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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 06 SEPTEMBER 2023

FLEX FUEL PROTOTYPE

1. Context

  • Recently, Toyota introduced a groundbreaking prototype in India, the Innova Hycross, featuring a flex-fuel hybrid powertrain.
  • This marks a significant milestone as it becomes India's first car with such an option.
  • Additionally, Toyota claims it to be the world's first BS6 Stage II-compliant flex-fuel vehicle.
  • This move aligns with the Indian government's efforts to promote and deploy this technology commercially, joining countries like Brazil, Canada, and the United States where flex-fuel vehicles are already in use.

2. About the Innovative Hybrid Powertrain

  • The Innova Hycross prototype boasts a 2-litre Atkinson Cycle petrol engine combined with an electric motor, mirroring the hybrid version of the standard Hycross model.
  • This groundbreaking vehicle can run on petrol with over 20% ethanol blending, in compliance with Indian mandates.
  • Remarkably, it maintains performance levels on par with the standard Hycross hybrid, even with ethanol-blended petrol.
  • Toyota also asserts that it achieves low carbon emissions when considering the entire well-to-wheel process.
  • Moreover, it operates in electric vehicle mode, drawing power from the battery pack for approximately 60% of the time.
  • Currently, multiple units of the flex-fuel prototype will undergo testing in India. The upcoming steps encompass further calibration, homologation (certification of roadworthiness), and formal certification.

3. About Flex-Fuel Technology

  • Flex-fuel vehicles are designed to run on multiple types of fuel or fuel mixtures, distinguishing them from conventional petrol-only cars.
  • Most commonly, these vehicles use a blend of petrol and ethanol or methanol.
  • The crucial feature enabling this flexibility is the integration of a fuel mix sensor and an engine control module (ECM) programmed to sense and adjust to various designated fuel ratios.
  • This technology facilitates the use of ethanol blends exceeding the standard 20% mix (E20).
  • The government has emphasized that promoting flex-fuel engines aligns with the broader strategy of reducing India's reliance on imported crude oil in the medium-to-long term.
Image Source: AFDC

4. Mechanical Modifications for Flex-Fuel Vehicles

  • Flex-fuel vehicles share many components with conventional petrol cars, but certain modifications are essential to accommodate different fuel properties.
  • These may include adjustments to the fuel pump, fuel injection system, and ECM calibration.
  • Additionally, hybrid engines like the one in the Toyota Hycross feature specific enhancements such as separate spark plugs, piston ring tops, valves, and exhaust system catalysts to mitigate corrosion and lower hydrocarbon emissions.

5. Flex-Fuel Pros and Cons

  • Ethanol blending in flex-fuel vehicles results in reduced harmful pollutants and decreased oil imports.
  • However, it can lead to decreased fuel efficiency, typically experiencing a 4-8% reduction when using ethanol.
  • Ethanol blending also poses challenges related to water-intensive source crops, such as sugarcane.

6. Biofuel Policy and Blending Targets

  • India's National Biofuel Policy 2018 has set a 2025 target of achieving a 20% blending rate for ethanol in petrol.
  • Brazil, a leader in the flex-fuel segment, adjusts fuel blend ratios based on crude oil prices.
  • Brazil's vehicular fleet is equipped to handle higher ethanol blends, and the government offers subsidies to bridge the cost gap between ethanol and pure petrol.
  • Ethanol blending in India has risen significantly in recent years, contributing to substantial reductions in oil import bills.
  • It is estimated that the expected implementation of E20 by April 2025 could result in annual savings of Rs 35,000 crore in India's oil import expenses.

7. Conclusion

  • The flex-fuel Innova Hycross prototype is a significant development in India's efforts to reduce its reliance on imported oil.
  • The prototype offers the advantages of both a flex-fuel engine and an electric powertrain, which could help to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
 
For Prelims: Flex-Fuel Prototype, BS6, ethanol blending, National Biofuel Policy 2018, crude oil
For Mains: 
1. Explain the concept of flex-fuel technology and its significance in reducing oil imports and environmental impact. How can the challenges associated with ethanol blending be mitigated? (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. According to India's National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cassava
2. Damaged wheat grains
3. Groundnut seeds
4. Horse gram
5. Rotten potatoes
6. Sugar beet
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 5, and 6 only
B. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only
C. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Answer: A
 
2. India has achieved the 10 percent Ethanol blending much ahead of the targeted date. Which one among the following greatly benefits from this?  (CDS 2022) 
A. Cassava plantations    B. Maize farming   C. Sugar industry   D. Wine industry
 
Answer: C
 
3. In the context of global oil prices, "Brent crude oil" is frequently referred to in the news. What does this term imply? (UPSC 2011)
1. It is a major classification of crude oil.
2. It is sourced from the North Sea.
3. It does not contain sulfur.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2 only         B. 1 and 2 only   C. 1 and 3 only          D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
4. The term 'West Texas Intermediate', sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of (UPSC 2020)
A. Crude oil        B. Bullion    C.  Rare earth elements          D.  Uranium
 
Answer: A
 
Source: The Indian Express

INDIA THAT IS BHARAT

 

1. Context

There is speculation of an official change in the name of the country from India to Bharat, even though Article 1 of the Constitution uses the two names interchangeably: “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.”

2. Origin of the Name 'Bharat'

  • Puranic and Mahabharata Roots: The name 'Bharat,' 'Bharata,' or 'Bharatvarsha' finds its origins in Puranic literature and the epic Mahabharata.
  • Geographical Description: Puranas describe Bharata as the land located between the southern sea and the northern abode of snow.
  • Religious and Socio-Cultural Entity: Social scientist Catherine Clémentin-Ojha interprets 'Bharata' as a religious and socio-cultural concept rather than a purely political or geographical one.
  • Bharata in Rig Vedic Legend: 'Bharata' was the name of an ancient legendary king, ancestor of the Rig Vedic Bharatas tribe, and seen as the forefather of all subcontinent peoples.
  • Unity of India: Jawaharlal Nehru, in 1927, referred to the "fundamental unity of India" rooted in a common faith and culture, highlighting the significance of India being referred to as 'Bharata' in Hindu pilgrimage sites across the country.

3. Origin of the Names 'Hindustan' and 'India'

  • Hindustan's Etymology: 'Hindustan' is believed to have originated from 'Hindu,' the Persian form of 'Sindhu' (Indus) in Sanskrit. It gained prominence during the Achaemenid Persian conquest of the Indus Valley in the 6th century BC.
  • Use of 'Stan' Suffix: The term 'Hindustan' started incorporating the suffix "stan" around the 1st century AD.
  • Greek Influence: The Greeks, informed by the Achaemenids, transliterated the name as 'Indus.' Alexander the Great's invasion of India in the 3rd century BC associated 'India' with the region beyond the Indus.
  • Mughal Era: In the 16th century, during the early Mughal period, 'Hindustan' described the entire Indo-Gangetic plain.
  • Transition to 'India': By the 18th century, British maps started using the name 'India,' distancing 'Hindustan' from South Asia. The term 'India' had European historical and bureaucratic connotations and was associated with the British colonial administration.
  • Colonial Significance: The adoption of 'India' reflected colonial nomenclature changes and contributed to the perception of the subcontinent as a single, bounded British political territory.

4. Inclusion of 'Bharat' and 'India' in the Constitution

  • Nehru's References: In Nehru's book 'Discovery of India,' he mentioned "India," "Bharata," and "Hindustan" in connection with the nation's identity.
  • Constitutional Debate (1949): The Constituent Assembly discussed the "Name and territory of the Union" on September 17, 1949. The first article proposed was "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States."
  • Division Among Members: Differences emerged among assembly members regarding the inclusion of the name 'India,' seen by some as a reminder of colonialism.
  • Various Proposals: Several suggestions were made, such as "Bharat, or in the English language, India," and "Bharat known as India also in foreign countries." Hargovind Pant emphasized the preference for 'Bharatvarsha.'
  • Critique of 'India': Hargovind Pant criticized the attachment to 'India,' citing its colonial origin and the historical exploitation of the country's wealth.
  • Committee Decision: None of the proposed suggestions were accepted, but they reflected contrasting visions for the emerging nation. The final Constitution retained both 'Bharat' and 'India.'

5. Debate on Article 1: Name Selection (1948-1949)

The first debate on Article 1 was to begin on November 17, 1948. However, on the suggestion of Govind Ballabh Pant, the discussion on the name was postponed to a later date.
“India, that is, Bharat, shall be a Union of States.” From whether two commas were necessary to the order of the words to the name of the newly independent nation itself, what would become Article 1 of the Constitution of India was passionately debated in the Constituent Assembly.
  • Postponed Debate: Initially scheduled for November 17, 1948, the discussion on Article 1's name was delayed on the suggestion of Govind Ballabh Pant.
  • Final Version by Dr. B R Ambedkar: On September 17, 1949, Dr. B R Ambedkar presented the final provision, which included both 'Bharat' and 'India.'
  • Resistance to 'India': Some members opposed the use of 'India,' considering it a reminder of colonialism.
  • Preference for 'Bharat': Seth Govind Das and others favored placing 'Bharat' before 'India.'
  • Demand for Clarification: Members wanted to emphasize that 'India' was an English language substitute for 'Bharat' in foreign countries.
  • Comparisons to the Irish Constitution: Hari Vishnu Kamath cited the Irish Constitution as an example of a country changing its name upon achieving freedom.
  • Attachment to 'Bharatvarsha': Hargovind Pant, representing Northern India, stated that the people there strongly preferred 'Bharatvarsha' over 'India.'
  • Critique of 'India': Hargovind Pant criticized 'India' as a name imposed by foreign rulers and suggested it should not be retained due to its insulting connotations.

6. Ancient References in the Debate

  • Vishnu Purana and Brahma Purana: Das argued that the Vishnu Purana and Brahma Purana mentioned the name 'Bharat' for the country.
  • Hiuen Tsang's Mention: Some members pointed out that the seventh-century Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang referred to the country as 'Bharat.'
  • Name's Cultural Significance: Das emphasized that naming the country 'Bharat' would be in line with its history and culture, and it wouldn't hinder progress.
  • Debunking 'India' Origin: Das mentioned a pamphlet attempting to prove that "India" is more ancient than "Bharat" and refuted it, highlighting the incorrect interpretation of "Idyam" and "Ide."
  • Suggested Names: Kamath suggested possible names like 'Bharat,' 'Bharatvarsha,' or 'Bharatbhumi' derived from scriptures.
  • Diverse Theories on 'Bharat' Origin: Kamath mentioned that historians and philologists have various theories about the origin of the name 'Bharat,' including its association with the legendary figure "Sarvadamana," who established his rule in the land.

7. What does the Constitution of India say?
The Constitution of India under Article 1 states that,

  • India, that is Bharat shall be a Union of States
  • The States and Union Territories thereof shall be specified in the 1st Schedule
  • The territory of India shall comprise of Territory of States, Union Territories specified in the First Schedule, and Other territories as may be acquired.
Article 1 of the Constitution of India is an essential statement specifying what our country be called and what will comprise the sovereign territory of our nation. It acknowledges that India is a ‘Union of States’ and not a Federation of States where states and central government will work together to ensure the common good of the nation.
 
The name of the Indian country was changed from "India" to "Bharat" in the Indian Constitution by the Constitution (Seventy-First Amendment) Act, 1992. This amendment came into effect on September 18, 1992. It added Article 1(A) to the Indian Constitution, which officially recognizes "Bharat" as an alternative name for India in Hindi. The English name "India" remains unchanged. This amendment was made to reflect the historical and cultural significance of the name "Bharat" and to promote the use of Hindi as the official language of India.
 
For Prelims: Article 1 of the constitution, Vishnu Purana, Brahma Purana, Irish Constitution and Bharatvarsha.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the historical debates and considerations surrounding the choice of names 'Bharat' and 'India' in Article 1 of the Indian Constitution, taking into account the cultural, Linguistic, and political perspectives that shaped this crucial constitutional provision."(250 words).
Source: The Indian Express

EPIDEMIC DISEASES ACT

1. Context

  • Last month, the Indian government amended the Epidemic Disease Act of 1897 to criminalize attacks on healthcare workers.
  • This move came in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and was designed to protect frontline medical personnel during health emergencies.
  • The Act, a relic of the colonial era, empowers state governments to enact special measures and penalties during epidemics while providing legal immunity for actions taken in good faith.

 2. About Epidemic

  • An epidemic is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a particular population over a short period.
  • It is usually caused by a contagious disease that can spread easily from person to person.
  • The term epidemic is often used interchangeably with the term pandemic, but there is a subtle difference between the two.
  • An epidemic is a localized outbreak of a disease, while a pandemic is a global outbreak. 

3. Difference between an Epidemic and a Pandemic

  • The main difference between an epidemic and a pandemic is the geographic spread of the disease.
  • An epidemic is a disease outbreak that is limited to a specific geographic area, while a pandemic is a disease outbreak that has spread to multiple continents or the entire world.
 
Characteristic Epidemic Pandemic
Geographic spread Limited to a specific geographic area Multiple continents or the entire world
Number of cases Relatively small number of cases Large number of cases
Severity of the disease Can be mild or severe Can be severe and often fatal
Impact on society Can have a significant impact on a local community Can have a devastating impact on the global economy and society
Examples
  • The bubonic plague outbreak in Europe in the 14th century. 
  • The cholera outbreak in London in 1854. 
  • The HIV/AIDS epidemic that began in the 1980s. 
  • The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020
  • The 1957 Asian flu pandemic
  • The 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemic

 

4. About the Epidemic Diseases Act 

  • The Epidemic Diseases Bill was introduced by Council member J Woodburn on January 28, 1897, during a bubonic plague outbreak in Bombay.
  • Woodburn emphasized the need for swift action to prevent the disease from spreading to other parts of India.
  • He pointed out that existing powers granted to municipal bodies and local governments were insufficient to address the crisis adequately.
  • Concerns about the international community's alarm and speculation by Russia that the entire subcontinent might be infected further fueled the urgency.
  • The Bill proposed granting special powers to Indian provinces and local bodies, including the inspection of passengers on trains and sea routes, as well as addressing sanitation issues such as overcrowding, neglected latrines, filth accumulation, unsanitary livestock facilities, and waste disposal.
  • A Select Committee led by James Westland swiftly reviewed the Bill, submitting its report on February 4, 1897.
  • The Bill was subsequently passed on the same day following a brief discussion.
  • The urgency stemmed from the disease's rapid spread, with individuals from Bombay dispersing throughout India.
  • Calcutta, the Indian capital at the time, was a particular cause for concern.

5. Recent Amendments 

  • In a recent development, on April 22, the Cabinet issued an ordinance amending the Act.
  • The amendments stipulate that commission or abetment of violence against healthcare service personnel will result in imprisonment ranging from three months to five years and fines between Rs 50,000 to Rs 2 lakh.
  • In cases involving grievous harm, the imprisonment term may extend from six months to seven years, accompanied by fines ranging from Rs 1 lakh to Rs 5 lakh.

6. Differences between the Epidemic Diseases Act, of 1897 and the amended Epidemic Diseases Act, of 2022

 
The key differences between the Epidemic Diseases Act, of 1897 and the amended Epidemic Diseases Act, of 2022
 
Feature Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 Amended Epidemic Diseases Act, 2022
Applies to Epidemic diseases that are notified by the government All epidemic diseases, regardless of whether they are notified
Powers of government To take a wide range of measures to control epidemics, including isolation, quarantine, and vaccination To take "such measures as may be necessary" to control epidemics
Protection for healthcare workers No specific provisions Attacks on healthcare workers are a cognizable, non-bailable offence, and the maximum punishment for causing grievous hurt to a healthcare worker is now seven years in prison
Protection for actions taken in good faith Applies to government officials only Applies to healthcare workers as well
 

7. Conclusion

  • The amendments to the Epidemic Disease Act reflect India's commitment to safeguarding healthcare workers during health crises.
  • These changes, rooted in historical necessity and driven by the urgency of combating contagious diseases, provide essential legal protection for those on the frontline of healthcare during emergencies.
 
For Prelims: Epidemic, Pandemic, Plague, COVID-19, cholera, HIV/AIDS, Asian flu, Hong Kong flu
For Mains: 
1. Define an epidemic and a pandemic. Highlight the key differences between the two, with examples.  Explain how the geographic spread of a disease influences its classification as an epidemic or a pandemic. (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010) 
1. Every individual in the population is equally susceptible host for Swine Flu.
2. Antibiotics have no role in the primary treatment of Swine Flu.
3. To prevent the future spread of Swine Flu in the epidemic area, the swine (pigs) must all be culled.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only        B. 2 only         C.  2 and 3 only       D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: A
 
2. Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently? (UPSC 2015) 
A. Syria and Jordan
B. Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia
C. Philippines and Papua New Guinea
D. Jamaica, Haiti and Surinam
 
Answer: B
 
3. In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 
1. The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform.
2. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using vector based platform.
3. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen based vaccine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only       B. 2 and 3 only         C.  1 and 3 only        D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
4. Cholera is caused by the bacteria called- (RRB JE ME 2019) 
A. Salmonella typhi   B. Clostridium botulinum  C. Treponema palladium   D. Vibrio cholerae
 
Answer: D
 
5. Which one of the following statements regarding Cholera is correct? (NDA  2019) 
A. Cholera is a disease that causes loss of memory
B. Cholera is a disease of muscles due to consumption of alcohol
C. Cholera is a disease due to consumption of contaminated food or water
D. Cholera is a genetic disease
 
Answer: C
 
6. H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to which one of the following diseases? (UPSC 2015) 
A. AIDS         B.  Bird flu      C. Dengue           D. Swine flu
 
Answer: D
 
7. Which of the following is the Bird Flu Virus also known as Avian Flu Virus?(BSSC CGL 2011) 
A. H5N1          B. H1N5         C. N5H1            D. N1H5
 
Answer: A
 
 
Source: The Indian Express
 

TIBETAN DEMOCRACY DAY

 
 
1. Context
A little more than six decades ago, Tibetan Democracy Day was marked with the inauguration of the Tibetan government-in-exile in Dharamshala on September 2. Under the photo of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tibetan refugees across the world in their traditional dress, chupa, will celebrate the 63rd anniversary of Tibetan Democracy Day
 
2. Tibetan Democracy Day
  • Tibetan Democracy Day is an important occasion celebrated by the Tibetan community to commemorate the establishment of a democratic system of governance within the Tibetan exile community. This event is observed on September 2nd every year
  • The day, widely known within the community as Mangsto Duchen (‘Mangsto’: democracy; ‘Duchen’: occasion) marks the inception of the Tibetan democratic system in exile.
  • At the heart of the Tibetan democratic system, which governs over 1 lakh refugees across the world, stands the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA), the Tibetan government-in-exile in Dharamshala.
  • Many decades later, however, the CTA is not officially recognised by any country

3. How Tibetan Democracy System Developed?

  • The history of Tibetan Democracy Day is closely tied to the Tibetan diaspora and the Tibetan government-in-exile, also known as the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA), which is headquartered in Dharamsala, India.
  • In 1959, after the Tibetan Uprising against Chinese rule in Tibet, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India along with thousands of Tibetans.
  • In exile, he and the Tibetan leadership recognized the need to adapt to the challenges of living outside their homeland and to promote democratic values among the Tibetan community
  • On September 2, 1960, the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile officially established a democratic system, known as the "Charter for Tibetans in Exile."
  • This charter outlined the framework for a democratic government-in-exile and the basic principles of democracy, including elections, separation of powers, and the protection of human rights.
  • Tibetan Democracy Day serves as a reminder of the Tibetan people's commitment to democratic principles and the ongoing struggle for the preservation of Tibetan culture and identity.
  • It is a day for Tibetans and supporters worldwide to reflect on the progress made in promoting democracy and human rights within the Tibetan community, as well as to renew their dedication to the cause of Tibet
  • In 1991, the Charter of the Tibetans in exile was adopted, and in the following year, the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission was established, introducing the exile community to the three pillars of democracy.
  • A major shift in the political and cultural landscape of the Tibetan people was marked when the Dalai Lama announced that he would assume a position of semi-retirement. He then called for the first direct election of Kalön Tripa, the executive head of the CTA
4. Central Tibetan Administration (CTA)

The Central Tibetan Administration (CTA), also known as the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, is the official governing body of the Tibetan diaspora and the Tibetan refugee community. It was established following the 1959 Tibetan Uprising against Chinese rule in Tibet, which led to the exile of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetans. The CTA is headquartered in Dharamsala, India, and its primary mission is to represent the interests of the Tibetan people and promote their welfare.

Key features and functions of the Central Tibetan Administration include:

  1. Political Representation: The CTA serves as the political representative of the Tibetan people and is responsible for advocating for their rights and aspirations on the international stage. It seeks a peaceful resolution to the Tibet issue and autonomy for Tibet within the framework of the Chinese constitution.

  2. Democratic Governance: The CTA has adopted a democratic system of governance, with regular elections for key leadership positions, including the Sikyong (President) and members of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile (TPIE). This democratic structure was established on September 2, 1960, and Tibetan Democracy Day commemorates this event.

  3. Social and Cultural Preservation: The CTA is dedicated to preserving Tibetan culture, religion, and language in exile. It supports educational and cultural initiatives to ensure that Tibetan traditions continue to thrive among the Tibetan diaspora.

  4. Human Rights Advocacy: The CTA works to raise awareness about human rights violations in Tibet and seeks international support for the protection of Tibetan rights and freedoms. It also provides assistance to Tibetan refugees and promotes non-violent activism.

  5. International Relations: The CTA maintains diplomatic missions and offices in various countries to engage with governments, NGOs, and international bodies in support of the Tibetan cause. It has received support from numerous governments and organizations sympathetic to the Tibetan struggle.

  6. Social Welfare: The CTA provides social welfare services to Tibetan refugees, including education, healthcare, and support for economic self-sufficiency.

  7. Information and Media: The CTA operates various media outlets and information channels to disseminate news and information about Tibet and the Tibetan diaspora.

5. India's Official Policy towards the CTA

India maintained a nuanced and somewhat delicate policy towards the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA), also known as the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. India's policy towards the CTA was shaped by a combination of historical, geopolitical, and humanitarian factors. Here are the key aspects of India's policy towards the CTA:

  1. Asylum and Support for Tibetan Refugees: India has a long history of providing asylum and support to Tibetans who fled their homeland following the 1959 Tibetan Uprising and subsequent Chinese occupation of Tibet. India has allowed Tibetans to establish settlements and cultural centers, most notably in Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, which serves as the headquarters of the CTA.

  2. Non-interference in Tibet's Internal Affairs: India officially recognizes Tibet as a part of China and adheres to the "One China" policy, which means it does not interfere in China's internal affairs, including those related to Tibet. This stance is consistent with India's broader foreign policy principles of non-interference and respect for sovereignty.

  3. Support for the Dalai Lama: While India recognizes Tibet as part of China, it has also allowed the Dalai Lama to reside in India and conduct his religious and spiritual activities. India views the Dalai Lama as a revered spiritual leader and has provided him with a platform to promote Tibetan culture, religion, and the Tibetan cause.

  4. People-to-People Ties: India encourages people-to-people exchanges and cultural interactions between Tibetans and Indians. Tibetan monasteries, cultural centers, and educational institutions in India are essential in maintaining Tibetan culture and identity.

  5. Diplomatic Considerations: India's approach to the Tibetan issue is influenced by its broader diplomatic relations with China. India seeks to maintain stable and peaceful relations with its neighbor, and this has implications for its stance on Tibet.

  6. Humanitarian Support: India provides humanitarian assistance and basic services to Tibetan refugees, including education and healthcare. These efforts are part of India's commitment to the welfare of the Tibetan community.

6. CTA relationship with other Countries
Here are some key aspects of the CTA's relationships with other countries:

  1. United States: The United States has been a strong supporter of Tibet and the CTA. The Tibetan Policy and Support Act, signed into law in December 2020, reaffirms U.S. support for the Tibetan people and their right to determine their own future. The CTA and U.S. officials engage in dialogues and collaborations to address Tibetan human rights issues and promote cultural preservation.

  2. European Union: Various European countries and the European Union as a whole have expressed concern about human rights abuses in Tibet. The CTA engages with EU officials to advocate for Tibet-related issues, including the promotion of dialogue between the Chinese government and Tibetan representatives.

  3. Canada: Canada has shown support for the Tibetan cause and human rights in Tibet. The CTA maintains relations with Canadian officials and seeks their assistance in addressing the situation in Tibet.

  4. Taiwan: Taiwan has maintained a friendly relationship with the Tibetan exile community. The CTA has an office in Taipei, and there have been exchanges between Tibetan and Taiwanese officials and scholars.

  5. Mongolia: Mongolia shares cultural and historical ties with Tibet and has been supportive of the Tibetan cause. The CTA and Mongolian officials have engaged in cultural and educational exchanges.

  6. Nepal: While Nepal is home to a significant Tibetan refugee population, its government has often taken a cautious approach due to its proximity to China. The CTA works to maintain the welfare of Tibetan refugees in Nepal while respecting Nepal's sovereignty.

  7. International Organizations: The CTA engages with various international organizations, including the United Nations, to raise awareness about the human rights situation in Tibet and advocate for a peaceful resolution to the Tibet issue.

 
Source: indianexpress
 
 

STEM CELL THERAPY

 

1. Context

The Delhi High Court Thursday (August 31) permitted two children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to undergo stem cell therapy for treatment of their condition. The order came in a petition moved by family members of the two children, challenging a December 6, 2022 recommendation of the Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) of the National Medical Commission (NMC) against the use of stem cell treatment for ASD. 

2. What are stem cells?

  • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various specialized cell types in the body.
  • They serve as the foundation for all other cell types and play a vital role in tissue regeneration, repair, and growth.
  • Stem cells can be broadly categorized into pluripotent stem cells, which can become any cell type in the adult body, and adult stem cells, which are specific to certain tissues or organs and can only generate cells related to that organ.
  • Additionally, induced pluripotent stem cells can be created from mature adult cells and exhibit properties similar to embryonic stem cells.
  • Stem cells hold great promise for medical research and therapies due to their regenerative capabilities.

3. Stem Cell Therapy

Stem cell therapy is a medical treatment that harnesses the unique properties of stem cells to promote healing and regeneration in the body. Here are some key points about stem cell therapy:

  • Types of Stem Cells: Stem cell therapy primarily uses two types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can also be used, which are reprogrammed adult cells with properties similar to embryonic stem cells.
  • Applications: Stem cell therapy has a wide range of potential applications, including the treatment of various diseases, injuries, and medical conditions. It is being researched for conditions such as heart disease, neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease), diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and tissue damage.
  • Regenerative Potential: Stem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into specialized cell types, such as neurons, muscle cells, or blood cells. This regenerative potential is harnessed in therapy to replace or repair damaged or dysfunctional tissues.
  • Sources of Stem Cells: Stem cells can be sourced from various places in the body, such as bone marrow, adipose (fat) tissue, or even umbilical cord blood. Embryonic stem cells are derived from early-stage embryos.
  • Procedure: In a typical stem cell therapy procedure, stem cells are either harvested from the patient's own body (autologous) or obtained from a donor (allogeneic). They are then processed and prepared for injection or transplantation into the target area or tissue.
  • Challenges: Stem cell therapy faces several challenges, including ethical considerations (especially for embryonic stem cells), the risk of rejection in allogeneic transplants, and potential complications. Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of these treatments is an ongoing concern.
  • Research and Clinical Trials: Stem cell therapy is an active area of research, and many clinical trials are conducted to evaluate its safety and efficacy. Regulatory authorities closely monitor and regulate these trials to ensure patient safety.
  • Future Potential: While stem cell therapy has shown promise in various medical fields, it is important to note that it is still an evolving and experimental field. Continued research and development are needed to fully understand its potential and limitations.
  • Personalized Medicine: Stem cell therapy holds the promise of personalized medicine, where treatments can be tailored to an individual's unique genetic makeup and medical history.
  • Ethical Considerations: The use of embryonic stem cells has raised ethical concerns due to the destruction of embryos. As a result, research has shifted towards alternative sources like induced pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells.

4. How stem cells are used in medicine?

  • Stem cells are used in medicine for their regenerative abilities, referred to as regenerative medicine.
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been employed for over 90 years to treat conditions like leukemia and lymphoma.
  • After chemotherapy or radiation therapy damages healthy cells, healthy donor bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to generate normal blood cells.
  • Adult stem cells in tissues have limited division capacity once removed from the body.
  • Scientists are working on manipulating adult stem cells to exhibit pluripotent stem cell characteristics to expand treatment possibilities.

5. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a range of symptoms and challenges related to social communication, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests.  ASD is often referred to as a "spectrum" because it can manifest in a wide variety of ways, with varying degrees of severity. Some common characteristics of ASD include:
  • Social Difficulties: Individuals with ASD may have trouble with social interactions, such as understanding social cues, making eye contact, and developing peer relationships.
  • Communication Challenges: ASD can affect both verbal and non-verbal communication. Some individuals with ASD may have delayed speech development, while others may have difficulty with conversation and understanding language nuances.
  • Repetitive Behaviors: Many people with ASD engage in repetitive behaviors or routines. This can include repetitive movements (like hand-flapping), insistence on sameness, and intense focus on specific interests.
  • Sensory Sensitivities: Individuals with ASD may have heightened or diminished sensitivity to sensory stimuli, such as lights, sounds, textures, or tastes.

6. Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Treatment for ASD is typically tailored to the individual's specific needs and can include the following approaches:

  • Behavioral Therapies: Behavioral interventions, such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), are often used to help individuals with ASD develop social and communication skills, reduce challenging behaviors, and promote adaptive behaviors.
  • Speech and Language Therapy: For individuals with speech and language difficulties, speech therapy can help improve communication skills, including expressive and receptive language.
  • Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapists work with individuals to address sensory sensitivities and develop fine motor skills necessary for daily activities.
  • Social Skills Training: Specialized programs and therapies can help individuals with ASD improve their social interactions and develop appropriate social behaviors.
  • Medications: In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage specific symptoms associated with ASD, such as anxiety, aggression, or repetitive behaviors. These medications are typically prescribed by a qualified healthcare professional.
  • Educational Support: Children with ASD often benefit from specialized educational programs tailored to their needs, such as individualized education plans (IEPs) or special education services.
  • Parent Training: Parents and caregivers play a crucial role in supporting individuals with ASD. Training and education programs can help parents learn strategies to manage behaviors and support their child's development.
  • Early Intervention: Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for individuals with ASD. Starting therapy and interventions as early as possible can be highly beneficial.

7. Stem Cell Therapy for ASD: Current Status

  • Some experts suggest that stem cell therapy could benefit Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by regulating the immune system and enhancing neural connectivity in the brain.
  • Stem cell treatment for ASD is experimental and not widely used. Initial clinical trails have produced mixed results.
  • The lack of sufficient data and evidence has led the Evidence-Based Medicine Review (EMRB) to recommend against its use.
  • Stem cell therapy carries risks, including adverse reactions and painful side effects, which are not well-understood in the context of ASD treatment.
  • There is no established protocol for using stem cell therapy to treat autism, and long-term effects are not well understood.
  • EMRB raised concerns about "predatory marketing" offering false hope to parents regarding a potential cure for ASD.
  • The High Court does not comment on the overall validity of stem cell therapy for ASD but allows ongoing treatment to continue in specific cases. The National Medical Commission (NMC) will make the final decision based on the NMC Act.
For Prelims: Stem Cells, Stem Cell Therapy, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB), National Medical Commission (NMC), and Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the current status and potential of stem cell therapy in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), considering the scientific evidence, ethical considerations, and the need for further research and regulation. (250 words).
 

Previous year Question

1. With reference to 'stem cells', frequently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2012)
1. Stem cells can be derived from mammals only.
2. Stem cells can be used for screening new drugs.
3. Stem cells can be used for medical therapies.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
 
2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent.
2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage.
3. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
 
Source: The Indian Express

E-RUPEE

1. Context 

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Shaktikanta Das said the adoption of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), or digital currency, can help in making cross-border payments more efficient. India is one of the few countries that has launched CBDC or e-rupee pilots in wholesale and retail segments.

2. Digital Rupee

  • It is a legal tender issued by the RBI in digital form.
  • It is the same as the fiat currency and is exchangeable one-to-one with the fiat currency.
  • Only its form is different it is not paper (or Polymer) like physical cash.
  • It is a fungible legal tender for which holders need not have a bank account.
  • CBDC will appear as a liability (currency in circulation) on the RBI's balance sheet.
The e-rupee will be in the form of a digital token representing a claim on the central bank and will effectively function as the digital equivalent of a banknote that can be transferred electronically from one holder to another.
 
  • A token CBDC is a bearer instrument like a banknote, meaning whoever "holds" the tokens at a given point in time will be presumed to own them.

3. Introducing the Digital Rupee

  • The pilot launched on Thursday will initially cover four cities-Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru and Bhubaneswar and will be later extended to Ahmedabad, Gangtok, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Kochi, Lucknow, Patna and Shimla.
  • The Pilot will work in a closed user group (CUG) comprising participating customers and merchants.
  • Selected customers from the selected cities will get CBDC wallets with notes printed digitally with the RBI Governor's signature.
  • Eight banks will participate in the Pilot pilot the State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, Yes Bank and IDFC First Bank in the first phase in the first four cities and subsequently, Bank of Baroda, Union Bank of India, HDFC Bank and Kotak Mahindra Bank.
  • The scope of the pilot may be expanded gradually to cover more banks, users and locations.

4. Individuals use the e-rupee

  • E-rupees will be issued in the same denominations as paper currency and coins and will be distributed through the intermediaries, that is banks, Transactions will be through a digital wallet offered by the participating banks and stored on mobile phones and devices.
  • Transactions can be both person-to-person (P2P) and Person-to-merchant (P2M).
  • For P2M transactions (Such as shopping), there will be QR codes at the merchant location.
  • A user will be able to withdraw digital tokens from banks in the same way she will be able to keep her digital tokens in the wallet and spend them online or in person or transfer them via an app.

5. Different from other wallets

  • Not very different in terms of how it will be used. However, UPI-based apps like Google Pay and Paytm have a daily and per-transaction spending limit.
  • The RBI has not fixed any limit on holding digital rupees in wallets.
  • Digital rupee transactions above Rs 2 lakh are likely to be reported for tax matters.

6. Types of e-rupee

Based on usage and the functions performed by the digital rupee and considering different levels of accessibility, the RBI has demarcated the digital rupee into retail and wholesale categories.

6.1 Retail e-rupee 

Retail e-rupee (launched on Thursday) is an electronic version of cash primarily meant for retail transactions, which can potentially be used by almost everyone and can provide access to safe money for payment and settlements.

6.2 Wholesale CBDC

  • Wholesale CBDC is designed for restricted access to select financial institutions.
  • It has the potential to transform the settlement systems for financial transactions undertaken by banks in the government securities (G-Sec) segment and inter-bank market and make the capital market more efficient and secure in terms of operational costs, use of collateral and liquidity management.

7. Need to introduce the e-rupee

  • Leveraging blockchain technology for the e-rupee is a stepping stone for India to become a $1 trillion digital economy.
  • India is witnessing massive growth in digital transactions the volume and value of UPI transactions increased by 118 per cent and more that 98 per cent respectively in Q2 2022 compared to Q2 2021.
  • The digital rupee based on transparent and efficient technology will provide customers with continuous access to the payment system, whether wholesale or retail.

8. CBDC differ from Cryptocurrency

  • Being backed by the RBI, the e-rupee is not comparable to private virtual currencies like Bitcoin which have mushroomed over the last decade.
  • Private virtual currencies sit at substantial odds with the historical concept of money.
  • They are not commodities or claims on commodities as they have no intrinsic value: claims that they are akin to gold seem opportunistic.
  • Usually, certainly for the most popular ones now, they do not represent any person's debt or liabilities. 
  • There is no issuer. They are not money certainly not currency as the word has come to be understood historically.
Cryptos are not backed by the central bank in fact, the RBI wants the government to ban cryptocurrencies in India. The inherent design of cryptocurrencies is more geared to bypass the established and regulated intermediation and control arrangements that play the crucial role of ensuring the integrity and stability of the monetary and financial ecosystem.

9. Benefits of e-rupee

  • CBDC has the potential to provide significant benefits such as reduced dependency on cash, higher seigniorage due to lower transaction costs and reduced settlement risk.
  • To the extent large cash usage can be replaced by CBDCs, the cost of printing, transporting, storing and distributing currency can be reduced.
  • The digital rupee has some clear advantages over other digital payment systems: Payments are final and thus reduce settlement risk in the financial system.
  • When CBDC is transacted instead of bank balances, the need for interbank settlement disappears. 
  • It can also enable more real-time and cost-effective globalisation of payment systems.
Along with reducing operational costs associated with physical cash management, it will also enhance settlement efficiency and spur innovation in cross-border payments and offer the public the same uses as any private virtual currency without the risks associated with it.

10. Offline transactions 

  • The offline functionality will allow CBDC transactions in regions with poor or no Internet connectivity and create digital footprints of the unbanked population in the financial system, the RBI feels that a risk of "double spending" exists in offline mode because it will be technically possible to use a CBDC unit more than once without updating the common ledger.
  • The RBI has said this can be mitigated to a large extent by technical solutions and appropriate business rules including a monetary limit on offline transactions.

11. Is it vulnerable to cyber-attacks?

  • The CBDC ecosystems may be at similar risk for cyber-attacks as existing payment systems.
  • Cybersecurity considerations will need to be taken care of both for the item and the environment.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: RBI, e-Rupee, Cyber-attacks, Cryptocurrency, UPI, digital wallets,
For Mains:
1. What is the e-Rupee and explain how it is different from Cryptocurrency? (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1.With reference to “Blockchain Technology”, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2020)
  1. It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but which no single user controls.
  2. The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it are about cryptocurrency only.
  3. Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody’s permission.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only

Answer: (d)

2. Which of the following Statements about Bitcoin is/ are Correct? (CDS GK 2017)
1. It is decentralised virtual currency
2. It is generated through complex computer software systems
3.The Reserve Bank of India recognised it as a legal tender in January 2016
Select the correct answer using the code below
(a) 1 Only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer (b)
 
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
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