PASHMINA
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Pashmina, also known as cashmere wool, is renowned worldwide for its exceptional softness, warmth, and durability. The term is derived from pashmn, the undercoat of the Chyangra goat (Capra Hircus), which inhabits the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas, typically around 12,000 feet.
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Due to its high thermal conductivity, Pashmina is a popular choice during the winter months, offering exceptional insulation and warmth.
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The tradition of creating Pashmina has been deeply rooted in Himalayan culture for centuries. Its hand-spun and handwoven nature adds a personal and historical touch to the fabric. Generations of families in the Himalayas have preserved this craft, ensuring the continuity of both their livelihoods and their cultural heritage.
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Crafting a Pashmina shawl is a lengthy process, involving stages such as hand-combing, spinning, weaving, and dyeing, which may take weeks or even months. The weaving is done on traditional handlooms and requires great skill. Depending on its complexity, producing a single Pashmina item can take anywhere from several months to even years.
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Kashmir's Pashmina has been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag, recognizing the unique, traditional techniques used by local artisans in the Kashmir Valley

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As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), India introduced the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999, which came into effect on 15th September 2003.
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A Geographical Indication (GI) is a label applied to products that are produced in a specific geographical location and possess distinct qualities or a reputation tied to that region. This label signifies the product's authenticity and distinctiveness, helping build consumer trust and awareness.
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Once a product receives the GI tag, no individual or company can sell a similar product using that name. The GI tag is valid for 10 years, after which it can be renewed. Additional benefits of GI registration include legal protection, prevention of unauthorized use, and enhanced export opportunities.
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In India, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, is responsible for awarding GI tags. Darjeeling Tea was the first Indian product to be granted the GI tag.
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GI registration is granted to a specific geographical area rather than an individual trader. Once registered, traders dealing in the product can apply to use the GI logo. Authorized traders are assigned a unique GI number.
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The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 allows for the registration of handicrafts and handlooms as GIs. According to Section 2(f) of the Act, "goods" encompass agricultural, natural, or manufactured products, as well as handicrafts and handlooms, including food items.
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Handicraft artisans and weavers can be recognized as Authorized Users for registered GIs, as per Section 7(3) and Section 17 of the Act
Geographical Indication | Category |
Kashmir Paper Mâché | Handicraft |
Khatamband | Handicraft |
Kani Shawl | Handicraft |
Kashmir Sozni Art | Handicraft |
Kashmiri Hand-Knotted Rugs | Handicraft |
Kashmir Walnut Wood Carvings | Handicraft |
Rajouri Chikri Woodcraft | Handicraft |
Basohli Artwork | Handicraft |
Ramban Anardana | Agricultural |
Mushqbudji Rice | Agricultural |
Kashmir Saffron | Agricultural |
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Tirupathi Laddu: A controversy emerged regarding the adulteration of ghee used in the preparation of laddoos at the Sri Venkateswara temple in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Tirupathi Laddu, however, received the GI tag in 2009, which was renewed in 2018 and remains valid until 2028.
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Veena: The Thanjavur Veena became the first musical instrument in India to receive the GI tag.
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Majuli Masks: On March 4, 2024, the traditional Majuli masks from Assam were granted the GI tag by the government. Majuli, the world’s largest river island, known for its neo-Vaishnavite tradition, has a long history of mask-making dating back to the 16th century. These handmade masks are used to portray characters in bhaonas, theatrical performances carrying devotional messages introduced by saint Srimanta Sankardeva.
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Rupa Tarakasi (Silver Filigree): The Rupa Tarakasi or silver filigree work from Cuttack, Odisha, received the GI tag last year. Cuttack is famous for its delicate and intricately designed silver filigree jewelry and artifacts. The technique involves transforming silver into fine wires or foils, which are then used for creating various items.
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Similipal Kai Chutney: A traditional chutney made with red weaver ants from Mayurbhanj district, Odisha, Similipal Kai chutney was awarded the GI tag in January 2024. These ants, found in the Similipal Biosphere, are believed to provide essential nutrients such as protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins.
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Koraput Kala Jeera Rice: Known as the ‘Prince of Rice’, the Koraput Kala Jeera Rice variety from the Koraput region is renowned for its distinct aroma, texture, taste, and nutritional benefits. The rice, preserved by tribal farmers for nearly 1,000 years, is named for its resemblance to cumin seeds. It helps boost hemoglobin levels and enhances metabolism.
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Kapdaganda Shawl: Handwoven and embroidered by women from the Dongria Kondh tribe in the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha, the Kapdaganda shawl reflects the rich cultural heritage of the tribe. This shawl received the GI tag in 2024.
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Odisha Khajuri Guda: Khajuri Guda, or jaggery from the Gajapati district in Odisha, is a traditional organic sweetener made from date palm trees. Known for its unique dark brown color and distinct taste, it was awarded the GI tag last year.
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Dhenkanal Magji: Dhenkanal Magji, a cheese-based sweet made from buffalo milk, received the GI tag last year. This sweet is distinguished by its unique appearance, taste, flavor, shape, size, and nutritional profile, setting it apart from other cheese-based sweets
For Prelims: Pashmina, GI tag
For Mains: GS II - Governance
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