GENERAL STUDIES, ESSAY AND COMPREHENSION

All the SIX questions are to be attempted.

Question No. 1 is printed both in Hindi and in English. Answer to this shall be written either in Hindi or English, conforming to the medium indicated in the Attendance list against the name of the candidate. The same shall also be indicated by the candidate on the cover of the answer book in the space provided.

Other questions are printed in English only and should be attempted in English only.

The number of marks carried by a part/question is indicated against it.

The question on précis shall be attempted only on the précis sheets provided separately, which shall be securely attached to the answer book, without any mention of roll no.

All parts of a question shall be attempted together in the answer book. Attempts of parts/ questions shall be counted in sequential order.

Unless struck off, attempt of a part/question shall be counted even if attempted partly. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer book must be clearly struck off.

1. Write essays on any four of the following in about 300 words each: (4x20=80)

(a) The onus of maintaining healthy relations with ‘Nepal is on India

Introduction

India and Nepal share a long-standing bilateral relationship that dates back centuries. As immediate neighbors, the two countries are closely interconnected, and their actions significantly impact each other's socio-economic and political dynamics. India, being the larger and more influential neighbor, bears the responsibility of fostering and preserving strong, cordial ties with Nepal.

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The onus of maintaining healthy relations:

Historically, India and Nepal have shared deep cultural, religious, and people-to-people ties. The open border between the two countries allows for the free movement of people, leading to strong familial and social connections on both sides. India has a substantial Nepali diaspora, and many Nepalese citizens work in India. Hence, any strain in the bilateral relationship can have direct implications on the livelihoods and well-being of people in both nations.

Geographically, India is surrounded on three sides by Nepal, and the two countries have a unique geographical relationship. Nepal serves as a buffer state between India and China, making it strategically significant for both regional and global players. India's northern borders face China, and maintaining stability and cooperation with Nepal is vital for India's security interests in the region.

Cultural and religious, Nepal holds immense cultural and religious importance for India, with various religious sites in both countries being revered by millions of people. Any disruption in the relationship could have adverse effects on religious pilgrimages and cultural exchanges, which form essential aspects of the bilateral connection.

India's commitment to maintaining healthy relations with Nepal is also crucial for regional stability and cooperation. The South Asian region faces numerous challenges, including poverty, terrorism, and climate change. Working together with Nepal on common issues can lead to joint solutions and better cooperation among neighboring countries, promoting peace and stability in the region.

However, in recent years, there have been instances of strain in India-Nepal relations. Issues related to border disputes, trade imbalances, and perceived interference in Nepal's internal affairs have led to tensions between the two countries. In such circumstances, India must take the initiative to address these concerns and engage in meaningful dialogue with Nepal to find amicable solutions.

To maintain healthy relations, India should prioritize respectful communication, cooperation, and understanding of Nepal's aspirations and concerns. It should avoid actions that might be perceived as overbearing or interventionist and instead support Nepal's efforts towards its development and sovereignty.

Conclusion

The onus of maintaining healthy relations with Nepal falls on India due to the historical, geographical, and strategic ties that bind the two countries. A strong and stable relationship between India and Nepal is essential for regional peace, economic growth, and cultural exchanges. India must proactively engage with Nepal, respecting its sovereignty and addressing any issues that may arise, to foster a mutually beneficial and long-lasting partnership.

(b) Farmers’ suicides in India: A sign of impending disaster

Introduction

Farmers' suicides in India are a distressing and alarming issue that points towards an impending disaster in the agricultural sector and rural livelihoods. Over the years, the increasing number of farmers taking their lives has shed light on the deep-rooted problems and challenges faced by the farming community, leading to severe social, economic, and environmental consequences.

Body

Several factors contribute to the distress and desperation among farmers, leading to suicides:

1. Financial burden: Farmers often face mounting debt due to multiple reasons, such as high input costs, fluctuating crop prices, and lack of access to affordable credit. The inability to repay loans and increasing debts drive many farmers to the brink of despair.
2. Crop failure and climate change: Climate change has led to unpredictable weather patterns, resulting in frequent crop failures and reduced yields. This not only impacts farmers' incomes but also adds to their emotional and mental stress.
3. Lack of irrigation and water scarcity: Many farmers in India heavily rely on monsoon rains for irrigation. Irregular monsoons and water scarcity pose significant challenges, affecting agricultural productivity and pushing farmers towards desperation.
4. Market unpredictability: Farmers often face market volatility, where fluctuating prices and inadequate market linkages lead to distress selling of their produce, further exacerbating their financial struggles.
5. Inadequate government support: Insufficient agricultural policies, inadequate infrastructure, and delayed or insufficient compensation in times of distress contribute to the feeling of neglect and hopelessness among farmers.

The increasing number of farmers' suicides is an alarming sign of the impending disaster in the agricultural sector and rural livelihoods. When farmers take their lives, it not only devastates families but also has significant ramifications for the nation as a whole:

1. Food security: India's agriculture sector plays a crucial role in ensuring food security for its vast population. A distressed agricultural sector can undermine food production and availability, impacting the entire nation's food security.
2. Rural economy: Agriculture forms the backbone of the rural economy, and the distress in the sector can lead to a decline in rural incomes, employment opportunities, and overall economic growth in rural areas.
3. Social unrest: Agrarian distress can give rise to social unrest and protests, affecting the stability and harmony of rural communities.
4. Migration: Farmers' suicides often force surviving family members to migrate to urban areas in search of livelihood opportunities, leading to urbanization challenges and strain on urban resources.

To address this impending disaster, comprehensive measures are required:

1. Strengthening safety nets: Implementing effective social security measures, crop insurance, and financial assistance schemes can provide a safety net for farmers during periods of distress.
2. Sustainable farming practices: Promoting sustainable agricultural practices, efficient water management, and climate-resilient farming can help mitigate the impact of climate change on agriculture.
3. Diversification and market linkages: Encouraging diversification of crops and improving market linkages can enable farmers to access better prices for their produce.
4. Investment in rural infrastructure: Government investment in rural infrastructure, such as irrigation facilities, storage, and transportation, can improve agricultural productivity and reduce post-harvest losses.
5. Mental health support: Providing mental health support and counseling services to farmers can help alleviate stress and prevent suicides.

Conclusion

The rising number of farmers' suicides in India is undoubtedly a sign of an impending disaster in the agricultural sector and rural livelihoods. Urgent and comprehensive efforts from the government, civil society, and stakeholders are essential to address the root causes of distress among farmers and ensure a sustainable and prosperous agricultural future for the nation.

(c) India needs to redefine the relations between the Centre and the States

Introduction

India is a federal union with a three-tier system of government

India needs to redefine the relations between the Centre and the States to foster greater cooperation, decentralization, and effective governance. The existing federal structure of the country, as enshrined in the Constitution, establishes a division of powers and responsibilities between the central government and the state governments.

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Cooperative federalism: Redefining the relations between the Centre and the States should prioritize cooperative federalism, where the central government and state governments work together as equal partners. This collaborative approach ensures that decisions are made collectively, taking into account the diverse needs and aspirations of different states.

Decentralization and autonomy: Empowering states with greater decision-making authority and fiscal autonomy enables them to address regional issues more effectively. Redefining the relations should focus on devolving powers and resources to states, allowing them to tailor policies and initiatives based on their unique requirements.

Financial devolution: A key aspect of redefining the Centre-State relations is ensuring a fair and equitable distribution of financial resources. A greater share of resources should be allocated to states to support their development goals and reduce regional disparities.

Revisiting Concurrent List subjects: The Concurrent List contains subjects on which both the Centre and the States can legislate. Reevaluating and potentially redistributing the subjects in this list can clarify the respective roles and prevent conflicts arising from overlapping jurisdictions.

Strengthening state institutions: Redefining Centre-State relations should also involve strengthening state institutions, including the legislative assemblies, executive bodies, and local governments. This will enhance the capacity of states to govern efficiently and independently.

Addressing regional aspirations: India is a diverse country with varying linguistic, cultural, and regional identities. Redefining the relations should take into account the aspirations and demands of different regions, ensuring that policies are inclusive and representative of the nation's diversity.

Dispute resolution mechanisms: To prevent disputes and conflicts between the Centre and the States, an effective dispute resolution mechanism should be established. This can help in resolving disagreements amicably and promoting harmonious relations.

Strengthening inter-state coordination: Redefining relations should emphasize inter-state coordination and cooperation on issues of national importance. This will lead to better policy implementation and coordinated efforts to tackle shared challenges.

Role of intergovernmental bodies: Establishing robust intergovernmental bodies can facilitate regular dialogue and consultations between the Centre and the States, promoting greater understanding and cooperation.

Conclusion

Redefining the relations between the Centre and the States in India is crucial for achieving effective governance, cooperative federalism, and balanced development. By prioritizing decentralization, financial devolution, and inclusive policymaking, India can strengthen its federal structure and ensure that decision-making reflects the diverse needs and aspirations of its citizens. Redefining the Centre-State relations will lead to a more equitable and harmonious nation, where states can play a more active role in shaping their own destinies while contributing to the nation's progress as a whole.

(d) Is development possible at the cost of environment?

Introduction

Development at the cost of the environment is a contentious issue that has been widely debated in recent decades. While economic progress and development are essential for improving the quality of life and eradicating poverty, it should not come at the expense of environmental degradation. Striking a balance between development and environmental preservation is critical for sustainable growth and the well-being of current and future generations.

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Arguments supporting development at the cost of the environment:

1. Economic growth and poverty reduction: Proponents argue that rapid economic development can lift people out of poverty, improve living standards, and provide better access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure. They believe that short-term environmental costs might be necessary for achieving long-term economic gains.
2. Job creation and industrialization: Development projects, such as industrialization and infrastructure construction, often lead to job creation, which can improve livelihoods and boost the economy.
3. Meeting demands of a growing population: With a rapidly growing population, there is a need for increased resources and infrastructure to cater to basic needs, and some argue that compromising the environment may be inevitable to meet these demands.
4. Technological advancements: Proponents believe that technological innovations can offset environmental impacts, making development sustainable in the long run.

Arguments against development at the cost of the environment:

1. Irreversible damage: Environmental degradation can lead to irreversible consequences such as loss of biodiversity, deforestation, soil degradation, and climate change, impacting ecosystems for future generations.
2. Public health impacts: Pollution and environmental degradation can have severe health consequences, leading to respiratory diseases, water contamination, and other health issues, especially for vulnerable communities.
3. Displacement of communities: Large-scale development projects often result in the displacement of indigenous and marginalized communities, depriving them of their land, livelihoods, and cultural heritage.
4. Resource depletion: Overexploitation of natural resources may lead to scarcity and affect the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
5. Long-term economic costs: Environmental degradation can have substantial economic costs, such as increased spending on healthcare, disaster recovery, and loss of ecosystem services.
6. Climate change and global impact: Environmental damage in one region can have far-reaching effects globally, contributing to climate change and affecting the entire planet.

Conclusion

Development is essential for socio-economic progress and poverty reduction; however, it should not be pursued at the cost of the environment. Sustainable development, which balances economic growth with environmental preservation, is the key to ensuring a prosperous future for humanity. Investments in clean and renewable technologies, conservation efforts, and responsible resource management are critical to achieving development goals without compromising the environment. Policymakers, businesses, and individuals must work together to find innovative solutions that promote sustainable development and safeguard the environment for current and future generations.

(e) Revamping our banking system is the need of the hour

Introduction

Revamping our banking system is indeed the need of the hour to address the challenges and complexities of the modern economy. The banking sector plays a pivotal role in the financial stability and growth of any nation, and an efficient, robust, and resilient banking system is essential for fostering economic development and promoting financial inclusion. 

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Several reasons underscore the urgency to revamp our banking system:

Technological advancements: The advent of technology, particularly digitalization and fintech innovations, has transformed the financial landscape. To keep pace with these changes and provide efficient and convenient services to customers, the banking system must embrace digitalization and modernize its infrastructure.

Financial Inclusion: A significant proportion of the Indian population still remains unbanked or under banked. Revamping the banking system can help bridge this gap by leveraging technology to expand access to banking services and reaching remote and underserved areas.

Non-Performing Assets (NPAs): The issue of mounting NPAs has been a persistent challenge for the banking sector. A revamped banking system should focus on implementing stringent risk management practices, robust credit appraisal, and effective recovery mechanisms to address this problem.

Capitalization and Governance: Adequate capitalization and good governance are critical for the stability and resilience of banks. Revamping the banking system should entail measures to strengthen the capital base of banks and ensure transparent and efficient governance.

Enhancing Credit Growth: A well-functioning banking system is essential for facilitating credit flow to productive sectors of the economy. By revamping credit assessment processes and reducing bureaucratic hurdles, banks can better support economic growth and development.

Regulatory Reforms: The regulatory framework governing the banking sector should evolve to keep up with changing dynamics and emerging risks. Revamping regulations can promote a more competitive and consumer-friendly banking environment.

Financial Stability: A robust banking system is essential for ensuring financial stability. Revamping the banking system with a focus on risk management and prudent lending practices can mitigate systemic risks and safeguard the overall financial system.

International Competitiveness: A modernized banking system enhances the competitiveness of the Indian economy on the global stage. It can attract foreign investments, facilitate cross-border transactions, and improve India's standing in the international financial markets.

Customer Experience: A customer-centric approach is crucial for the success of any banking system. Revamping the banking system should prioritize customer experience, offering tailored and efficient services to meet the diverse needs of customers.

Conclusion

Revamping our banking system is imperative to address the challenges posed by technology, financial inclusion, NPAs, and global competitiveness. A modernized banking system that embraces technology, focuses on financial inclusion, and adopts robust risk management practices will contribute significantly to India's economic growth, stability, and prosperity. Policymakers, regulators, and industry stakeholders must collaborate to design and implement comprehensive reforms that position India's banking system as a pillar of strength and support for the nation's economic aspirations.

(f) Urbanization of India is nothing but blind Westernization

Introduction

Urbanization is the process of people moving from rural areas to cities. It is a global phenomenon that has been happening for centuries. In India, urbanization has been happening at a rapid pace in recent decades

The assertion that urbanization of India is nothing but blind Westernization is a simplified and reductionist view that overlooks the multifaceted nature of urbanization and its drivers in the Indian context.

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Urbanization is a natural process of population migration from rural to urban areas, driven by various economic, social, and demographic factors. While Western influence might be one aspect of urbanization, it does not define the entire process. Instead, urbanization in India is a complex phenomenon influenced by both internal and external factors:

Economic Opportunities: Urban areas often offer better economic opportunities, including employment, better wages, and access to markets. This attracts rural populations seeking improved livelihoods, and such urban migration is a significant driver of urbanization.

Infrastructure and Services: Urban areas typically have better infrastructure, healthcare facilities, education, and other services that attract people from rural areas looking for improved quality of life.

Industrialization and Modernization: The development of industries and the modernization of the economy often occur in urban centers, driving urbanization as people move to be part of these economic advancements.

Governance and Administration: Urban centers serve as hubs of governance, administration, and political power, leading to migration for various purposes, including political representation and access to government services.

Social and Cultural Factors: Urban areas offer greater exposure to diverse cultures, lifestyles, and ideas, which can attract people seeking new experiences and opportunities for personal growth.

While there might be elements of Western influence in urban areas due to globalization and cultural exchange, Indian cities have their unique characteristics, culture, and traditions that coexist with modernity. Urbanization is a natural progression of societal evolution, and it is shaped by both indigenous and external forces.

It is essential to recognize that urbanization can bring about both positive and negative outcomes. Positive aspects include economic growth, improved infrastructure, access to services, and enhanced cultural exchange. However, there are challenges related to rapid urban growth, such as congestion, environmental degradation, and social disparities.

To ensure sustainable urbanization, India must strike a balance between preserving its cultural identity and embracing modernity. It involves adopting smart urban planning, sustainable development practices, and promoting inclusive growth. Urbanization should focus on creating livable and harmonious cities that celebrate India's diversity while harnessing the benefits of economic and social progress.

Conclusion

Characterizing the urbanization of India as nothing but blind Westernization oversimplifies the complex process of urban development in the country. Urbanization is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by both internal and external factors. While acknowledging the influence of globalization and Western ideas, it is crucial to appreciate the unique blend of cultural heritage and modernity that defines urban India. Striving for sustainable, inclusive, and culturally sensitive urban development should be the goal to ensure a prosperous and vibrant future for India's cities.

2. Write arguments for and against each of the following statements: (2×20=40)

(a) India needs to focus on imparting quality education instead of merely increasing its Gross Enrolment Ratio.

Introduction

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is a statistical measure used in the education sector to determine the number of students enrolled in school at several different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high school), and use it to show the ratio of the number of students who live in that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level.

Body

Arguments for:

Human capital development: Emphasizing quality education ensures that students receive a well-rounded and relevant education, equipping them with the skills and knowledge needed to contribute effectively to the workforce and society. A focus on quality education enhances human capital development, leading to a more productive and skilled workforce, which is crucial for India's economic growth and development.

Innovation and research: Quality education fosters a culture of innovation and research. By encouraging critical thinking and problem-solving skills, India can nurture a generation of innovators who can address societal challenges and drive technological advancements. These innovations can lead to economic growth, job creation, and improved standards of living for the population.

Global competitiveness: With the global economy becoming increasingly knowledge-based, countries that prioritize quality education gain a competitive advantage. By producing a highly skilled and educated workforce, India can attract foreign investment, stimulate entrepreneurship, and participate more effectively in the global market.

Reduced social disparities: Quality education has the potential to bridge the gap between the privileged and underprivileged sections of society. It provides equal opportunities for all students to succeed based on merit, regardless of their socio-economic backgrounds, thus promoting social cohesion and inclusivity.

Long-term sustainability: A focus on quality education ensures that students develop a deep understanding of sustainable practices and environmental conservation. This knowledge is vital for addressing environmental challenges and ensuring a sustainable future for the nation.

Arguments against:

Access and equity: Merely focusing on quality education may inadvertently neglect the issue of access to education. Increasing the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) ensures that more students get enrolled in educational institutions, especially from marginalized and underserved communities. Without addressing GER, the benefits of quality education might not reach those who need it the most.

Demographic challenges: India faces a significant demographic dividend, with a large youth population. Increasing GER helps in utilizing this demographic potential by providing opportunities for education to a larger number of young people, which can translate into a more skilled and productive workforce.

Addressing the skill gap: India currently faces a skill gap, with industries often struggling to find suitably skilled employees. Increasing GER can help in producing a larger pool of workers, which, coupled with appropriate vocational training, can address the demand for skilled labor.

Infrastructure development: Merely focusing on quality education might not address the infrastructural challenges that many educational institutions in India face. Increasing GER can create a greater demand for educational facilities, leading to improved infrastructure and resources in the long run.

Societal benefits: A higher GER not only benefits individuals but also contributes to overall societal development. Educated individuals tend to make better-informed decisions, engage in active citizenship, and contribute positively to community development.

Conclusion

While focusing on imparting quality education is crucial for India's long-term development, it should not come at the expense of neglecting the Gross Enrolment Ratio. A balanced approach that addresses both quality and access to education is necessary to harness the full potential of India's youth and ensure inclusive growth and development.

(b) The trend of nuclear families will make old age homes in India increase in number.

Introduction

In recent decades, India has witnessed a notable rise in nuclear families, which consist of parents and their children living independently without extended family members. This societal shift has had implications for the care and support of elderly parents, leading to an increased prevalence of old age homes in the country. The interplay between the trend of nuclear families and the rise of old age homes has both positive and negative impacts on the elderly and society at large.

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Arguments for the trend of nuclear families increasing the number of old age homes in India:

Changing family structure: With the increasing trend of nuclear families, there is a decline in the traditional joint family system, where multiple generations lived together. As a result, elderly parents might face difficulties in finding support and care within their immediate family, leading them to seek alternative options like old age homes.

Urbanization and migration: Urbanization and job opportunities in cities often lead younger generations to migrate for work, leaving their elderly parents behind in rural areas. In such cases, old age homes can become a viable option for the elderly who prefer to stay close to their place of residence.

Demographic shift: India is experiencing a demographic shift, with a rising aging population. As the number of elderly individuals increases, the demand for old age care facilities, including old age homes, is likely to rise.

Changing values and priorities: Modern lifestyles, work demands, and individual aspirations may reduce the time and capacity of younger family members to care for their elderly parents. Consequently, old age homes may become a practical solution to ensure the well-being of the elderly.

Arguments against the trend of nuclear families increasing the number of old age homes in India:

Cultural and traditional values: India has a strong cultural emphasis on family bonds and intergenerational support. Many elderly parents prefer to stay with their children and maintain close family ties, even if it means making adjustments in their living arrangements.

Social stigma: In many Indian communities, placing elderly parents in old age homes is still associated with a social stigma. Family members may feel societal pressure to care for their elders at home rather than choosing institutional care.

Emotional well-being: Many elderly individuals value emotional support and companionship, which they often find within their family. Moving to an old age home can result in feelings of isolation and loneliness, negatively impacting their mental health.

Conclusion

While the trend of nuclear families might contribute to an increase in the number of old age homes in India, several factors, including cultural values, economic constraints, and emotional considerations, play a significant role in determining the prevalence of old age homes in the country. The issue is complex and requires a nuanced approach to address the needs and preferences of the elderly population effectively.

3. Write reports on the following in about 200 words each: (2x10=20)

(a) Receding glaciers:

Introduction

Glaciers around the world are experiencing significant retreat due to the effects of global climate change. The phenomenon of receding glaciers is a visible indicator of the planet's warming climate. As temperatures rise, glaciers lose more ice through melting than they gain from snow accumulation, leading to an overall reduction in size and mass.

Body

This retreat of glaciers has several concerning implications.

Firstly, it contributes to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities and low-lying areas. Additionally, the loss of glacial ice impacts the availability of freshwater resources, as many regions depend on glacial meltwater for drinking, agriculture, and industrial purposes.

Furthermore, receding glaciers can disrupt ecosystems and biodiversity. These icy landscapes often serve as crucial habitats for various species, and their disappearance can lead to the loss of unique flora and fauna. Moreover, glaciers play a role in regulating local and regional climate patterns, and their decline can affect weather patterns and exacerbate extreme weather events.

Conclusion

Addressing the issue of receding glaciers requires urgent global action to mitigate climate change. Implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable practices, and adopting cleaner energy sources are key steps to slow down the retreat of glaciers and preserve these vital ecosystems for future generations.

(b) Ban on alcohol in Bihar

Introduction

Bihar took a significant step by imposing a complete ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol. The decision to ban alcohol was aimed at addressing the social, economic, and health-related issues associated with alcohol abuse in the state.

Body

One of the primary reasons for the ban was to curb alcohol-related violence and crimes. Excessive alcohol consumption had been linked to domestic violence, road accidents, and public disturbances, causing harm to individuals and families. By implementing the ban, the government sought to promote a safer and more peaceful environment in the state.

Another important factor behind the ban was public health. Alcohol abuse had led to a rise in alcohol-related diseases and health problems, burdening the healthcare system. By prohibiting alcohol, the government aimed to improve the overall health and well-being of its citizens.

However, the ban also had some economic implications. It resulted in the loss of revenue for the state government, as alcohol sales contributed a significant portion of tax income. Additionally, the ban raised concerns about the potential growth of illegal liquor trade and associated black market activities.

Over time, the effectiveness of the alcohol ban in Bihar became a subject of debate. While supporters argued that it had positive impacts on public safety and health, critics pointed out the challenges of enforcing the ban and the emergence of illegal alcohol trade.

Conclusion

The ban on alcohol in Bihar was a significant policy move aimed at addressing various societal issues. Its success depended on effective enforcement and the implementation of alternative measures to tackle the problems associated with alcohol abuse.

4. Attempt a précis of the given passage in one-third of its length. Do not suggest a title. Write, as far as possible, in your own words. Write the précis on the separate sheets provided and fasten them to the answer book.

There is no better illustration of human folly than the narrative of Sheikh Chilli. Who in India is not aware of the story of this incorrigible fool who chose to ignore the I advice of a passer-by of not cutting the same branch on which he himself was sitting. Obviously fools fail to learn from others’ experiences and pay a heavy price in the process. They have use neither for their own intelligence nor for that of others. They live in their own sci wikia apparently they may be in the middle of a group of people.

Fools by nature are enemies of thinking, both reflective and prospective. They never doubt their intelligence, are cocksure of their sense of judgement. They think they are benefactors of society and are anguished that the world fails to recognise their talent. All fools possess a degree of impatience in their desire to make the world realise their worth, wishing to improve its lot by setting a personal example before it. They are sure that the folks around them lack aninnate sense of discretion and require to learn from them.

Fools have been immortalized by literature across the world. Like Sheikh Chilli’s account in India, the legend of Don Quixote, the fictional Spanish knight, is equally famous in the West. He is known for thriving in a make-believe world where he is the lone saviour of humanity. The good thing is that these self- proclaimed samaritans often inhabit the world of imagination, limiting their capacity to cause damage to the real world and producing in the process hilarious effects through their irrationality. But there are instances when such fools have come to occupy the centre stage of history. Their actions then had disastrous effects on our welfare, as well as on our existence. We all know how people like Hitler brought the world to the brink of destruction through their disastrous leadership. The condition of the world continues to be precarious and its future insecure due to foolish scientists who have handed over the destructive secrets of nuclear power to vicious politicians. There goes a saying that it is no use crying over spilt milk. Now what we need to become vigilant about is the danger posed by fools: to our survival. Academic curricula across the world need to educate learners about the negative potential of fools to challenge the safety and security of planet earth. (402 words)

Précis:

The narrative of Sheikh Chilli serves as a poignant example of human folly, where fools fail to learn from others' experiences and face dire consequences. Fools exhibit a lack of reflection and foresight, being overconfident in their judgments and considering themselves as benefactors of society. They are impatient to prove their worth and believe others lack discretion and need to learn from them. Literature immortalizes fools, like Don Quixote, whose make-believe world limits their real-world impact, but history warns of disastrous consequences when fools assume leadership roles. The danger posed by foolish actions is evident in historical events like Hitler's destructive leadership and irresponsible scientists sharing nuclear power secrets with dangerous politicians. Vigilance is necessary to protect the safety and security of the planet from the negative potential of fools. Academic curricula should educate learners about this threat. (168 words)

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: (5x4=20)

 It is an obvious trait of black incomes that they cannot be declared to the fiscal authority for fear of large penalties. As under-declarations _ the tax base shrinks and price controls begin to blunt. the edge of fiscal policy. One instrument of control gets into the way of the other and makes it ineffective. Tax evasion is large not necessarily because the rate of tax is high, as businessmen often proclaim, but because the income on which tax is to bs paid, and the activity from which income is received, cannot be declared. It follows that even if taxes were halved, so long as the income is black, taxes will be evaded. However, to the extent taxation fails to catch undeclared incomes emanating from controls, it becomes a bad instrument for balancing aggregate demand and supply and for controlling inflation. In an enthusiastic attempt to make taxation do the balancing trick, tax rates on honest tax-payers become penal. This leads to a second round of tax evasion, this time because tax rates are intolerably high. More and more tax-payers at the margin avoid tax payment, become dishonest and in the course of time get used to dishonesty.

While black money does so much damage to public policy, it also dries up the sources of real growth in the private Shdtor of the economy. The capital market, the main vehicle of growth, consequently dries up, and capital formation both in the public and private sectors suffers a serious decline.

(i) How is the circulation of black money detrimental for private entrepreneurs?

The circulation of black money is detrimental for private entrepreneurs because it distorts the market and creates unfair competition. Black money holders can afford to pay lower prices for inputs and sell their products at lower prices, which puts honest entrepreneurs at a disadvantage. Additionally, black money can be used to bribe government officials, which gives black money holders an unfair advantage in obtaining licenses and contracts.

(ii) Why isn’t reduction of taxes useful for sprucing up taxes?

Reduction of taxes is not useful for sprucing up taxes because it does not address the root cause of tax evasion, which is the fear of large penalties. If taxes are reduced, but the penalties for evasion remain high, then people will still be reluctant to declare their black incomes. Additionally, reducing taxes can lead to a decrease in government revenue, which can make it difficult to fund public services.

(iii) How do honest tax-payers suffer on account of tax evaders?

Honest tax-payers suffer on account of tax evaders because they have to bear a higher tax burden. When tax evaders do not pay their fair share of taxes, the government has to increase taxes on honest tax-payers in order to make up for the lost revenue. This can put a financial strain on honest tax-payers and make it difficult for them to save and invest.

(iv) How does black income impact a nation’s economy?

Black income impacts a nation's economy in a number of negative ways. It can lead to inflation, as black money holders can afford to pay higher prices for goods and services. It can also lead to a decrease in government revenue, as black money holders do not pay taxes on their income. Additionally, black money can be used to fund criminal activities, such as terrorism and drug trafficking.

(v) ‘Large scale evasion of taxes takes place due to exorbitant taxes.’ Argue for or against the statement on the basis of your reading of the passage.

The statement that "large scale evasion of taxes takes place due to exorbitant taxes" is not entirely true. While high taxes can be a factor in tax evasion, it is not the only factor. The fear of large penalties, the lack of transparency in the tax system, and the ease of evading taxes are also important factors. In addition, some people evade taxes simply because they believe that they are not obligated to pay taxes.

6. (A) Rewrite the sentences as directed: (10x1=10)

(i)  No          , no gains  (Fill in the blank to complete the proverb)

No pain, no gain.

(ii) None of these books          in circulation today. (Fill in the blank with appropriate form of ‘be’)

None of these books are in circulation today.

(iii) Such rumours are commonly heard these days. (Change to active form)

People commonly hear such rumors these days.

(iv) He says, “I'm not coming to the function.” (Convert into indirect statement)

He said that he was not coming to the function.

(v) None other but Raj has done this mischief. (Correct the sentence)

None other than Raj has done this mischief. 

(vi) Neither she nor her husband was present for the ceremony. (Change into interrogative sentence)

Were neither she nor her husband present for the ceremony?

(vii) They come to the park regularly. (Change to past tense to project it as a routine past activity)

They used to come to the park regularly.

(viii) They know you,        ? (Supply the question tag)

They know you, don't they?

(ix) We fashioned these artefacts out of waste material. (Change into passive form)

These artefacts were fashioned out of waste material.

(x) ‘Arch-enemy’ means one’s old enemy/worst enemy. (Strike out the wrong option)

‘Arch-enemy’ means one’s worst enemy.

(B) Give the plural form of the following words and make sentences using the plural form: (5x2=10)

(i) alumnus

• The plural form of alumnus is alumni.
• The alumni of Harvard University are some of the most successful people in the world.

(ii) antenna

• The plural form of antenna is antennae.
• The antennae of a butterfly are used to sense the environment.

(iii) synopsis

• The plural form of synopsis is synopses.
• The synopses of the movies were published in the newspaper.

(iv) stratum

• The plural form of stratum is strata.
• The strata of the Earth's crust are made up of different types of rocks.

(v) fungus

• The plural form of fungus is fungi.
• The fungi in the forest help to decompose dead plants and animals.

(C) Correct the following sentences, without making any unnecessary changes : (5x1=5)

(i) Several defence aircrafts have crashed recently.

 Several defence aircraft have crashed recently.

The plural form of "aircraft" is "aircraft."

(ii) She had come here but did not meet me for reasons best known to her.

She had come here but did not meet me for reasons best known to her.

The past participle of "to come" is "come."

(iii) He is one of the most promising pupil of my class.

He is one of the most promising pupils of my class.

The plural form of "pupil" is "pupils."

(iv) Cadets must get all items of clothes ironed before packing them for the excursion.

Cadets must get all items of clothing ironed before packing them for the excursion.

The word "clothes" is more specific than the word "clothes," so it is the better choice in this context.

(v) Uneasy lies the head who wears the Crown.

Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.

The word "who" is unnecessary in this sentence. The sentence is correct without it.