of hosting the Olympic Games on India's economy, infrastructure, and global image. Evaluate the long-term benefits and potential risks associated with hosting such a mega sporting event. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The FIFA World Cup 2022 will be held in (BPSC 2016)
A. Argentina B. Germany C. Qatar D. Russia E. None of the above/More than one of the above
Answer: C
2. Fifa World Cup is related to which of the following sports? (MPTET 2022)
A. Football B. Basketball C. Tennis D. Badminton
Answer: A
3. India is the second country to host the South Asian Games three times. Which one of the following Indian cities hosted South Asian Games First? (UKPSC RO/ARO 2012)
A. Kolkata B. Chennai C. New Delhi D. Hyderabad
Answer: A
4. The mascot of the South Asian Games conducted in February 2016 was ________. (AFCAT 2016)
A. Chikor B. Shera C. Tikhor D. Appu
Answer: C
5. Consider the following statements in respect of the ICC World Test Championship 2019–2021 (UPSC 2021)
1. The finalists were decided by the number of matches they won.
2. New Zealand has ranked ahead of England because it won more matches than England. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
6. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. The Commonwealth has no charter, treaty, or constitution.
2. All the territories/countries once under the British empire (jurisdiction/rule/mandate) automatically joined the Commonwealth as its members.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
7. Where was the first Commonwealth Games, also known as the British Empire Games, played in 1930? (NTPC Tier I 2016)
A. Hamilton B. London C. Sydney D. Manchester
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B
Answer: 2
8. ________ to host Men's Cricket World Cup 2023. (NCL Technician Electrician)
A. England B. Australia C. South Africa D. India
Answer: D
9. Consider the following statements in respect to the 32nd Summer Olympics: (UPSC 2021)
1. The official motto for this Olympics is 'A New World'
2. Sport Climbing, Surfing Skateboarding, Karate and Baseball are included in the Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
10. Name the place where the Olympic Games originated? (SSC GD 2019)
A. Latvia B. Baghdad C. Greece D. Aden
Answer: C
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Source: The Hindu
SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS
1. Context
Even as the Law Commission is now close to finalising its report on the conduct of simultaneous polls, the Election Commission (EC), in its meeting with members of the law panel earlier this year, is learnt to have underlined the need for a “definite lead time” of up to a year before implementation, citing “steep” logistical challenges in manufacturing voting machines.
2. About Simultaneous elections
Simultaneous elections(One Nation One Election) in India refer to the idea of holding the Lok Sabha (parliamentary) and state legislative assembly elections across the country at the same time, rather than the current system of staggered elections where polls are held at different times for different states and union territories. This concept has been a topic of discussion and debate in Indian politics for several years.
Key characteristics related to simultaneous elections in India:
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Current Election System: India follows a federal system of government, which means that elections are held separately for the Lok Sabha (federal parliament) and state legislative assemblies. Furthermore, the terms of different state assemblies can vary, leading to elections happening at different times across the country.
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Arguments in Favor:
- Cost and Resource Efficiency: Conducting elections at different times is expensive and requires significant resources. Simultaneous elections could save time and money.
- Stability and Governance: Proponents argue that simultaneous elections can provide more political stability and allow governments to focus on governance instead of frequent election campaigning.
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Challenges and Concerns:
- Constitutional Hurdles: Implementing simultaneous elections would require constitutional amendments, as the terms of state assemblies cannot be easily synchronized with the Lok Sabha.
- Logistical Challenges: Organizing simultaneous elections for a country as vast and diverse as India is a complex logistical challenge.
- Impact on Regional Parties: Smaller regional parties are concerned that simultaneous elections might undermine their ability to campaign effectively.
2. Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs)
Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) are electronic devices used for voting in elections, primarily in India. EVMs have become an integral part of the electoral process in many countries, offering several advantages over traditional paper ballot systems
EVMs were introduced in India in the 1980s as a replacement for the traditional paper ballot system. The aim was to make the voting process more efficient, transparent, and less prone to electoral fraud
Key characteristics of EVMs:
Components of an EVM:
- Control Unit: This is the main unit of the EVM. It is operated by a polling officer and manages the authentication of voters.
- Balloting Unit: This unit is where voters cast their votes. It is connected to the control unit and displays the list of candidates and their respective symbols
Working of EVMs
- When a voter casts their vote by pressing the button next to their chosen candidate's name, the EVM records the vote electronically.
- EVMs are designed to ensure secrecy and prevent double voting.
- After the election, the data stored in the EVMs is used to tally the votes
Challenges
- EVMs are designed with multiple layers of security to prevent tampering or hacking.
- They use a one-time programmable (OTP) chip to store voting data securely.
- Before and after elections, EVMs are subject to rigorous testing and sealing to ensure their integrity
3.Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (or VVPAT)
- Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machines are used during election process to verify that the vote polled by a voter goes to the correct candidate.
- VVPATs are a second line of verification and are particularly useful in the time when allegations around Electronic Voting Machines’ tampering crop up.
- Parties have been making regular demands for VVPATs to be used during elections after alleging EVMs may not be completely secure and tamper proof.
VVPAT system gives instant feedback to the voter showing that the vote polled has in fact been allotted against the candidate chosen. - After a voter presses the button on the EVM against the chosen candidate, the VVPAT prints a slip containing name of the candidate and the election symbol and drops it automatically into a sealed box. The machines give the chance for the voter to verify their vote.
- The machine is placed in a glass case in a way that only the voter can see it. The slip is displayed to the voter for seven seconds after which the VVPAT machine cuts it and drops in into the storage box with a beep. The machines can be accessed, though, by the polling officials and not by the voter.
4. Way forward
If elections were to be held simultaneously in 2029, the EC would require a total of 53.76 lakh ballot units, 38.67 lakh control units, and 41.65 lakh VVPATs. The anticipated shortfall is 26.55 lakh ballot units, 17.78 lakh control units and 17.79 lakh VVPATs, for which the government would need to allocate close to Rs 8,000 crore. The increased demand for voting machines and VVPATs in 2029 is due to the growing number of voters and polling stations. The latter is expected to increase from 11.8 lakh in 2024 to 13.57 lakh in 2029
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For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was used for the first time by the Election Commission of India in (UPSC CSE 2019)
A. North Paravur Assembly Constituency
B. Kerala Noksen Assembly Constituency
C. Nagaland Mapusa Assembly Constituency, Goa
D. Nambol Assembly Constituency, Manipur
Answer (B)
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Source: indianexpress
