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General Studies 1 >> Indian Heritage & Culture

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POOMPUHAR

POOMPUHAR

 

1. Context

The Chola Dynasty port city in Tamil Nadu that vanished from maritime history around 1,000 years ago will be digitally reconstructed by a consortium led by the Department of Science and Technology.

2. About Poompuhar

  • Poompuhar, also known as Kaveripoompattinam, is an ancient port city located on the eastern coast of Tamil Nadu, India.
  • It holds significant historical and archaeological importance due to its association with the Sangam era, an early period of Tamil literature and culture, estimated to be between the 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE.

3. Key aspects of Poompuhar:

  • Early History: Poompuhar is believed to have been a flourishing port city even before the Sangam era. It was an essential center for maritime trade with various regions, including the Roman Empire and Southeast Asia.
  • Sangam Literature: Poompuhar finds mention in several poems and literary works from the Sangam period, which provide valuable insights into the city's socio-economic and cultural life during that time.
  • Silappatikaram: One of the most renowned Tamil epics, Silappatikaram, written by the poet Ilango Adigal, is set in Poompuhar. The epic narrates the story of Kannagi, the virtuous woman who seeks justice for her husband's unjust execution.
  • Tsunami and Submergence: Poompuhar's history is also marked by natural disasters. The city is believed to have been devastated by a massive tsunami in the 2nd century CE, leading to its partial submergence under the sea.
  • Archaeological Excavations: In the 20th century, extensive archaeological excavations were carried out at Poompuhar, uncovering significant remains of the ancient city. These excavations have provided valuable insights into the city's urban planning, architecture, and trade activities.
  • Sculptures and Artifacts: The excavations have revealed various sculptures, artifacts, and pottery, showcasing the artistic and cultural achievements of the ancient residents of Poompuhar.
  • Tourism: Poompuhar is now a popular tourist destination, attracting history enthusiasts and archaeology aficionados. The Tamil Nadu government has developed a museum showcasing the artifacts discovered during the excavations.
  • Cultural Significance: Poompuhar's association with the Sangam era and its mention in ancient Tamil literature contribute to its cultural significance. It serves as a reminder of the rich literary and maritime heritage of ancient Tamil Nadu.
Image Source: Divine Diyaas

4. Reviving the Glory of Poompuhar: A Reconstruction Project

  • The reconstruction project of Poompuhar aims to restore and preserve the ancient port city's historical and cultural significance.
  • By leveraging modern techniques and incorporating historical research, this project seeks to revive the rich heritage of Poompuhar while making it accessible and engaging for visitors and researchers alike.

Phase 1: Archaeological Survey and Documentation

  • Conduct a comprehensive archaeological survey of the Poompuhar site to identify the extent of the submerged and unexplored areas.
  • Use advanced technologies such as remote sensing, LiDAR, and underwater exploration to map the submerged remains and assess the underwater cultural heritage.
  • Document all findings, artifacts, and structures meticulously, preserving their historical context and significance.

Phase 2: Restoration and Conservation

  • Prioritize the restoration of significant structures and sculptures, including temples, monuments, and city planning elements.
  • Utilize traditional building techniques and local materials to retain the authenticity of reconstructed structures.
  • Implement conservation methods to protect delicate artifacts and ensure their longevity.
  • Establish an on-site laboratory for artifact conservation and preservation, providing training to local experts in conservation practices.

Phase 3: Development of a Heritage Site

  • Create a visitor center with multimedia displays, interactive exhibits, and informative panels that narrate Poompuhar's history and cultural significance.
  • Develop a guided tour system that allows visitors to explore the reconstructed city while learning about its unique features.
  • Establish a research center that facilitates scholarly studies and encourages collaborations between archaeologists, historians, and linguists interested in the Sangam era and Tamil literature.

Phase 4: Tourism Infrastructure and Sustainability

  • Develop eco-friendly and sustainable tourism infrastructure, including visitor amenities, accommodation options, and waste management systems.
  • Promote community-based tourism initiatives to involve the local population in the conservation and promotion of Poompuhar's heritage.
  • Encourage local handicrafts and traditional art forms as souvenirs to promote the region's cultural identity.

Phase 5: Educational and Outreach Programs

  • Organize workshops, seminars, and symposiums on Poompuhar's history, architecture, and Tamil literature to raise awareness among students and scholars.
  • Collaborate with schools and universities to integrate Poompuhar's heritage into their curricula, fostering a sense of pride in Tamil culture and history.

Phase 6: International Collaboration

  • Foster collaboration with international organizations and institutions with expertise in maritime archaeology and cultural heritage preservation.
  • Seek UNESCO's recognition as a World Heritage Site to ensure global recognition and support for Poompuhar's preservation and conservation.

5. About Digital India Heritage Project

  • India Digital Heritage is a unique initiative by the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
  • The Digital Indian Heritage Project is an ambitious initiative aimed at preserving and promoting India's vast cultural and historical heritage through digital technologies.
  • Launched by the Government of India, the Project seeks to harness the power of digitization to document, conserve, and disseminate the country's diverse heritage to a global audience.
  • By leveraging modern tools and techniques, the project aims to make India's heritage more accessible, engaging, and sustainable for future generations.

Key Objectives of the Digital Indian Heritage Project

  • Digital Documentation: The project focuses on digitally capturing and documenting various aspects of India's heritage, including historical monuments, artifacts, artworks, manuscripts, and intangible cultural practices, This documentation ensures that detailed records are available for research, conservation, and replication if required.
  • Virtual Museum: The creation of a comprehensive virtual museum is a central aspect of the project. This online repository allows visitors from across the world to explore India's heritage virtually, providing an immersive experience through high-resolution images, 3D models, interactive exhibits, and curated content.
  • Preservation and Conservation: The project aims to use digital technologies to aid in the preservation and conservation of fragile and endangered artifacts and structures. Digital preservation techniques help prevent deterioration due to physical handling and environmental factors while enabling virtual restoration where needed.
  • Digital Libraries and Archives: The initiative involves the establishment of digital libraries and archives containing rare manuscripts, historical documents, and ancient texts. These digital repositories provide researchers and scholars with easy access to valuable resources that were previously difficult to obtain.
  • Education and Outreach: The project is committed to enhancing awareness and education about India's heritage among students, teachers, and the general public. Through online learning platforms, educational modules, and outreach programs, the initiative aims to foster a sense of pride and understanding of India's rich cultural legacy.
For Prelims: Chola Dynasty, Poompuhar, Sangam Literature, Silappatikaram, Ilango Adigal, UNESCO, World Heritage Site, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Digital India Heritage Project.
For Mains: 1. The epic Silappatikaram portrays Poompuhar as the backdrop for the tragic tale of Kannagi. Analyze the literary significance of Poompuhar in the context of ancient Tamil literature and its impact on Tamil culture and identity. (250 words).
 

Previous year Questions

1. Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct? (UPSC 2022)
A. Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to material culture.
B. The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.
C. Sangam poems have no reference to warrior ethics.
D. Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational.
Answer: B
 Source: The Indian Express

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